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Takeda-Okuda N, Yeon SJ, Matsumi Y, Matsuura Y, Hosaka YZ, Tamura JI. Quantitative, compositional, and immunohistochemical analyses of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan in internal organs of deer (Cervus nippon centralis and C. n. yesoensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129680. [PMID: 38281521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) + dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations and the sulfation patterns of CS-DS in the cartilaginous tissues and alimentary canals of Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle were investigated in the present study. CS + DS concentrations were high in cartilaginous tissues, namely, the trachea and scapular cartilage region (5- 12 g*), and low in the alimentary canal (~0.3 g*). HA concentrations were low in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal (~0.2 g*). All tissues mainly contained A-type [HexAGalNAc(4-sulfate)] and C-type [HexAGalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The ratios of A-type/C-type CS + DS were 1.2- 3.1 and 0.9- 16.4 in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. CS + DS predominantly comprised β-D-GlcA and α-L-IdoA in cartilaginous tissues and the alimentary canal, respectively. The alimentary canal characteristically contained up to 14 % highly sulfated E-type [HexAGalNAc(4,6-disulfate)] and D-type [HexA(2-sulfate)GalNAc(6-sulfate)] CS + DS. The specific distributions of CS and DS were immunohistochemically confirmed using CS + DS-specific antibodies. Although the omasum of cattle is more likely to have higher concentrations of CS + DS and HA, no significant species differences were observed in the concentrations or sulfation patterns of CS + DS among species for Honshu Sika deer, Hokkaido Sika deer, and cattle. (*per 100 g of defatted dry tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Su-Jung Yeon
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumi
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuura
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyamacho-minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Widyowati R, Suciati S, Hariyadi DM, Chang HSI, IPG Suryawan N, Tarigan N, Sholikhah I, Ardianto C, Nurhan AD, Sagitaras IB. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-Iβ alteration by deer ( Rusa unicolor) antler extract on osteoarthritis rat model. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1109-1114. [PMID: 37293378 PMCID: PMC10244368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a disease associated with articular cartilage degradation, intra-articular area inflammation, and subchondral bone replacement. Cytokine IL-1β has a prominent function in the inflammations process that passes in the joints. The 70% ethanol extracts of deer antler (250 and 500 mg/kg BW) and glucosamine sulfate (250 kg/BW) were evaluated for four weeks in reducing cytokine IL-1β to rat model OA-induced Monosodium iodoacetate. Measurements of joint diameter in rat's knee and hyperalgesia were performed on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The presence of a significant difference in the stimulation thermal latency (p = 0.00) and the resulting increase in swelling of joint diameter (p = 0.00) are evidence that MIA has successfully induced the rat modeling of OA. A significant decrease in cytokine IL-Iβ levels was shown on week 3 after MIA injection (p = 0.00). Both concentrations of deer extracts significantly reduced knee joint diameter (p = 0.00), latency thermal stimulation (p = 0.00), and cytokine IL-1β levels (p = 0.00). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract of deer antler is a potential medicine for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
- Natural Products Drug Delivery and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Suciati Suciati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
- Natural Products Drug Delivery and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dewi M Hariyadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - HSin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ngurah IPG Suryawan
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Province East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Nurliana Tarigan
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Province East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Irawati Sholikhah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sains and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad D Nurhan
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ilham B Sagitaras
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Li L, Ma Y, He G, Ma S, Wang Y, Sun Y. Pilose antler extract restores type I and III collagen to accelerate wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114510. [PMID: 36931024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulation tissue has supporting and filling functions in wound healing. The collagen produced by fibroblast acts as a cell scaffold in the granulation tissue to facilitate the formation of new blood vessels and epithelial coverage. Previously, we extracted protein components from the pilose antler that was involved in the biological process of collagen fibril organization. They were also found to contain abundant extracellular matrix(ECM) components. Therefore, in this experiment, we used a rat model of full-thickness skin excision and fibroblasts to perform an experiment for determination of the effects of pilose antler protein extract (PAE) on collagen content and fiber synthesis during wound healing. Additionally, we further analyzed its pharmacological effects on wound healing and the possible regulatory mechanisms. We found that PAE accelerated synthesis of type I and III collagen, promoted the formation of type III collagen fibers, and reduced collagen degradation by recruiting fibroblasts. Furthermore, the extract upregulated the expression of TGF β R1 and Smad2, and initiated the entry of Smad2/Smad3 into the nucleus. After adding SB431542 to inhibit TGF-β type I receptor activity, PAE's ability to promote Smad2/Smad3 nuclear localization was weakened. These data indicate that local PAE therapy can promote the proliferation of fibroblasts, dynamically regulate the expression of TGF-β, and increase the amount of collagen and the synthesis of type III collagen fibers by promoting smad2 activity in the proliferation period, thus accelerating the regenerative healing of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Li
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuman Ma
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaiying He
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanan Sun
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Widyowati R, Suciati S, Haryadi DM, Chang HI, Suryawan IN, Tarigan N. The effect of deer antler from East Kalimantan to increase trabecular bone density and calcium levels in serum on osteoporotic mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1145-1150. [PMID: 33580921 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (dexamethasone) is a primary cause of secondary osteoporosis by the decreasing formation and increasing resorption activities. Previously, the in vitro study showed that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler have increased alkaline phosphatase in osteoblast cell that known as marker of bone formation. The mind of this study is to analyze the effect of deer antlers in increasing the bone trabecular density of osteoporosis-induced male mice. METHODS This study used a post-test control group design. A total of 54 healthy male mice were randomly divided to nine groups, i.e., healthy control, osteoporotic, positive control, 70% ethanol (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW), and aqueous extracts (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW) of deer antler groups. All of the interventions were given 1 mL of test sample for 4 weeks orally. The bone densities were determined using histomorphometry by Image J and Adobe Photoshop. The statistical data were performed using SPSS 23 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS The results showed that alendronate group, 70% ethanol, and aqueous extract groups increased bone density and calcium levels in serum (p<0.05) compared to osteoporotic group in dose dependent manner. It indicated that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler stimulating bone turnover and aqueous extract showed the highest. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone induction for 4 weeks caused osteoporotic mice and the administration of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of deer antler from East Kalimantan increased trabecular bone density and calcium levels in dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suciati Suciati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Melani Haryadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, P. R. China
| | - Ipg Ngurah Suryawan
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Penajam Paser Utara, Indonesia
| | - Nurliana Tarigan
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Penajam Paser Utara, Indonesia
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Islam SMM, Zahangir MM, Ashaf-Ud-Doulah M, Khatun MM, Shahjahan M. Extreme warm acclimation temperature alters oxygen consumption, micronucleus formation in erythrocytes, and gill morphology of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2323-2330. [PMID: 33006002 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing the seasonal variation and rapid global warming in the tropical climate is a common phenomenon which challenged the aquatic organisms to adapt the physiology and behavior. To investigate the effect of high-temperature acclimation, we selected Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita), a commercially important freshwater aquaculture species. Oxygen consumptions, micronucleus formation in erythrocytes, and gill histopathology were observed in L. rohita fingerlings acclimated at three temperatures (30, 33, and 36 °C) for 30 days. Results showed that the highest acclimated temperature (36 °C) induced higher oxygen consumption and increased frequency of micronucleus formation in erythrocytes. Severity of different histological alterations (hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, telangiectasis, epithelial lifting, and hypertrophy of chloride cells) in the gills was found to be increased in the highest acclimated temperature (36 °C). These findings indicate the temperature induced adaptive responses and climate vulnerability in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Department of Fish Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ashaf-Ud-Doulah
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mt Marufa Khatun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Widyowati R, Suciati S, Haryadi DM, Chang HI, Suryawan IN, Utama AW. The Effect of Rusa unicolor Antler Deer Extracts from East Kalimantan in Bone Turnover Cell Models. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:440-445. [PMID: 32939141 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.57805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by skeletal degradation of osseous tissue resulting in an escalated chance of broken bones. Traditionally, Rusa unicolor horn from East Kalimantan is used to treat many diseases, including conditions associated with bone turnover. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effects of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of R. unicolor antler's horn from East Kalimantan on nitric oxide inhibition, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization related to bone turnover. Materials and Methods Nitric oxide inhibition of the extracts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated by Griess reagent, while the effects of extracts on osteoblast differentiations were measured by alkaline phosphatase in p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Their effects on mineralization was determined using alizarin red staining. Results The 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts inhibited cell inflammation (40% and 80%, respectively) and stimulated osteoblast differentiation (65% and 52%, respectively). In the mineralization test, the aqueous extract showed an effect two times higher than that of 70% ethanol extract. Conclusion The extracts can effectively degrade inflammatory marker expression and preserve osteoblast functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Widyowati
- Airlangga University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suciati Suciati
- Airlangga University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Melani Haryadi
- Airlangga University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- National Chiayi University Clinic of Biochemical Science and Technology, Taiwan, China
| | - Ipg Ngurah Suryawan
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - Agung Widi Utama
- UPTD Pembibitan dan Inseminasi Buatan, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
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Takeda-Okuda N, Mizumoto S, Zhang Z, Kim SK, Lee CH, Jeon BT, Hosaka YZ, Kadomatsu K, Yamada S, Tamura JI. Compositional analysis of the glycosaminoglycan family in velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at different growing stages. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:127-139. [PMID: 30680582 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from the velvet antlers of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at the different growing stages (Fukurozuno, Anshi, and Santajo) of bred and wild deer were isolated and their concentrations and sulfation patterns were analyzed. GAG were digested with chondroitinase ABC, ACI, heparinase-I and -III, and keratanase-II into the corresponding repeating disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), hyaluronan, heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate. Cartilaginous tissues contained CS-DS at high concentrations with an almost equal ratio of 4- and 6-sulfates, while 4-sulfate-type CS-DS predominantly occupied ossified tissues, but at low concentrations. High O- and N-sulfation degrees of HS correspond to high ossification. Dynamic quantitative changes in CS-DS and compositional changes in CS-DS and HS were closely associated with the mineralization of deer antlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takeda-Okuda
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan.
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The Effects of Elk Velvet Antler Dietary Supplementation on Physical Growth and Bone Development in Growing Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:819520. [PMID: 26366186 PMCID: PMC4561106 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elk velvet antler (EVA) has been used in traditional Oriental medicine for centuries to promote general health; however, little evidence for its effect on bone development is available. We investigated the effects of lifelong exposure of Wistar rats to a diet containing 10% EVA on physical growth and bone development. Measurements included weekly body weights, blood chemistry and kidney and testis/ovary indices (sacrificed at 5, 9, or 16 weeks of age), and bone traits of the femur bones by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Mean body weights were higher in the EVA group at 4–8 weeks in males and at 5 weeks of age in females. The kidney indices were greater in EVA dietary supplemented male rats at 5 and 16 weeks of age, in females at 16 weeks of age, and testis/ovary indices at 5 weeks of age. The femoral length was increased in both males and females at 5 weeks, and several pQCT-measured parameters had increased in EVA males and females. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in EVA group while the content of calcium and phosphorus did not differ among groups. Our results seem to support a role for dietary supplementation of EVA on growth and bone development in this model.
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Bone regeneration strategy inspired by the study of calcification behavior in deer antler. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:67-76. [PMID: 26354241 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration has attracted much attention from various researchers and inspired numerous strategies for bone formation. In this study, rapid calcification of deer antlers was studied to unravel bone biology by investigating mineral composition, morphology and microstructure. Calcification model was hypothesized and preliminarily established by in vitro experiments. In our model, mineral deposition and phase conversions in the gel matrix were mimicked. Results revealed that mineral metabolism including deposition and phase conversion plays key roles in calcification in vivo, which inspired the bone regeneration strategy with three main components, i.e. enhanced mineral nucleation, mineral ions sources and crystals habits. Rapid mineral metabolism of implant apatite biomaterials was supposed as the critical aspect of bone regeneration. This study will provide a relatively ideal model for peer bone regeneration studies.
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Kim CT, Gujral N, Ganguly A, Suh JW, Sunwoo HH. Chondroitin sulphate extracted from antler cartilage using high hydrostatic pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626657 PMCID: PMC5466122 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS), a major glycosaminoglycan, is an essential component of the extracellular matrix in cartilaginous tissues. Wapiti velvet antlers are a rich source of these molecules. The purpose of the present study was to develop an effective isolation procedure of CS from fresh velvet antlers using a combination of high hydrostatic pressure (100 MPa) and enzymatic hydrolysis (papain). High CS extractability (95.1 ± 2.5%) of total uronic acid was obtained following incubation (4 h at 50 °C) with papain at pH 6.0 in 100 MPa compared to low extractability (19 ± 1.1%) in ambient pressure (0.1 MPa). Antler CS fractions were isolated by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography and identified by western blot using an anti-CS monoclonal antibody. The antler CS fraction did not aggregate with hyaluronic acid in CL-2B chromatography and possessed DPPH radical scavenging activity at 78.3 ± 1.5%. The results indicated that high hydrostatic pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis procedure may be a useful tool for the isolation of CS from antler cartilaginous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Tai Kim
- Food Bio-Nano Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, 516, Baekhyun-Dong, Bundang-Ku, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Naiyana Gujral
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Advaita Ganguly
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon H Sunwoo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Lee DH, Hong H, Lodhi G, Cheong SH, Park PJ, Hu T, Sangwoo K, Moon SH, Jeon BT. Isolation and characterisation of collagen from elk antler velvet. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen was extracted from the antler velvet of elk (Cervus elaphus). Two types of collagen were prepared namely, acetic acid-soluble collagen and pepsin-soluble collagen. The electrophoretic patterns of both of the collagens showed that they were heterotrimeric, i.e. they consisted of α1α2α3. The total yield of the collagen obtained from the elk antler velvet was 12.1%. Amino acid analysis of the collagen by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that imino acid content such as that of proline and hydroxyproline was high, which might contribute to better visco-elastic properties. The peptide mapping of the collagens showed their similarity with porcine Type I collagen, thereby suggesting that the primary structure of both collagens is identical to that of porcine skin Type I collagen. The thermal denaturation temperature was 37°C, which is comparable to porcine Type I collagen and may also be as a result of high imino acid content.
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Nakano T, Ozimek L. Detection of keratan sulfate by immunological methods in commercial chondroitin sulfate preparations. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 99:547-52. [PMID: 24274541 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a well known nutraceutical, and keratan sulfate (KS) are glycosaminoglycans involved in the structure of cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Since CS is extracted from cartilage, there may be a possibility that purified CS is contaminated with small amount of KS. A total of 15 samples, including four samples of CS as laboratory reagents, one sample of CS as a food additive and ten samples of dietary supplements containing CS were examined to detect KS in these samples by using immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with anti-KS monoclonal antibody (IgM). With the exception of three samples of CS as laboratory reagents, all samples were found to contain varying amounts of KS. It was concluded that both the immunodiffusion, a quick one-step method, and ELISA for quantification, are reliable methods to detect KS contamination in CS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Nakano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Characterization of chondroitin sulfate from deer tip antler and osteogenic properties. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:473-80. [PMID: 21894464 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Deer antler is a highly regenerative tissue that involves cellular differentiation, osteogenesis and ossification processes. Chondroitin sulfate is the major glycosaminoglycan contained in antler connective tissue and has been isolated from cartilaginous antler by 4 M GuHCl extraction, gradient ultracentrifugation and chromatography techniques. We examined the disaccharide composition by 2-AB labeling and anion exchange HPLC analysis of the three resultant fractions (high, medium and low density fractions). The high density fraction consists of A-unit and D-unit disaccharide in the ratio of 1:1, whereas, the CS disaccharide composition ratio of A- unit:C-unit:D-Unit:E-unit contained in medium and low density fractions are 3:4:3:1 and 2:2:2:1, respectively. The only intact CS oligosaccharides of the medium density fraction upregulated gene expression of bone-specific proteins of a human osteoblastic cell line (hFOB1.19). Thus, CS oligosaccharides from cartilaginous deer antler, with their oversulfated chondroitin sulfate composition, demonstrated the physiological properties and may be good candidates for osteogenetic agents in humans.
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KIM EUNKYUNG, LEE WONBOK, MOON SANGHO, JEON YOUJIN, AHN CHANGBUM, KIM BOKYUNG, KIM BONGHEE, PARK PYOJAM, JEON BYONGTAE. FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY BY ESR SPECTROSCOPY AND NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT ON H2O2-INDUCED DAMAGE IN PC-12 CELLS OF ENZYMATIC EXTRACTS FROM KOREAN ELK VELVET ANTLER. J Food Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Effect of antler growth period on the chemical composition of velvet antler in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Mamm Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Combination of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Ultrasonic Extraction for Obtaining Sex Hormones and IGF-1 from Antler Velvet. Chin J Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz-Claudio F Silva
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Programa de Glicobiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gandra M, Kozlowski EO, Andrade LR, de Barros CM, Pascarelli BMO, Takiya CM, Pavão MSG. Collagen colocalizes with a protein containing a decorin-specific peptide in the tissues of the ascidian Styela plicata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:215-22. [PMID: 16581275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Decorin is an extracellular matrix dermatan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan found in a variety of vertebrate species. In the extracellular matrix of mammals, decorin interacts with fibrillar collagen and regulates its morphology. We report here the occurrence and distribution of collagen type I and the peptide, CEASGIGPEVPDDRD, which is present in the human decorin proteoglycan, in the extracellular matrix of different tissues of the primitive invertebrate chordate Styela plicata. The content of collagen was estimated by hydroxyproline, and its distribution in the tissues by histochemistry. Collagen was detected biochemically in intestine, heart, pharynx and mantle, occurring in higher amounts in the heart, followed by pharynx, mantle and intestine. Histochemical analysis with Sirius red indicates that collagen is present in the extracellular matrix of intestine and pharynx. Further ultrastructural immuno-gold assays using polyclonal antibodies raised against the decorin-specific peptide CEASGIGPEVPDDRD and collagen type I showed a co-localization of these molecules. These data suggest the occurrence of a protein containing a decorin-like peptide sequence, which may be interacting with fibrillar collagen in this primitive chordate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gandra
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Brazil
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Ha YW, Jeon BT, Moon SH, Toyoda H, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Characterization of heparan sulfate from the unossified antler of Cervus elaphus. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:411-6. [PMID: 15680596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antler is the most rapidly growing tissue in the animal kingdom. According to previous reports, antler glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) consist of all kinds GAGs except for heparan sulfate (HS). Chondroitin sulfate is the major antler GAG component comprising 88% of the total uronic acid content. In the current study, we have isolated HS from antler for the first time and characterized it based on both NMR spectroscopy and disaccharide composition analysis. Antler GAGs were isolated by protease treatment and followed by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation. The sensitivity of antler GAGs to heparin lyase III showed that this sample contained heparan sulfate. After incubation of antler GAGs with chondroitin lyase ABC, the HS-containing fraction was recovered by ethanol precipitation. The composition of HS disaccharides in this fraction was determined by its complete depolymerization with a mixture of heparin lyase I, II, and III and analysis of the resulting disaccharides by the reversed-phase (RP) ion pairing-HPLC, monitored by the fluorescence detection using 2-cyanoacetamide as a post-column labeling reagent. Eight unsaturated disaccharides (DeltaUA-GlcNAc, DeltaUA-GlcNS, DeltaUA-GlcNAc6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNAc, DeltaUA-GlcNS6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNS, DeltaUA2S-GlcNAc6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNS6S) were produced from antler HS by digestion with the mixture of heparin lyases. The total content of 2-O-sulfo disaccharide units in antler HS was higher than that of heparan sulfate from most other animal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H. Antlers as biomonitors of environmental pollution by lead and fluoride: A review. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-005-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Deer antlers are cranial appendages that develop after birth as extensions of a permanent protuberance (pedicle) on the frontal bone. Pedicles and antlers originate from a specialized region of the frontal bone; the 'antlerogeneic periosteum' and the systemic cue which triggers their development in the fawn is an increase in circulating androgen. These primary antlers are then shed and regenerated the following year in a larger, more complex form. Antler growth is extremely rapid-an adult red deer can produce a pair of antlers weighing approximately 30kg in three months, and involves both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Since antlers are sexual secondary characteristics, their annual cycles of growth have evolved to be closely coordinated to the reproductive cycle which, in temperate species, is linked to the photoperiod. Cessation of antler growth and death of the overlying skin (velvet) coincides with a rise in circulating testosterone as the autumn breeding season approaches. The 'dead' antlers remain attached to the pedicle until they are shed (cast) the following spring when circulating testosterone levels fall. In red deer, the species that we study, casting of the old set of antlers is followed immediately by growth of the new set. Although the anatomy of antler growth and the endocrine changes associated with it have been well documented, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The case for continuing to decipher them remains compelling, despite the obvious limitations of using deer as an experimental model, because this research will help provide insight into why humans and other mammals have lost the ability to regenerate organs. From the information so far available, it would appear that the signaling pathways that control the development of skeletal elements are recapitulated in regenerating antlers. This apparent lack of any specific 'antlerogenic molecular machinery' suggests that the secret of deers' ability to regenerate antlers lies in the particular cues to which multipotential progenitor/stem cells in an antler's 'regeneration territory' are exposed. This in turn suggests that with appropriate manipulation of the environment, pluripotential cells in other adult mammalian tissues could be stimulated to increase the healing capacity of organs, even if not to regenerate them completely. The need for replacement organs in humans is substantial. The benefits of increasing individuals' own capacity for regeneration and repair are self evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Price
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 OTU, United Kingdom
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Volpi N, Maccari F. Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Biochimie 2003; 85:619-25. [PMID: 12829379 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(03)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) was for the first time extracted, purified and characterized from the species of mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. HA was characterized by agarose-gel electrophoresis, 13C-NMR, HPLC and normal polarity capillary electrophoresis by evaluating the unsaturated disaccharide, DeltaDiHA (Delta-hexuronic acid-N-acetyl-glucosamine) after treatment with chondroitin ABC lyase, and by separating Delta-tetrasaccharide and Delta-hexasaccharide generated by the specific action of hyaluronate lyase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus. The weight average molecular weight (M(w)) was found to be about 200 kDa as determined by HPSEC. HA from M. galloprovincialis was not able to interact with aggrecan from bovine cartilage to form high molecular mass aggregate and also had a very low specific viscosity, but it showed the same capacity to inhibit cell proliferation (50 microg per 10(3) human fibroblasts inhibit cell proliferation by about 50%) than high molecular mass HA. HA of M. galloprovincialis could have a physiological role in the regulation of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans, isolated from decalcified chicken eggshell by papain digestion and ion-exchange chromatography, were fractionated by selective precipitation at varying concentrations of ethanol and characterized by chemical and enzymatic methods. The eggshell contained 0.15 microg galactosaminoglycan uronic acid/mg dry weight. Most (to approximately 87% of total) galactosaminoglycans were found to be chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate copolymers with iduronic acid contents being approximately 20 to 30% of uronic acid. The remaining (to approximately 12% of total) galactosaminoglycans were chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate copolymers with higher iduronic acid contents averaging 59% of uronic acid. Results of chondroitinase-ABC digestion demonstrated 4-sulfated disaccharides to be the major repeating units in the chicken eggshell galactosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Rapid qualitative and quantitative evaluation of deer antler (Cervus elaphus) using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Microchem J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(00)00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Sunwoo HH, Nakano T, Sim JS. Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti (Cervus elaphus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 121:437-42. [PMID: 9972315 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidine-HCl from the zone of maturing chondrocytes, the site of endochondral ossification of growing antlers of wapiti (Cervus elaphus). Proteoglycans were isolated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and separated by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography into three fractions. Fraction I contained a high molecular mass (> 1000 kDa) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan capable of interacting with hyaluronic acid. Its amino acid composition resembled that of the cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Fraction II contained proteoglycans with intermediate molecular weight which were recognized by monoclonal antibodies specific to chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Fraction III contained a low molecular mass (< 160 kDa) proteoglycan, decorin, with a glucuronate-rich glycosaminoglycan chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sunwoo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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