1
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Kekki H, Montoya Perez I, Taimen P, Boström PJ, Gidwani K, Pettersson K. Lectin-nanoparticle concept for free PSA glycovariant providing superior cancer specificity. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 559:119689. [PMID: 38677453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using lectins to target cancer-associated modifications of PSA glycostructure for identification of clinically significant prostate cancers, e.g., Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7, from benign and indolent cancers (GS 6), is highly promising yet technically challenging. From previous findings to quantify increased PSA fucosylation in urine, we set out to construct a robust, specific test concept suitable for plasma samples. METHODS Macrophage galactose-binding lectin (MGL) coupled to 100 nm Eu3 + -nanoparticles was used to probe PSA captured from cancer cell lines, seminal plasma, and plasma samples from 249 patients with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer onto 3 mm dense spots of free PSA antibody fab fragments. Results were compared to four kallikrein tests: tPSA, fPSA, iPSA and hK2. RESULTS The fPSAMGLglycovariant provided superior discrimination of the GS ≥ 7 and benign + GS 6 groups (p 0.0003) compared to fPSA (NS). The corresponding AUC in ROC analysis was 0.70 compared to 0.66 for tPSA. In contrast to all four kallikrein tests, the fPSAMGLGV was independent of prostate gland volume. Using a logistic regression analysis the fPSAMGLGV significantly improved on the four-kallikrein model. CONCLUSIONS Due to Eu-nanoparticles and a dense fPSA capture spot, the fPSAMGL glycovariant identifies an fPSA subform with the highest cancer specificity compared to the four conventional kallikreins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kekki
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - I Montoya Perez
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - P J Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - K Gidwani
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland
| | - K Pettersson
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland
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2
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Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. With the use of next generation sequencing and proteomic platforms, new biomarkers are constantly being developed to both improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and help stratify patients into different risk groups for optimal management. In recent years, it has become well accepted that altered glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer progression and that the glycan structures resulting from these mechanisms show tremendous promise as both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In PCa, a wide range of structural alterations to glycans have been reported such as variations in sialylation and fucosylation, changes in branching, altered levels of Lewis and sialyl Lewis antigens, as well as the emergence of high mannose “cryptic” structures, which may be immunogenic and therapeutically relevant. Furthermore, aberrant expression of galectins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans have also been reported and associated with PCa cell survival and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the findings from various studies that have explored altered N- and O-linked glycosylation in PCa tissue and body fluids. We further discuss changes in O-GlcNAcylation as well as altered expression of galectins and glycoconjugates and their effects on PCa progression. Finally, we emphasize the clinical utility and potential impact of exploiting glycans as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve our ability to diagnose clinically relevant tumors as well as expand treatment options for patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Butler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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3
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Li H, Patel V, DiMartino SE, Froehlich JW, Lee RS. An in-depth Comparison of the Pediatric and Adult Urinary N-glycomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1767-1776. [PMID: 32737218 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an in-depth characterization and comparison of the pediatric and adult urinary glycomes using a nanoLC-MS/MS based glycomics method, which included normal healthy pediatric (1-10 years, n = 21) and adult (21-50 years, n = 22) individuals. A total of 116 N-glycan compositions were identified, and 46 of them could be reproducibly quantified. We performed quantitative comparisons of the 46 glycan compositions between different age and sex groups. The results showed significant quantitative changes between the pediatric and adult cohorts. The pediatric urinary N-glycome was found to contain a higher level of high-mannose (HM), asialylated/afucosylated glycans (excluding HM), neutral fucosylated and agalactosylated glycans, and a lower level of trisialylated glycans compared with the adult. We further analyzed gender-associated glycan changes in the pediatric and adult group, respectively. In the pediatric group, there was almost no difference of glycan levels between males and females. In adult, the majority of glycans were more abundant in males than females, except the high-mannose and tetrasialylated glycans. These findings highlight the importance to consider age-matching and adult sex-matching for urinary glycan studies. The identified normal pediatric and adult urinary glycomes can serve as a baseline reference for comparisons to other disease states affected by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viral Patel
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon E DiMartino
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W Froehlich
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Li Z, Kitov PI, Kitova EN, Mozenah F, Rodrigues E, Chapla DG, Moremen KW, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. CUPRA-ZYME: An Assay for Measuring Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Activities, Pathways, and Substrate Specificities. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3228-3236. [PMID: 31961140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) are involved in the synthesis, degradation, and modification of carbohydrates. They play critical roles in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes, have important industrial and biotechnological applications, are important drug targets, and represent promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases. Measurements of their activities, catalytic pathway, and substrate specificities are essential to a comprehensive understanding of the biological functions of CAZymes and exploiting these enzymes for industrial and biomedical applications. For glycosyl hydrolases a variety of sensitive and quantitative spectrophotometric techniques are available. However, measuring the activity of glycosyltransferases is considerably more challenging. Here, we introduce CUPRA-ZYME, a versatile and quantitative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) assay for measuring the kinetic parameters of CAZymes, monitoring reaction pathways, and profiling substrate specificities. The method employs the recently developed competitive universal proxy receptor assay (CUPRA), implemented in a time-resolved manner. Measurements of the hydrolysis kinetics of CUPRA substrates containing ganglioside oligosaccharides by the glycosyl hydrolase human neuraminidase 3 served to validate the reliability of kinetic parameters measured by CUPRA-ZYME and highlight its use in establishing catalytic pathways. Applications to libraries of substrates demonstrate the potential of the assay for quantitative profiling of the substrate specificities glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Finally, we show how the comparison of the reactivity of CUPRA substrates and glycan substrates present on glycoproteins, measured simultaneously, affords a unique opportunity to quantitatively study how the structure and protein environment of natural glycoconjugate substrates influences CAZyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Fahima Mozenah
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Digantkumar G Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2E1
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
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5
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Sydyakina Y, Sivakova A, Komar A, Galkin A. Prostat-Specific Antigen: Biochemical, Molecular-Biological, and Analytical Aspects. Innov Biosyst Bioeng 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.2.164790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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6
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Ács A, Ozohanics O, Vékey K, Drahos L, Turiák L. Distinguishing Core and Antenna Fucosylated Glycopeptides Based on Low-Energy Tandem Mass Spectra. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12776-12782. [PMID: 30299079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward approach has been developed to distinguish core and antenna fucosylation in glycopeptides. The method does not require derivatization and can be easily adapted into a proteomics workflow. The key aspect is to use low collision energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) (on a quadrupole time-of-flight type instrument) when only single-step fragmentation processes occur. Low collision energy should show the precursor ion as the largest peak in the spectrum; the survival yield should be ideally over 50%, and this is obtained at a collision energy ca. 30% of that typically used for proteomics. In such a case, interfering processes like fucose migration or consecutive reactions are minimized. Core and antenna fucosylation can be discriminated using various ion abundance ratios. Low-energy CID spectra are very "clean" (no chemical noise), and the ions used for locating the fucose are among the major peaks, making the method well-suited for analytical work. Monitoring the change in the proportion of core and antenna fucosylation at the same glycosylation site is also feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Ács
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary.,PhD School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Semmelweis University , Üllői út 26 , H-1085 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Medical Biochemistry , Semmelweis University , Tűzoltó út 37-47 , H-1094 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
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7
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Wang C, Lu Y, Han J, Jin W, Li L, Zhang Y, Song X, Huang L, Wang Z. Simultaneous Release and Labeling of O- and N-Glycans Allowing for Rapid Glycomic Analysis by Online LC-UV-ESI-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2345-2357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Lingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4117, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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8
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Ibau C, Md Arshad M, Gopinath SC. Current advances and future visions on bioelectronic immunosensing for prostate-specific antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:267-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Jia G, Dong Z, Sun C, Wen F, Wang H, Guo H, Gao X, Xu C, Xu C, Yang C, Sun Y. Alterations in expressed prostate secretion-urine PSA N-glycosylation discriminate prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76987-76999. [PMID: 29100363 PMCID: PMC5652757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is widely used for early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). However, its limited sensitivity has led to over-diagnosis and over-treatment of PCa. Glycosylation alteration is a common phenomenon in cancer development. Different PSA glycan subforms have been proposed as diagnostic markers to better differentiate PCa from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). In this study, we purified PSA from expressed prostate secretions (EPS)-urine samples from 32 BPH and 30 PCa patients and provided detailed PSA glycan profiles in Chinese population. We found that most of the PSA glycans from EPS-urine were complex type biantennary glycans. We observed two major patterns in PSA glycan profiles. Overall there was no distinct separation of PSA glycan profiles between BPH and PCa patients. However, we detected a significant increase of glycan FA2 and FM5A2G2S1 in PCa when compared with BPH patients. Furthermore, we observed that the composition of FA2 glycan increased significantly in advanced PCa with Gleason score ≥8, which potentially could be translated to clinic as a marker for aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhen Jia
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Zhenyang Dong
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Chenxia Sun
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fuping Wen
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
| | - Chenghua Yang
- Joint Center for Translational Research of Chronic Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China.,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 2000433, China
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10
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Damborský P, Damborská D, Belický Š, Tkáč J, Katrlík J. Sweet Strategies in Prostate Cancer Biomarker Research: Focus on a Prostate Specific Antigen. BioNanoSci 2018; 8:690-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Damborský P, Zámorová M, Katrlík J. Determining the binding affinities of prostate-specific antigen to lectins: SPR and microarray approaches. Proteomics 2016; 16:3096-3104. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Damborský
- Department of Glycobiotechnology; Center for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Martina Zámorová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology; Center for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Department of Glycobiotechnology; Center for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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12
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Llop E, Ferrer-Batallé M, Barrabés S, Guerrero PE, Ramírez M, Saldova R, Rudd PM, Aleixandre RN, Comet J, de Llorens R, Peracaula R. Improvement of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis by Detecting PSA Glycosylation-Specific Changes. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1190-204. [PMID: 27279911 PMCID: PMC4893645 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New markers based on PSA isoforms have recently been developed to improve prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. However, novel approaches are still required to differentiate aggressive from non-aggressive PCa to improve decision making for patients. PSA glycoforms have been shown to be differentially expressed in PCa. In particular, changes in the extent of core fucosylation and sialylation of PSA N-glycans in PCa patients compared to healthy controls or BPH patients have been reported. The objective of this study was to determine these specific glycan structures in serum PSA to analyze their potential value as markers for discriminating between BPH and PCa of different aggressiveness. In the present work, we have established two methodologies to analyze the core fucosylation and the sialic acid linkage of PSA N-glycans in serum samples from BPH (29) and PCa (44) patients with different degrees of aggressiveness. We detected a significant decrease in the core fucose and an increase in the α2,3-sialic acid percentage of PSA in high-risk PCa that differentiated BPH and low-risk PCa from high-risk PCa patients. In particular, a cut-off value of 0.86 of the PSA core fucose ratio, could distinguish high-risk PCa patients from BPH with 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity, with an AUC of 0.94. In the case of the α2,3-sialic acid percentage of PSA, the cut-off value of 30% discriminated between high-risk PCa and the group of BPH, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 95.5%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.97. The latter marker exhibited high performance in differentiating between aggressive and non-aggressive PCa and has the potential for translational application in the clinic.
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13
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a unique and heterogeneous disease. Currently, a major unmet clinical need exists to develop biomarkers that enable indolent disease to be distinguished from aggressive disease. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Despite progress over the past decade in profiling the genome and proteome, the prostate cancer glycoproteome remains relatively understudied. A wide range of alterations in the glycoproteins on prostate cancer cells can occur, including increased sialylation and fucosylation, increased O-β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) conjugation, the emergence of cryptic and high-mannose N-glycans and alterations to proteoglycans. Glycosylation can alter protein function and has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism; altered glycosylation in prostate cancer might modify some, or all of these processes. In the past three years, powerful tools such as glycosylation-specific antibodies and glycosylation gene signatures have been developed, which enable detailed analyses of changes in glycosylation. Thus, emerging data on these often overlooked modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HE - Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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14
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Abstract
Fucose, the monosaccharide frequent in N- and O-glycans, is a part of Lewis-type antigens that are known to mediate direct sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Such interaction was found to be inhibited in vitro by fucose-containing oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as neoglycoproteins. The objective of this study was to screen seminal plasma proteins of infertile/subfertile men for the content and density of fucosylated glycoepitopes, and compare them to samples of fertile normozoospermic subjects. Seminal proteins were separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane and probed with fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL). Twelve electrophoretic bands were selected for quantitative densitometric analysis. It was found that the content, and especially the density of fucosylated glycans, were higher in glycoproteins present in seminal plasma of subfertile men. No profound differences in fucosylation density were found among the groups of normozoospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic subfertile men. According to the antibody probing, AAL-reactive bands can be attributed to male reproductive tract glycoproteins, including prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, glycodelin and chorionic gonadotropin. Fibronectin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulin G and antithrombin III may also contribute to this high fucosylation. It is suggested that the abundant fucosylated glycans in the sperm environment could interfere with the sperm surface and disturb the normal course of the fertilization cascade.
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15
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Song E, Hu Y, Hussein A, Yu CY, Tang H, Mechref Y. Characterization of the Glycosylation Site of Human PSA Prompted by Missense Mutation using LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2872-83. [PMID: 26022737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. It is a glycoprotein possessing a single glycosylation site at N69. During our previous study of PSA N69 glycosylation, additional glycopeptides were observed in the PSA sample that were not previously reported and did not match glycopeptides of impure glycoproteins existing in the sample. This extra glycosylation site of PSA is associated with a mutation in KLK3 genes. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KLKs families, the rs61752561 in KLK3 genes is an unusual missense mutation resulting in the conversion of D102 to N in PSA amino acid sequence. Accordingly, a new N-linked glycosylation site is created with an N102MS motif. Here we report the first qualitative and quantitative glycoproteomic study of PSA N102 glycosylation site by LC-MS/MS. We successfully applied tandem MS to verify the amino acid sequence possessing N102 glycosylation site and associated glycoforms of PSA samples acquired from different suppliers. Among the three PSA samples, HexNAc2Hex5 was the predominant glycoform at N102, while HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc1 or HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc2 was the primary glycoforms at N69. D102 is the first amino acid of "kallikrein loop", which is close to a zinc-binding site and catalytic triad. The different glycosylation of N102 relative to N69 might be influenced by the close vicinity of N102 to these functional sites and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Hussein
- ∥Department of Biotechnology, Alexandria University, 163-Horreya Avenue, El-Shatby 21526, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Kim KJ, Kim YW, Kim YG, Park HM, Jin JM, Hwan Kim Y, Yang YH, Kyu Lee J, Chung J, Lee SG, Saghatelian A. Stable isotopic labeling-based quantitative targeted glycomics (i-QTaG). Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:840-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Kim
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Soongsil University; Seoul 156-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Woo Kim
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Soongsil University; Seoul 156-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Soongsil University; Seoul 156-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Min Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Mi Jin
- Div. of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang 363-883 Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Bio-Analytical Science; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Div. of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang 363-883 Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Bio-Analytical Science; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Dept. of Microbial Engineering, College of Engineering; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Lee
- Dept. of Internal Medicine; Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, College of Medicine, Dongguk University; Goyang 401-773 Si Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul 110-799 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Gu Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundations Laboratories for Peptide Biology; Salk Institute; La Jolla CA 92037
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17
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Vermassen T, Van Praet C, Lumen N, Decaestecker K, Vanderschaeghe D, Callewaert N, Villeirs G, Hoebeke P, Van Belle S, Rottey S, Delanghe J. Urinary prostate protein glycosylation profiling as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:314-22. [PMID: 25358590 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum prostate-specific antigen (sPSA) measurement is widely used as opportunistic screening tool for prostate cancer (PCa). sPSA suffers from considerable sensitivity and specificity problems, particularly in the diagnostic gray zone (sPSA 4-10 µg/L). Furthermore, sPSA is not able to discriminate between poorly-, moderately-, and well-differentiated PCa. We investigated prostatic protein glycosylation profiles as a potential PCa biomarker. METHODS Differences in total urine N-glycosylation profile of prostatic proteins were determined between healthy volunteers (n = 54), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH; n = 93) and newly diagnosed PCa patients (n = 74). Variations in N-glycosylation profile and prostate volume were combined into one urinary glycoprofile marker (UGM). Additionally, differences in N-glycosylation were identified between Gleason <7, =7, and >7. RESULTS The UGM was able to discriminate BPH from PCa, overall and in the diagnostic gray zone (P < 0.001). The UGM showed comparable diagnostic accuracy to sPSA, but gave an additive diagnostic value to sPSA (P < 0.001). In the diagnostic gray zone the UGM performed significantly better than sPSA (P < 0.001). A significant difference was found in core-fucosylation of biantennary structures and overall core-fucosylation of multiantennary structures between Gleason < 7 and Gleason > 7 (P = 0.010 and P = 0.020, respectively) and between Gleason = 7 and Gleason > 7 (P = 0.011 and P = 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The UGM shows high potential as PCa biomarker, particularly in the diagnostic gray zone. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijl Vermassen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is annually the most common newly diagnosed cancer in men. The prostate functions as a major secretory gland for the production of glycoproteins critical to sperm activation and reproduction. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), produced by the prostate, is one of the most commonly assayed glycoproteins in blood, serving as a biomarker for early detection and progression of prostate cancer. The single site of N-glycosylation on PSA has been the target of multiple glycan characterization studies. In this review, the extensive number of studies that have characterized the changes in O-linked and N-linked glycosylations associated with prostate cancer development and progression will be summarized. This includes analysis of the glycosylation of PSA, and other prostate glycoproteins, in tissues, clinical biofluids, and cell line models. Other studies are summarized in the context of understanding the complexities of these glycan changes in order to address the many confounding questions associated with prostate cancer, as well as efforts to improve prostate cancer biomarker assays using targeted glycomic-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - E Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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19
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Abstract
Glycosylation of biomolecules is one of the most prevalent post- and co-translational modification in a human body, with more than half of all human proteins being glycosylated. Malignant transformation of cells influences glycosylation machinery resulting in subtle changes of the glycosylation pattern within the cell populations as a result of cancer. Thus, an altered terminal glycan motif on glycoproteins could provide a warning signal about disease development and progression and could be applied as a reliable biomarker in cancer diagnostics. Among all highly effective glycoprofiling tools, label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensors have emerged as especially suitable tool for point-of-care early-stage cancer detection. Herein, we highlight the current challenges in glycoprofiling of various cancer biomarkers by ultrasensitive impedimetric-based biosensors with low sample consumption, low cost fabrication and simple miniaturization. Additionally, this review provides a short introduction to the field of glycomics and lectinomics and gives a brief overview of glycan alterations in different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pihíková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak
Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava,
Slovakia
| | - Peter Kasák
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O.Box 2713 Doha,
Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak
Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava,
Slovakia
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20
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Song E, Mayampurath A, Yu CY, Tang H, Mechref Y. Glycoproteomics: identifying the glycosylation of prostate specific antigen at normal and high isoelectric points by LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5570-80. [PMID: 25327667 PMCID: PMC4261947 DOI: 10.1021/pr500575r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prostate
specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a biomarker
to diagnose prostate cancer. PSA testing has been widely used to detect
and screen prostate cancer. However, in the diagnostic gray zone,
the PSA test does not clearly distinguish between benign prostate
hypertrophy and prostate cancer due to their overlap. To develop more
specific and sensitive candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer, an
in-depth understanding of the biochemical characteristics of PSA (such
as glycosylation) is needed. PSA has a single glycosylation site at
Asn69, with glycans constituting approximately 8% of the protein by
weight. Here, we report the comprehensive identification and quantitation
of N-glycans from two PSA isoforms using LC–MS/MS. There were
56 N-glycans associated with PSA, whereas 57 N-glycans were observed
in the case of the PSA-high isoelectric point (pI) isoform (PSAH).
Three sulfated/phosphorylated glycopeptides were detected, the identification
of which was supported by tandem MS data. One of these sulfated/phosphorylated
N-glycans, HexNAc5Hex4dHex1s/p1 was identified in both PSA and PSAH
at relative intensities of 0.52 and 0.28%, respectively. Quantitatively,
the variations were monitored between these two isoforms. Because
we were one of the laboratories participating in the 2012 ABRF Glycoprotein
Research Group (gPRG) study, those results were compared to that presented
in this study. Our qualitative and quantitative results summarized
here were comparable to those that were summarized in the interlaboratory
study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehwang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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21
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Hirano K, Matsuda A, Shirai T, Furukawa K. Expression of LacdiNAc groups on N-glycans among human tumors is complex. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:981627. [PMID: 25003135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/981627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids is one of the characteristic features of malignantly transformed cells. The GalNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc or LDN) group at the nonreducing termini of both N- and O-glycans is not generally found in mammalian cells. We previously showed that the expression level of the LacdiNAc group in N-glycans decreases dramatically during the progression of human breast cancer. In contrast, the enhanced expression of the LacdiNAc group has been shown to be associated with the progression of human prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, the expression of the disaccharide group appears to be dependent on types of tumors. The mechanism of formation of the LacdiNAc group in human tumors and cancer cells has been studied, and two β4-N-acetylgalacto-saminyltransferases (β4GalNAcTs), β4GalNAcT3 and β4GalNAcT4, have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of this disaccharide group in a tissue-dependent manner. Transfection of the β4GalNAcT3 gene brought about significant changes in the malignant phenotypes of human neuroblastoma, indicating that this disaccharide group is important for suppressing the tumor growth.
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22
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Vermassen T, Van Praet C, Vanderschaeghe D, Maenhout T, Lumen N, Callewaert N, Hoebeke P, Van Belle S, Rottey S, Delanghe J. Capillary electrophoresis of urinary prostate glycoproteins assists in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1017-24. [PMID: 24254641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prostate marker assays are widely used for detection of prostate cancer (PCa) but are associated with considerable sensitivity and specificity problems. Therefore, we investigated prostatic protein glycosylation profiles as a potential biomarker. We determined the urinary asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan) profile of prostatic proteins of healthy volunteers (n = 25), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH; n = 62) and newly diagnosed PCa patients (n = 42) using DNA-sequencer-assisted fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Through squeezing of the prostate, a sufficient amount of prostatic proteins was obtained for direct structural analyses of N-glycan structures. N-glycans of PCa compared to BPH were characterized by a significant decrease in triantennary structures (p = 0.047) and overall fucosylation (p = 0.026). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the urinary glycoprofile marker showed comparable overall receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as well as in the diagnostic gray zone with serum PSA values between 4 and 10 μg/L. However, when combining PSA and the urinary glycoprofile marker, the latter gave an additive diagnostic value to serum PSA (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, N-glycosylation profiling demonstrated differences between BPH and PCa. These changes could lead to the discovery of a new biomarker for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijl Vermassen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Goč S, Janković M. Evaluation of molecular species of prostate-specific antigen complexed with immunoglobulin M in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Dis Markers 2013; 35:847-55. [PMID: 24367138 DOI: 10.1155/2013/923819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at defining molecular species of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in immune complexes with immunoglobulin M (IgM). Having in mind the oligoreactivity of IgM and its preference for carbohydrate antigens, there is the possibility that it can selectively recognize known PSA glycoisoforms. PSA-IgM complexes and free PSA fractions were separated from the sera of subjects with prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by gel filtration and subjected to on-chip immunoaffinity and ion-exchange chromatography. PSA-immunoreactive species were detected using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The obtained spectra were analyzed for protein and glycan composition. The general pattern of the molecular species of PCa PSA and BPH PSA found in complexes with IgM was similar. It comprised major peaks at 17 kDa and minor peaks at 28 kDa, corresponding to the entire mature glycosylated PSA. The main difference was the presence of incompletely glycosylated 26.8 kDa species, having putative paucimannosidic structures, observed in PCa PSA-IgM, but not in BPH PSA-IgM. Characteristic PCa PSA-IgM glycoforms pose the question of the possible role of glycosylation as a framework for immune surveillance and may be of interest in light of recent data indicating mannose-containing glycans as cancer biomarker.
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24
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Leymarie N, Griffin PJ, Jonscher K, Kolarich D, Orlando R, McComb M, Zaia J, Aguilan J, Alley WR, Altmann F, Ball LE, Basumallick L, Bazemore-Walker CR, Behnken H, Blank MA, Brown KJ, Bunz SC, Cairo CW, Cipollo JF, Daneshfar R, Desaire H, Drake RR, Go EP, Goldman R, Gruber C, Halim A, Hathout Y, Hensbergen PJ, Horn DM, Hurum D, Jabs W, Larson G, Ly M, Mann BF, Marx K, Mechref Y, Meyer B, Möginger U, Neusüβ C, Nilsson J, Novotny MV, Nyalwidhe JO, Packer NH, Pompach P, Reiz B, Resemann A, Rohrer JS, Ruthenbeck A, Sanda M, Schulz JM, Schweiger-Hufnagel U, Sihlbom C, Song E, Staples GO, Suckau D, Tang H, Thaysen-Andersen M, Viner RI, An Y, Valmu L, Wada Y, Watson M, Windwarder M, Whittal R, Wuhrer M, Zhu Y, Zou C. Interlaboratory study on differential analysis of protein glycosylation by mass spectrometry: the ABRF glycoprotein research multi-institutional study 2012. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2935-51. [PMID: 23764502 PMCID: PMC3790302 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the principal goals of glycoprotein research is to correlate glycan structure and function. Such correlation is necessary in order for one to understand the mechanisms whereby glycoprotein structure elaborates the functions of myriad proteins. The accurate comparison of glycoforms and quantification of glycosites are essential steps in this direction. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of glycoprotein characterization. Its sensitivity, high dynamic range, and mass accuracy provide both quantitative and sequence/structural information. As part of the 2012 ABRF Glycoprotein Research Group study, we explored the use of mass spectrometry and ancillary methodologies to characterize the glycoforms of two sources of human prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer, with increasing blood levels used to distinguish between normal and cancer states. The glycans on PSA are believed to be biantennary N-linked, and it has been observed that prostate cancer tissues and cell lines contain more antennae than their benign counterparts. Thus, the ability to quantify differences in glycosylation associated with cancer has the potential to positively impact the use of PSA as a biomarker. We studied standard peptide-based proteomics/glycomics methodologies, including LC-MS/MS for peptide/glycopeptide sequencing and label-free approaches for differential quantification. We performed an interlaboratory study to determine the ability of different laboratories to correctly characterize the differences between glycoforms from two different sources using mass spectrometry methods. We used clustering analysis and ancillary statistical data treatment on the data sets submitted by participating laboratories to obtain a consensus of the glycoforms and abundances. The results demonstrate the relative strengths and weaknesses of top-down glycoproteomics, bottom-up glycoproteomics, and glycomics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Leymarie
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Paula J. Griffin
- §Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Karen Jonscher
- ¶Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- ‖Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Ron Orlando
- **Complex Carbohydrates Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Mark McComb
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jennifer Aguilan
- §§Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - William R. Alley
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Friederich Altmann
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- MUSC Proteomic Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lipika Basumallick
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Henning Behnken
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | | | - Kristy J. Brown
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20310
| | | | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20993
| | - Rambod Daneshfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Richard R. Drake
- MUSC Proteomic Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Eden P. Go
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Clemens Gruber
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Adnan Halim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20310
| | - Paul J. Hensbergen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 233ZA, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Horn
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134
| | - Deanna Hurum
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Göran Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Agilent Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Uwe Möginger
- ‖Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- ¶¶Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Julius O. Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petr Pompach
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Bela Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Rohrer
- Applications Development, Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California 94085
| | | | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007
| | - Jan Mirco Schulz
- Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | | | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 413 90, Sweden
| | - Ehwang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Agilent Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California 95051
| | | | - Haixu Tang
- School of informatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Rosa I. Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134
| | - Yanming An
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20993
| | - Leena Valmu
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, 00310, Finland
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, 594–1101, Japan
| | - Megan Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Markus Windwarder
- ‖‖Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180, Austria
| | - Randy Whittal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 233ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Yiying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Nyalwidhe JO, Betesh LR, Powers TW, Jones EE, White KY, Burch TC, Brooks J, Watson MT, Lance RS, Troyer DA, Semmes OJ, Mehta A, Drake RR. Increased bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and decreased branched chain glycans of N-linked glycoproteins in expressed prostatic secretions associated with prostate cancer progression. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:677-89. [PMID: 23775902 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using prostatic fluids rich in glycoproteins like prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), the goal of this study was to identify the structural types and relative abundance of glycans associated with prostate cancer status for subsequent use in emerging MS-based glycopeptide analysis platforms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A series of pooled samples of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and exosomes reflecting different stages of prostate cancer disease were used for N-linked glycan profiling by three complementary methods, MALDI-TOF profiling, normal-phase HPLC separation, and triple quadropole MS analysis of PAP glycopeptides. RESULTS Glycan profiling of N-linked glycans from different EPS fluids indicated a global decrease in larger branched tri- and tetra-antennary glycans. Differential exoglycosidase treatments indicated a substantial increase in bisecting N-acetylglucosamines correlated with disease severity. A triple quadrupole MS analysis of the N-linked glycopeptides sites from PAP in aggressive prostate cancer pools was done to cross-reference with the glycan profiling data. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in glycosylation as detected in EPS fluids reflect the clinical status of prostate cancer. Defining these molecular signatures at the glycopeptide level in individual samples could improve current approaches of diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA , USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Lucy R Betesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Krista Y White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Tanya C Burch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jasmin Brooks
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Megan T Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Raymond S Lance
- The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Dean A Troyer
- The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,The Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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26
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Ferens-Sieczkowska M, Kowalska B, Kratz EM. Seminal plasma glycoproteins in male infertility and prostate diseases: is there a chance for glyco-biomarkers? Biomarkers 2012; 18:10-22. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.719035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Vermassen T, Speeckaert MM, Lumen N, Rottey S, Delanghe JR. Glycosylation of prostate specific antigen and its potential diagnostic applications. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1500-5. [PMID: 22722018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) assays are widely used for early detection of prostate cancer. However, those analyses are associated with considerable sensitivity and specificity problems. Several approaches have been developed to tackle this issue. PSA is a glycoprotein, which is primarily produced by the prostatic epithelial cells. Aberrant glycosylation modification of proteins is a fundamental characteristic of tumorigenesis. Study of PSA glycoforms offers interesting diagnostic perspectives. Modern technology allows us to analyze PSA glycoforms in a variety of clinical samples (serum or plasma, urine, seminal fluid, tissue). A number of novel techniques, such as lectin-based detection methods, mass spectrometry, 2-dimensional electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis have been developed to analyze PSA glycosylation. This article reviews the technical and diagnostic aspects of PSA glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijl Vermassen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Jeong HJ, Kim YG, Yang YH, Kim BG. High-throughput quantitative analysis of total N-glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3453-60. [PMID: 22455307 DOI: 10.1021/ac203440c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and reproducible quantification of glycans from protein drugs has become an important issue for quality control of therapeutic proteins in biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Mass spectrometry is a promising tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycans owing to mass accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility, but it has been of limited success in quantitative analysis for sialylated glycans in a high-throughput manner. Here, we present a solid-phase permethylation-based total N-glycan quantitative method that includes N-glycan releasing, purification, and derivatization on a 96-well plate platform. The solid-phase neutralization enabled us to perform reliable absolute quantification of the acidic N-glycans as well as neutral N-glycans from model glycoproteins (i.e., chicken ovalbumin and porcine thyroglobulin) by only using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Furthermore, low-abundance sialylated N-glycans from human serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), an extremely valuable prostate cancer marker, were initially quantified, and their chemical compositions were proposed. Taken together, these results demonstrate that our all-inclusive glycan preparation method based on a 96-well plate platform may contribute to the precise and reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering in College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Végvári Á, Rezeli M, Sihlbom C, Häkkinen J, Carlsohn E, Malm J, Lilja H, Laurell T, Marko-Varga G. Molecular microheterogeneity of prostate specific antigen in seminal fluid by mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2011; 45:331-8. [PMID: 22209970 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used and clinically valuable marker for prostate disease. In order to enable the development of new PSA assays and progress the understanding of the biology of PSA we have analyzed PSA in seminal plasma. DESIGN AND METHODS PSA in seminal plasma from men attending a fertility clinic and healthy controls was analyzed using SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Using mass spectrometry, different forms of PSA could be identified in 1-9 bands seen on SDS-PAGE analysis of the respective sample. However, a majority of these molecular forms of PSA were not observed on Western blots. Enzymatic activity of PSA isoforms was demonstrated by sequencing data in zymogram gels. Multivariate analysis of clinical data revealed well-separated patient groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that PSA in seminal plasma occurs in several isoforms, yet not all were detectable using an antibody based clinical routine method. The heterogeneity of PSA expression might be of clinical significance, by an improved patient phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Végvári
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Dept. of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Stovsky M, Ponsky L, Vourganti S, Stuhldreher P, Siroky MB, Kipnis V, Fedotoff O, Mikheeva L, Zaslavsky B, Chait A, Jones JS. Prostate-specific antigen/solvent interaction analysis: a preliminary evaluation of a new assay concept for detecting prostate cancer using urinary samples. Urology 2011; 78:601-5. [PMID: 21783231 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide preliminary clinical performance evaluation of a novel prostate cancer (CaP) assay, prostate-specific antigen/solvent interaction analysis (PSA/SIA) that focused on changes to the structure of PSA. METHODS Two-hundred twenty-two men undergoing prostate biopsy for accepted clinical criteria at 3 sites (University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland, Cleveland Clinic, and Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System) were enrolled in institutional review board-approved study. Before transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, patients received digital rectal examination with systematic prostate massage followed by collection of urine. The PSA/SIA assay determined the relative partitioning of heterogeneous PSA isoform populations in urine between 2 aqueous phases. A structural index, K, whose numerical value is defined as the ratio of the concentration of all PSA isoforms, was determined by total PSA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and used to set a diagnostic threshold for CaP. Performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with biopsy as the gold standard. RESULTS Biopsies were pathologically classified as case (malignant, n=100) or control (benign, n=122). ROC performance demonstrated area under the curve=0.90 for PSA/SIA and 0.58 for serum total PSA. At a cutoff value of k=1.73, PSA/SIA displayed sensitivity=100%, specificity=80.3%, positive predictive value=80.6%, and negative predictive value=100%. No attempt was made in this preliminary study to further control patient population or selection criteria for biopsy, nor did we analytically investigate the type of structural differences in PSA that led to changes in k value. CONCLUSION PSA/SIA provides ratiometric information independently of PSA concentration. In this preliminary study, analysis of the overall structurally heterogeneous PSA isoform population using the SIA assay showed promising results to be further evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stovsky
- Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Végvári A, Rezeli M, Häkkinen J, Sihlbom C, Carlsohn E, Malm J, Lilja H, Laurell T, Marko-Varga G. Bioinformatic strategies for unambiguous identification of prostate specific antigen in clinical samples. J Proteomics 2011; 75:202-10. [PMID: 21723425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA), as a widely used clinical biomarker in prostate cancer diagnostics, exists in multiple molecular forms. However, all of these forms might not be recognized in a given sample by the standard immunoassays. Therefore, we have investigated PSA isoforms, separated by size, using mass spectrometric analyses. The objective of these developments was to identify and specify the various forms of PSA. To optimize successful identification of different PSA forms, we have developed a bioinformatic strategy, consisting of high resolution MALDI-MS PMF and sequencing MS/MS data searches. To improve sequence-based identification, the recently introduced Proteios software environment was employed, allowing the combination of multiple database search engines in an automated manner. We could unambiguously identify PSA in clinical samples by all detectable tryptic peptides, which were found to be common in several isoforms.
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Sarrats A, Saldova R, Comet J, O'Donoghue N, de Llorens R, Rudd PM, Peracaula R. Glycan characterization of PSA 2-DE subforms from serum and seminal plasma. OMICS 2010; 14:465-74. [PMID: 20726802 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) subforms (F1-F5) have been described to be altered in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). To understand their molecular differences, characterization of these subforms from PCa serum and seminal plasma, namely, at the glycan level, was performed. PSA 2-DE subforms from two serum PCa samples and seminal plasma were analyzed by N-glycan sequencing using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with exoglycosidase array digestions and by mass spectrometry. F1, F2, and F3 subforms showed the same N-glycan pattern, which contained higher levels of sialic acid than the F4 subform, whereas the F5 subform was unglycosylated. When comparing PSA subforms from PCa with seminal plasma, a decrease in sialylation was observed. Furthermore, the analysis of F3, the more abundant PSA subform, showed a higher proportion of alpha 2-3 sialic acid and a decrease in core fucosylated glycans in the PCa sample. These N-glycan changes in PCa PSA subforms highlight the importance of glycosylation as an indicator of PCa disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sarrats
- Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Fukushima K, Satoh T, Baba S, Yamashita K. alpha1,2-Fucosylated and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminylated prostate-specific antigen as an efficient marker of prostatic cancer. Glycobiology 2010; 20:452-60. [PMID: 20008118 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer (PC) because of its high specificity. However, elevated serum PSA does not occur only in PC but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Since the structural changes of N-glycans during carcinogenesis are common phenomena, we investigated whether PC-specific N-glycans are linked to PSA. We first analyzed the carbohydrate structures of PSA derived from seminal fluid, serum of BPH and PC patients, and PC cell line, namely, LNCaP using eight lectin-immobilized columns and then with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The fraction of serum PSA from PC patients bound to both Fucalpha1-2Gal and betaGalNAc binding Trichosanthes japonica agglutinin-II (TJA-II) column, while that from BPH patients did not exhibit this binding ability, thereby implying that there is elevated expression of alpha1,2-fucosylation and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminylation of PSA during carcinogenesis. We then performed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed that these structural changes were responsible for the elevated expression of fucosyltransferase I (FUT1) and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4(B4GALNT4). Second, we measured TJA-II-bound PSA contents and the binding ratios of TJA-II column chromatography in serum PSA samples from 40 patients of both PC and BPH. The results indicated that both TJA-II-bound PSA content and TJA-II binding ratios (%) could be used to discriminate between PC and BPH with more than 95% probability, and TJA-II-bound PSA can be regarded as a potential marker of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fukushima
- Innovative Research Initiatives, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501
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Abstract
Evaluation of the Pattern of Human Serum Glycoproteins in Prostate CancerGlycoprotein profiling at the level of cells, tissues and biological fluids is aimed at discovering new cancer biomarkers and also at finding specific cancer-related structural alterations of known tumor markers. In this study we comparatively evaluated the glycoprotein patterns of human prostate cancer (PCa)- and normal human sera regarding sialylation and fucosylation as structural characteristics relevant for cancer progression. Glycoproteins were isolated using affinity chromatography on Sambucus nigra agglutinin- and Lens culinaris agglutinin-columns and subsequently characterized by SDS-PAGE and on-chip normal phase-surface capture combined with surface-enhanced laser/desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Comparative analysis of the glycoproteins purified from healthy and PCa sera indicated differences and redundancy of the isolated molecules in terms of the microheterogeneity of counterpart glycans, the relative abundance and the presence/absence of particular molecular species. In PCa there was a general increase in sialylation and decrease in fucosylation of human serum glycans compared to normal sera. Taken together, the results obtained indicated that an affinity-approach based on the use of lectins of narrow specificity reduced the complexity of the examined samples and at this discovery-phase of our study pointed to specific glyco-changes that may be relevant for improving the monitoring of PCa progression.
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Kumar V, Hassan MI, Singh AK, Dey S, Singh TP, Yadav S. Strategy for sensitive and specific detection of molecular forms of PSA based on 2DE and kinetic analysis: A step towards diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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White KY, Rodemich L, Nyalwidhe JO, Comunale MA, Clements MA, Lance RS, Schellhammer PF, Mehta AS, Semmes OJ, Drake RR. Glycomic characterization of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in prostate cancer and benign disease seminal plasma fluids. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:620-30. [PMID: 19128049 DOI: 10.1021/pr8007545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are glycoproteins secreted by prostate epithelial cells, and have a long clinical history of use as serum biomarkers of prostate cancers. These two proteins are present at significantly higher concentrations in seminal plasma, making this proximal fluid of the prostate a good source for purifying enough protein for characterization of prostate disease associated changes in glycan structures. With the use of seminal fluid samples representative of normal control, benign prostatic disease and prostate cancers, PAP and PSA were enriched by thiophilic absorption chromatography. Released N-linked glycan constituents from both proteins were analyzed by a combination of normal phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. For PSA, 40 putative glycoforms were determined, and 21 glycoforms were determined for PAP. PAP glycans were further analyzed with a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer to assign specific glycoform classes to each of the three N-linked sites. The glycans identified in these studies will allow for more defined targeting of prostate disease-specific changes for PAP, PSA and other secreted prostatic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Y White
- Department of Microbiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA
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Dudkin VY, Miller JS, Dudkina AS, Antczak C, Scheinberg DA, Danishefsky SJ. Toward a prostate specific antigen-based prostate cancer diagnostic assay: preparation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated normal and transformed prostate specific antigen fragments. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13598-607. [PMID: 18798614 PMCID: PMC2646745 DOI: 10.1021/ja8028137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) molecules secreted by cancerous and normal prostate cells differ in their N-linked glycan composition, while the peptide backbone appears to be conserved. Antibodies selectively recognizing such differentially glycosylated PSA structures could form a basis for a new diagnostic assay for prostate cancer. Twenty-amino acid PSA fragments carrying di-, tri-, and tetrabranched complex-type glycans were prepared by total synthesis and conjugated to maleimide-modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) carrier protein through backbone Cys residues. These glycopeptide/KLH conjugates were then used for antibody generation.
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Abstract
Glycans as a Target in the Detection of Reproductive Tract CancersThe significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is highly recognized. In this review we summarized literature data on the alteration of glycans in cancer, especially glycoforms of tumor markers of reproductive tract cancers: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125). We aimed to highlight the diagnostic potential and relevance of glycan microheterogeneity and to present some novel methods for cancer detection. A computerized search of articles published up to 2007 was performed through the PubMed database. Search terms utilized included prostate/ovarian cancer glycosylation, prostate/ovarian cancer detection, PSA/CA125 glycosylation. Additional sources were identified through cross-referencing and researching in available biomedical books. The comparative studies of sugar chain structures of the PSA and CA125 indicated specific structural alterations associated with malignant transformation, in relation to glycan branching, sialylation and fucosylation. These glycan modifications should be better in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions than the measurement of marker concentrations alone, which is widely used in practice. Cancer-associated changes in the glycosylation could yield more sensitive and discriminative diagnostic tests for reproductive tract cancer detection, i.e. for improvement of the clinical utility of known tumor markers or the discovery of new ones.
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Tajiri M, Ohyama C, Wada Y. Oligosaccharide profiles of the prostate specific antigen in free and complexed forms from the prostate cancer patient serum and in seminal plasma: a glycopeptide approach. Glycobiology 2007; 18:2-8. [PMID: 17956937 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligosaccharide structures of prostate specific antigen (PSA) are expected to be useful in discriminating prostate cancer from benign conditions both accompanied by increased serum PSA levels. A large proportion of PSA forms a covalent complex with a glycoprotein, alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, in human blood. In the present study, the glycan profiles of free and complexed forms of PSA from cancer patient serum and of seminal plasma PSA were compared by analyzing the glycopeptides obtained by lysylendopeptidase digestion of the electrophoretically separated PSA with mass spectrometry. The profiles of the PSA N-glycans from the free and complexed molecules were quite similar to each other and consisted of fucosylated biantennary oligosaccharides as the major class. They were mostly sialylated, and a considerable sialic acid fraction was alpha2,3-linked as determined by Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase digestion of the glycopeptides. In the seminal plasma PSA, high-mannose and hybrid types of oligosaccharides were predominant, and the sialic acids attached to the latter as well as to biantennary oligosaccahrides were exclusively alpha2,6-linked because they were removed by Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase but resistant to S. pneumoniae neuraminidase. Complex-type oligosaccharides from other sources were found in the seminal plasma sample, indicating that analysis of released glycans carries a risk of being misleading. The results suggest that identification of alpha2,3-linked sialic acids on PSA potentially discriminates malignant from benign conditions, if the analysis is applied to oligosaccharides specifically attached to the N-glycosylation site of PSA in either a free or a complexed form in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Tajiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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Abstract
This account traces the development of our synthetic glycopeptide- and glycoprotein-based research program over the past decade. We recount the syntheses of a number of biologically relevant, natural product-inspired glycopeptide constructs, including those associated with prostate specific antigen (PSA) and with the gp120 surface envelope protein of HIV. We also describe our progress toward the synthesis of the multiply glycosylated protein, erythropoietin (EPO). Particular emphasis is placed on the development of enabling methodologies which allow for the ligation of complex glycopeptide fragments, thus rendering it possible to access, through purely synthetic means, homogeneous, multidomainal glycopeptide and glycoprotein constructs.
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Rosenfeld R, Bangio H, Gerwig GJ, Rosenberg R, Aloni R, Cohen Y, Amor Y, Plaschkes I, Kamerling JP, Maya RBY. A lectin array-based methodology for the analysis of protein glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 70:415-26. [PMID: 17112594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most versatile and one of the most abundant protein modifications. It has a structural role as well as diverse functional roles in many specific biological functions, including cancer development, viral and bacterial infections, and autoimmunity. The diverse roles of glycosylation in biological processes are rapidly growing areas of research, however, Glycobiology research is limited by the lack of a technology for rapid analysis of glycan composition of glycoproteins. Currently used methods for glycoanalysis are complex, typically requiring high levels of expertise and days to provide answers, and are not readily available to all researcher. We have developed a lectin array-based method, Qproteome GlycoArray kits, for rapid analysis of glycosylation profiles of glycoproteins. Glycoanalysis is performed on intact glycoproteins, requiring only 4-6 h for most analysis types. The method, demonstrated in this manuscript by several examples, is based on binding of an intact glycoprotein to the arrayed lectins, resulting in a characteristic fingerprint that is highly sensitive to changes in the protein's glycan composition. The large number of lectins, each with its specific recognition pattern, ensures high sensitivity to changes in the glycosylation pattern. A set of proprietary algorithms automatically interpret the fingerprint signals to provide a comprehensive glycan profile output.
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Wu B, Warren JD, Chen J, Chen G, Hua Z, Danishefsky SJ. Reiterative cysteine-based coupling leading to complex, homogeneous glycopeptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chandrasekaran EV, Xue J, Neelamegham S, Matta KL. The pattern of glycosyl- and sulfotransferase activities in cancer cell lines: a predictor of individual cancer-associated distinct carbohydrate structures for the structural identification of signature glycans. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:983-94. [PMID: 16545347 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains of cancer glycoprotein antigens contain major outer changes dictated by tissue-specific regulation of glycosyltransferase genes, the availability of sugar nucleotides, and competition between enzymes for acceptor intermediates during glycan elongation. However, it is evident from recent studies with recombinant mucin probes that the final glycosylation profiles of mucin glycoproteins are mainly determined by the cellular repertoire of glycosyltransferases. Hence, we examined various cancer cell lines for the levels of fucosyl-, beta-galactosyl, beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-, sialyl-, and sulfotransferase activities that generate the outer ends of the oligosaccharide chains. We have identified glycosyltransferases activities at the levels that would give rise to O-glycan chains as reported by others in breast cancer cell lines, T47D, ZR75-1, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. Most breast cancer cells express Gal-3-O-sulfotransferase specific for T-hapten Gal beta1-->3GalNAc alpha-, whereas the enzyme from colon cancer cells exhibits a vast preference for the Gal beta1,4GlcNAc terminal unit in O-glycans. We also studied ovarian cancer cells SW626 and PA-1 and hepatic cancer cells HepG2. Our studies show that alpha1,2-L-fucosyl-T, alpha(2,3) sialyl-T, and 3-O-Sulfo-T capable of acting on the mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide, Gal beta1,4GlcNAc beta1,6(Gal beta1,3)GalNAc alpha-, can also act on the Globo H antigen backbone, Gal beta1,3GalNAc beta1,3Gal alpha-, suggesting the existence of unique carbohydrate moieties in certain cancer-associated glycolipids. Briefly, our study indicates the following: (i) 3'-Sulfo-T-hapten has an apparent relationship to the tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells; (ii) the 3'-sulfo Lewis(x), the 3-O-sulfo-Globo unit, and the 3-fucosylchitobiose core could be uniquely associated with colon cancer cells; (iii) synthesis of a polylactosamine chain and T-hapten are favorable in ovarian cancer cells due to negligible sialyltransferase activities; and (iv) a 6'-sialyl LacNAc unit and 3'-sialyl T-hapten appear to be prevalent structures in hepatic cancer cell glycans. Thus, it is apparent that different cancer cells are expressing unique glycan epitopes, which could be novel targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Tabarés G, Radcliffe CM, Barrabés S, Ramírez M, Aleixandre RN, Hoesel W, Dwek RA, Rudd PM, Peracaula R, de Llorens R. Different glycan structures in prostate-specific antigen from prostate cancer sera in relation to seminal plasma PSA. Glycobiology 2005; 16:132-45. [PMID: 16177264 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the tumor marker currently used for prostate cancer (PCa), is not specific enough to distinguish between PCa and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Glycan processing is normally perturbed in tumors, therefore we investigated whether changes in glycosylation of PSA could be useful diagnostic indicators. Previously we determined that the glycosylation of PSA secreted by the tumor prostate cell line LNCaP differs significantly from that of PSA from seminal plasma (normal control). We therefore undertook a detailed glycan analysis of PSA derived from sera from PCa patients and, importantly, established that the glycosylation of the PCa serum PSA was significantly different from the PSA from the LNCaP cell line. In comparison with seminal plasma PSA, the fucose content of PSA from the PCa patient serum was significantly lower and there was a decrease in alpha2,3-linked sialic acid. Differences in the glycosylation of PSA derived from PCa patients' sera, seminal plasma, and LNCaP cells were further established by lectin detection, glycosylation immunosorbent assay, and two-dimensional electrophoresis. We also investigated whether the impact of glycosylation changes initiated by the tumor was reflected in the serum glycome. By comparing the glycans released from the total glycoproteins in PCa patient serum with those of normal serum we found an increase in the proportion of sialyl-Lewis x structures. Further analysis of the glycosylation of PSA from PCa and BPH sera will be required in order to determine the utility of these glycan differences to discriminate specifically between benign and malignant prostate states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Tabarés
- Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Department de Biologia Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi s/n. 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Donohue MJ, Satterfield MB, Dalluge JJ, Welch MJ, Girard JE, Bunk DM. Capillary electrophoresis for the investigation of prostate-specific antigen heterogeneity. Anal Biochem 2005; 339:318-27. [PMID: 15797573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a single-chain glycoprotein that is used as a biomarker for prostate-related diseases. PSA has one known posttranslational modification, a sialylated diantennary N-linked oligosaccharide attached to the asparagine residue N45. In this study capillary electrophoresis (CE) was employed to separate the isoforms of seven commercially available free PSA samples, two of which were specialized: enzymatically active PSA and noncomplexing PSA. The free PSA samples examined migrated as four to nine distinct, highly resolved peaks, indicating the presence of several isoforms differing in their oligosaccharide compositions. Overall, the use of CE provides a rapid, reproducible method for separation of PSA into its individual isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura J Donohue
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Janković MM, Kosanović MM. Glycosylation of urinary prostate-specific antigen in benign hyperplasia and cancer: assessment by lectin-binding patterns. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:58-65. [PMID: 15607318 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we examined the glycosylation of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) subjects, specifically looking at alterations in its oligosaccharide chain as a potential biomarker of these pathophysiological conditions. DESIGN AND METHODS First morning urine voids were collected from subjects with PCa and BPH before initiation of any treatment. Urinary PSA was characterized by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by lectin affinity chromatography on the columns using immobilized plant lectins. RESULTS Four isoforms of urinary PSA from both BPH and PCa samples were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The elution profiles from lectin-affinity columns reflected molecular heterogeneity of PSA isoforms and the main differences observed were in the reactivity to Ulex europaeus agglutinin, Aleuria aurantia agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin. CONCLUSIONS The observed differences in the lectin reactivities between BPH PSA and PCa PSA may be of clinical importance in the evaluation of prostate health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava M Janković
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy--INEP, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Jung K, Reiche J, Boehme A, Stephan C, Loening SA, Schnorr D, Hoesel W, Sinha P. Analysis of Subforms of Free Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis: Potential to Improve Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Clin Chem 2004; 50:2292-301. [PMID: 15472031 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to develop a method to separate and quantify subforms of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) in serum by two-dimensional electrophoresis and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these subforms for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis in comparison with total PSA (tPSA) and the ratio of fPSA to tPSA (%fPSA).
Methods: Sera from 50 patients with and without PCa, respectively, were studied. PSA was isolated by immunoadsorption on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads with biotinylated anti-PSA antibodies and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. After semidry blotting, the intensities of the fPSA spots were quantified by chemiluminescence using an imager analyzer.
Results: The method detected subforms to a concentration of 0.1 μg/L fPSA with an imprecision (CV) <16%. We detected 15 immunoreactive fPSA spots of different intensities. Spots F2 and F3 were present in all samples. F2 was lower in samples from non-PCa patients (median, 23%) than in samples from PCa patients (49%), whereas F3 behaved inversely (non-PCa, 73%; PCa, 45%). Ratios of F2 to F3 and F2/F3 to %fPSA, respectively, showed improved diagnostic accuracy compared with tPSA and %fPSA. Better differentiation by F2/F3 or by F2/F3 to %fPSA was particularly evident in patients with %fPSA values >15%. There were no associations between the PCa grading scale and fPSA subforms.
Conclusions: fPSA subforms separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis may improve both sensitivity and specificity in prostate cancer diagnostics compared with tPSA and %fPSA. The development of a practicable assay based on the immunologic properties of these different fPSA subforms seems to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Kratz E, Poland DCW, van Dijk W, Katnik-Prastowska I. Alterations of branching and differential expression of sialic acid on alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in human seminal plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 331:87-95. [PMID: 12691868 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of branching and types of fucosylation of glycans on alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) have been found to be associated with alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein concentrations in human seminal plasma. The glycosylation pattern of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein in seminal plasma obtained from men living in infertile couples can undergo alterations in relation to sperm analysis and/or alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein concentrations. METHODS The glycosylation of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein was studied upon the reactivity with specific lectins by crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis (concanavalin A), and by glycoprotein lectin immunosorbent assay (Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra lectins), as well as high pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. RESULTS Nonsignificant differences in alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein glycan branching and degree of its sialylation were observed among the AGP derived from seminal plasmas in relation to spermiogram and sperm morphology. However, significant concentration-dependent differences were found in extent of branching and type of sialylation. CONCLUSIONS The presence in seminal plasma of high concentrations of aberrantly glycosylated AGP molecules might be indicative for a chronic inflammatory condition in the reproductive tract, and can be used as additional tool to subdivide the seminal plasmas of men living in infertile couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kratz
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Bujwida 44a., 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
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