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Cameron D, Vinh NN, Prapaiwongs P, Perry EA, Walters JTR, Li M, O’Donovan MC, Bray NJ. Genetic implication of prenatal GABAergic and cholinergic neuron development in susceptibility to schizophrenia. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.14.23299948. [PMID: 38168283 PMCID: PMC10760267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.23299948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background The ganglionic eminences are fetal-specific structures that give rise to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and acetylcholine- releasing neurons of the forebrain. Given evidence for GABAergic and cholinergic disturbances in schizophrenia, as well as an early neurodevelopmental component to the disorder, we tested the potential involvement of developing cells of the ganglionic eminences in mediating genetic risk for the condition. Study Design We combined data from a recent large-scale genome-wide association study of schizophrenia with single cell RNA sequencing data from the human ganglionic eminences to test enrichment of schizophrenia risk variation in genes with high expression specificity for particular developing cell populations within these structures. We additionally performed the single nuclei Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with Sequencing (snATAC-Seq) to map potential regulatory genomic regions operating in individual cell populations of the human ganglionic eminences, using these to additionally test for enrichment of schizophrenia common genetic variant liability and to functionally annotate non-coding variants associated with the disorder. Study Results Schizophrenia common variant liability was enriched in genes with high expression specificity for developing neuron populations that are predicted to form dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expressing GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the striatum, cortical somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons, calretinin-positive GABAergic neurons and cholinergic neurons. Consistent with these findings, schizophrenia genetic risk was also concentrated in predicted regulatory genomic sequence mapped in developing neuronal populations of the ganglionic eminences. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for a role of prenatal GABAergic and cholinergic neuron development in later susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Cameron
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ngoc-Nga Vinh
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Parinda Prapaiwongs
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Perry
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Li
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bray
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Pardo M, Gregorio S, Montalban E, Pujadas L, Elias-Tersa A, Masachs N, Vílchez-Acosta A, Parent A, Auladell C, Girault JA, Vila M, Nairn AC, Manso Y, Soriano E. Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1143319. [PMID: 37153634 PMCID: PMC10157100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development, and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brain striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by μ-opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal parvalbumin- and cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Pardo
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Institut du Fer à Moulin UMR-S 1270, INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vílchez-Acosta
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Yasmina Manso,
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Soriano,
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Batiuk MY, Tyler T, Dragicevic K, Mei S, Rydbirk R, Petukhov V, Deviatiiarov R, Sedmak D, Frank E, Feher V, Habek N, Hu Q, Igolkina A, Roszik L, Pfisterer U, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Petanjek Z, Adorjan I, Kharchenko PV, Khodosevich K. Upper cortical layer-driven network impairment in schizophrenia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8367. [PMID: 36223459 PMCID: PMC9555788 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most widespread and complex mental disorders. To characterize the impact of schizophrenia, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of >220,000 neurons from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. In addition, >115,000 neurons were analyzed topographically by immunohistochemistry. Compositional analysis of snRNA-seq data revealed a reduction in abundance of GABAergic neurons and a concomitant increase in principal neurons, most pronounced for upper cortical layer subtypes, which was substantiated by histological analysis. Many neuronal subtypes showed extensive transcriptomic changes, the most marked in upper-layer GABAergic neurons, including down-regulation in energy metabolism and up-regulation in neurotransmission. Transcription factor network analysis demonstrated a developmental origin of transcriptomic changes. Last, Visium spatial transcriptomics further corroborated upper-layer neuron vulnerability in schizophrenia. Overall, our results point toward general network impairment within upper cortical layers as a core substrate associated with schizophrenia symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Y. Batiuk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Katarina Dragicevic
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktor Petukhov
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruslan Deviatiiarov
- The National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420043, Russia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Erzsebet Frank
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Virginia Feher
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Nikola Habek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Igolkina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Lilla Roszik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Ulrich Pfisterer
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diego Garcia-Gonzalez
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Peter V. Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Su Y, Yang L, Li Z, Wang W, Xing M, Fang Y, Cheng Y, Lin GN, Cui D. The interaction of ASAH1 and NGF gene involving in neurotrophin signaling pathway contributes to schizophrenia susceptibility and psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110015. [PMID: 32569620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia has been widely accepted. In light of our previous microarray data, two neurodevelopment-related genes were focused on inclduing the N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 gene (ASAH1) and the nerve growth factor gene (NGF). The evidence that ASAH1 and NGF are associated with schizophrenia is far from conclusive. Furthermore, their interactions in schizophrenia have not been investigated. Total 413 patients and 578 controls were included. Eleven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ASAH1 and NGF were selected. A multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was applied to investigate gene-gene interactions in schizophrenia, and the traditional odds ratio methods was applied to validate it. The effects of ASAH1, NGF and their interaction on the severity of the disease were analyzed by 3 × 3 covariance analysis of (ANCOVA). The biological interaction between ASAH1 and NGF was examined. KEGG was used to identify the related signaling pathways. After correction by Bonferroni, there were no differences in the genotypic, allelic, or haplotypic frequencies of 11 SNPs between patients and controls. However, the interaction of certain SNPs had effect on susceptibility to schizophrenia, including two high-risk and one low-risk genotypic combinations (OR = 1.49 [1.11-2.00]; OR = 1.45 [1.09-1.92], and OR = 0.64 [0.41-0.98]). ASAH1-rs7830490 and its interaction with NGF-rs4332358 were associated with the general psychopathological subscale score (F adjusted = 3.94, p adjusted = 0.01; F adjusted = 2.36, p adjusted = 0.03). We also found that ASAH1 and NGF interacted with CaMK2B involving in the neurotrophin signaling pathway. Our results suggest that the interaction of ASAH1 and NGF with CaMK2B involved in neurotrophin signaling pathway may contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidi Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjuan Xing
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Adorjan I, Sun B, Feher V, Tyler T, Veres D, Chance SA, Szele FG. Evidence for Decreased Density of Calretinin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Caudate Nucleus in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:581685. [PMID: 33281566 PMCID: PMC7691639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.581685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share several common aetiological and symptomatic features suggesting they may be included in a common spectrum. For example, recent results suggest that excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is relevant in the etiology of SCH and ASD. Numerous studies have investigated this imbalance in regions like the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, relatively little is known about neuroanatomical changes that could reduce inhibition in subcortical structures, such as the caudate nucleus (CN), in neuropsychiatric disorders. We recently showed a significant decrease in calretinin-immunopositive (CR-ip) interneuronal density in the CN of patients with ASD without significant change in the density of neuropeptide Y-immunopositive (NPY-ip) neurons. These subtypes together constitute more than 50% of caudate interneurons and are likely necessary for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance. Consequently, and since SCH and ASD share characteristic features, here we tested the hypothesis, that the density of CR-ip neurons in the CN is decreased in patients with SCH. We used immunohistochemistry and qPCR for CR and NPY in six patients with schizophrenia and six control subjects. As expected, small, medium and large CR-ip interneurons were detected in the CN. We found a 38% decrease in the density of all CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) that was driven by the loss of the small CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) in patients with SCH. The densities of the large CR-ip and of the NPY-ip interneurons were not significantly altered. The lower density detected could have been due to inflammation-induced degeneration. However, the state of microglial activation assessed by quantification of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)- and transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)-immunopositive cells showed no significant difference between patients with SCH and controls. Our results warrant further studies focussing on the role of CR-ip neurons and on the striatum being a possible hub for information selection and regulation of associative cortical fields whose function have been altered in SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Feher
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A Chance
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Caton M, Ochoa ELM, Barrantes FJ. The role of nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in delusional thinking. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 32532978 PMCID: PMC7293341 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Delusions are a difficult-to-treat and intellectually fascinating aspect of many psychiatric illnesses. Although scientific progress on this complex topic has been challenging, some recent advances focus on dysfunction in neural circuits, specifically in those involving dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here we review the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in delusions, with a focus on nicotinic receptors, which are known to play a part in some illnesses where these symptoms appear, including delirium, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, Parkinson, Huntington, and Alzheimer diseases. Beginning with what we know about the emergence of delusions in these illnesses, we advance a hypothesis of cholinergic disturbance in the dorsal striatum where nicotinic receptors are operative. Striosomes are proposed to play a central role in the formation of delusions. This hypothesis is consistent with our current knowledge about the mechanism of action of cholinergic drugs and with our abstract models of basic cognitive mechanisms at the molecular and circuit levels. We conclude by pointing out the need for further research both at the clinical and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caton
- The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Santa Rosa Department of Psychiatry, 2235 Mercury Way, Santa Rosa, CA, 95047, USA
- Heritage Oaks Hospital, 4250 Auburn Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95841, USA
| | - Enrique L M Ochoa
- Heritage Oaks Hospital, 4250 Auburn Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95841, USA
- Volunteer Clinical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ali Z, Roque A, El-Mallakh RS. A unifying theory for the pathoetiologic mechanism of tardive dyskinesia. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109682. [PMID: 32200182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic treatment with dopamine D2 receptor antagonists has been proposed to lead to dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Frequently, this is conceptualized as upregulation or changes in the structure or function of the post-synaptic D2 receptor. However, the measured 1.4-fold increase in D2 receptor density and the lack of actual receptor supersensitivity are probably inadequate to explain outcomes such as tardive dyskinesia (TD) and dopamine supersensitivity psychosis. HYPOTHESIS Recent data suggest that TD may result from a combination of presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic changes. DISCUSSION Presynaptic increase in dopamine release occurs when super-therapeutic blockade of postsynaptic D2 receptors results in excess synaptic unbound dopamine which ultimately ends up being reuptaken by the presynaptic neuron through the dopamine transporter. The increased availability of recycled dopamine results in higher vesicular dopamine concentrations. Since the quantity of neurotransmitter released (known as quanta) is determined by the number of presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles, the increase in the number (concentration) of dopamine molecules in the vesicles results in a higher concentration of synaptic dopamine with successive depolarization events. Synaptic changes such as the appearance of perforated synapses which is an early step in new synapse formation have been shown in animal models of TD. Finally, postsynaptic increases in D2 receptor expression without demonstration of increased sensitivity or potency has been demonstrated. CONCLUSION TD likely develops due to changes across the synapse and terminology such as 'dopamine receptor supersensitivity' can be misleading. 'Synaptic upregulation' may be a more correct term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Ali
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Autumn Roque
- Center for Mindfulness and CBT, 10845 Olive Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63141, United States.
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Vostrikov VM, Uranova NA. Reduced density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the caudate nucleus in major psychiatric illnesses. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:211-216. [PMID: 31653579 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and affective disorders may be associated with myelin and oligodendrocyte abnormalities. Altered network integration involving the caudate nucleus (CN) and metabolic abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic white matter tracts have been reported in schizophrenia and impaired patterns of cortico-caudate functional connectivity have been found in both bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Postmortem studies have found ultrastructural dystrophy and degeneration of oligodendrocytes and dysmyelination in the CN in schizophrenia and BPD. We aimed to test the hypothesis that oligodendrocyte density may be reduced in the CN in major psychiatric disorders and may thereby form the cellular basis for the functional dysconnectivity observed in these disorders. Optical disector was used to estimate the numerical density (Nv) of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters (OLC) in the CN of cases with schizophrenia, BPD and major depressive disorder (MDD) and in normal controls (15 cases per group). A significant reduction in the Nv of oligodendrocytes was found in schizophrenia and BPD as compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and the Nv of OLC was significantly lowered in schizophrenia and BPD compared to controls (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between MDD and control groups. The Nv of OLC was significantly decreased in the left hemisphere in schizophrenia as compared to the left hemisphere of the control group (-52%, p < 0.01). The data indicates that a decreased density of oligodendrocytes and OLC could contribute to the altered functional connectivity of the CN in subjects with severe mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vostrikov
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe shosse 2, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Uranova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe shosse 2, Moscow, Russia.
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Chase KA, Feiner B, Ramaker MJ, Hu E, Rosen C, Sharma RP. Examining the effects of the histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX-01294 on histone modifications and gene expression in both a clinical population and mouse models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216463. [PMID: 31185023 PMCID: PMC6559633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been consistently characterized by abnormal patterns of gene down-regulation, increased restrictive chromatin assemblies, and reduced transcriptional activity. Histone methyltransferase (HMT) mRNA and H3K9me2 levels are elevated in postmortem brain and peripheral blood cells of persons with schizophrenia. Moreover, this epigenomic state likely contributes to the disease, as HMT levels correlate with clinical symptomatology. This manuscript sought to establish the potential therapeutic value of the HMT inhibitor BIX-01294 (BIX). Human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 24 individuals with schizophrenia and 24 healthy individuals were cultured in the presence of BIX (5uM or 10uM). Mice were given once daily intraperitoneal injections of BIX (0.5 or 1mg/kg) for one week. Cultured cells, mouse cortex, or striatum was harvested, RNA extracted and RT-PCR conducted for several schizophrenia candidate genes: IL-6, Gad1, Nanog, KLF4, Reln, and Bdnf9a. Total H3K9me2 levels were measured using western blot while H3K9me2 binding to selected genes of interest was conducted using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Neuronal subtype-specific BDNF conditional knockdown was conducted using the cre/lox system of mutant animals. Treatment with BIX decreased H3K9me2 and increased selected mRNA levels in cultured PBMCs from both normal controls and participants with schizophrenia. In mice, peripheral administration of BIX decreased cortical H3K9me2 levels and increased schizophrenia candidate gene expression. In BDNF conditional knockdown animals, BIX administration was able to significantly rescue Bdnf9a mRNA levels in ChAT and D1 Bdnf conditional knockdown mice. The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate a potential for further research into the clinical effectiveness of histone modifying pharmacology in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A. Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Feiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Marcia J. Ramaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Edward Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Rajiv P. Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Guercio GD, Thomas ME, Cisneros-Franco JM, Voss P, Panizzutti R, de Villers-Sidani E. Improving cognitive training for schizophrenia using neuroplasticity enhancers: Lessons from decades of basic and clinical research. Schizophr Res 2019; 207:80-92. [PMID: 29730045 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that schizophrenia is a disorder that stems from maladaptive plasticity within neural circuits and produces broad cognitive deficits leading to loss of autonomy. A large number of studies have identified abnormalities spanning many neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenia, and as a result, a variety of drugs have been developed to attempt to treat these abnormalities and enhance cognition. Unfortunately, positive results have been limited so far. This may be in part because the scope of abnormalities in the schizophrenic brain requires a treatment capable of engaging many different neurotransmitter systems. One approach to achieving this kind of treatment has been to use neuroplasticity-based computerized cognitive training programs to stimulate the formation of more adaptive circuits. Although the number of studies implementing this approach has increased exponentially in recent years, effect sizes for cognitive gains have been modest and adherence to treatment remains an important challenge in many studies, as patients are often required to train for 40 h or more. In the present paper, we argue that cognitive training protocols will benefit from the addition of cognitive enhancers to produce more robust and longer lasting targeted neuroplasticity. Indeed, recent data from animal studies have provided support for combining plasticity-enhancing drugs with tailored behavioral training paradigms to restore normal function within dysfunctioning neural circuits. The advantages and challenges of applying this approach to patients with schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Guercio
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - M E Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J M Cisneros-Franco
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Voss
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Panizzutti
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E de Villers-Sidani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Liu J, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT, Alho E, Amaro E, Pasqualucci CA, Rüb U, den Dunnen W, Arzberger T, Schmitz C, Kiessling M, Bader B, Danek A. Subcortical neurodegeneration in chorea: Similarities and differences between chorea-acanthocytosis and Huntington's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 49:54-59. [PMID: 29402698 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) and Huntington's disease (HD) are neurodegenerative conditions that share clinical and neuropathological features, despite their distinct genetic etiologies. METHODS In order to compare these neuropathologies, serial gallocyanin-stained brain sections from three subjects with ChAc were analyzed and compared with our previous studies of eight HD cases, in addition to three hemispheres from two male controls. RESULTS Astrogliosis was much greater in the ChAc striatum, as compared to that found in HD, with dramatic increase in total striatal glia numbers and the number of glia per striatal neuron. Striatal astrocytes are most likely derived from the striatal subependymal layer in ChAc, which showed massive proliferation. The thalamic centromedian-parafascicular complex is reciprocally connected to the striatum and is more heavily affected in HD than in ChAc. CONCLUSION The distinct patterns of selective vulnerability and gliosis observed in HD and ChAc challenge simplistic views on the pathogenesis of these two diseases with rather similar clinical signs. The particular roles played by astroglia in ChAc and in HD clearly need to be elucidated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Departments of Pathology and Radiology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Eduardo Alho
- Praça Amadeu Amaral, 27, cj 31, Bela Vista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Maren Kiessling
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bader
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Clienia Privatklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Oetwil am See, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Moehle MS, Pancani T, Byun N, Yohn SE, Wilson GH, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Xiang Z, Niswender CM, Wess J, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Cholinergic Projections to the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Inhibit Dopamine Modulation of Basal Ganglia through the M 4 Muscarinic Receptor. Neuron 2017; 96:1358-1372.e4. [PMID: 29268098 PMCID: PMC5753765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopaminergic inputs into the striatum is critical for normal basal ganglia (BG) function. This regulation of BG function is thought to be primarily mediated by acetylcholine released from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) acting locally in the striatum. We now report a combination of pharmacological, electrophysiological, optogenetic, chemogenetic, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies suggesting extra-striatal cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (M4) to oppose cAMP-dependent dopamine receptor subtype 1 (D1) signaling in presynaptic terminals of direct pathway striatal spiny projections neurons. This induces a tonic inhibition of transmission at direct pathway synapses and D1-mediated activation of motor activity. These studies provide important new insights into the unique role of M4 in regulating BG function and challenge the prevailing hypothesis of the centrality of striatal ChIs in opposing dopamine regulation of BG output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Moehle
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tristano Pancani
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nellie Byun
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha E Yohn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - George H Wilson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Johnathan W Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel H Remke
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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13
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Lv X, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Xiang Z. M 1 muscarinic activation induces long-lasting increase in intrinsic excitability of striatal projection neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:209-222. [PMID: 28336323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum is critically involved in movement control and motor learning. Striatal function is regulated by a variety of neuromodulators including acetylcholine. Previous studies have shown that cholinergic activation excites striatal principal projection neurons, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and this action is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine subtype 1 receptors (M1) through modulating multiple potassium channels. In the present study, we used electrophysiology techniques in conjunction with optogenetic and pharmacological tools to determine the long-term effects of striatal cholinergic activation on MSN intrinsic excitability. A transient increase in acetylcholine release in the striatum by optogenetic stimulation resulted in a long-lasting increase in excitability of MSNs, which was associated with hyperpolarizing shift of action potential threshold and decrease in afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude, leading to an increase in probability of EPSP-action potential coupling. The M1 selective antagonist VU0255035 prevented, while the M1 selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0453595 potentiated the cholinergic activation-induced persistent increase in MSN intrinsic excitability, suggesting that M1 receptors are critically involved in the induction of this long-lasting response. This M1 receptor-dependent long-lasting change in MSN intrinsic excitability could have significant impact on striatal processing and might provide a novel mechanism underlying cholinergic regulation of the striatum-dependent motor learning and cognitive function. Consistent with this, behavioral studies indicate that potentiation of M1 receptor signaling by VU0453595 enhanced performance of mice in cue-dependent water-based T-maze, a dorsolateral striatum-dependent learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Petryszyn S, Parent A, Parent M. The calretinin interneurons of the striatum: comparisons between rodents and primates under normal and pathological conditions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:279-290. [PMID: 28168621 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the major organizational features of calretinin interneurons in the dorsal striatum of rodents and primates, with some insights on the state of these neurons in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. The rat striatum harbors medium-sized calretinin-immunoreactive (CR+) interneurons, whereas the mouse striatum is pervaded by medium-sized CR+ interneurons together with numerous small and highly immunoreactive CR+ cells. The CR interneuronal network is even more elaborated in monkey and human striatum where, in addition to the small- and medium-sized CR+ interneurons, a set of large CR+ interneurons occurs. The majority of these giant CR+ interneurons, which are unique to the primate striatum, also display immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a faithful marker of cholinergic neurons. The expression of CR and/or ChAT by the large striatal interneurons appears to be seriously compromised in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. The species differences noted above have to be considered to better understand the role of CR interneurons in striatal organization in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petryszyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Université Laval, 2601, Canardière, Room F-6500, Quebec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - A Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Université Laval, 2601, Canardière, Room F-6500, Quebec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Université Laval, 2601, Canardière, Room F-6500, Quebec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
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15
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Loss of VGLUT3 Produces Circadian-Dependent Hyperdopaminergia and Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction and l-Dopa-Mediated Dyskinesias in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14983-99. [PMID: 26558771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2124-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The striatum is essential for many aspects of mammalian behavior, including motivation and movement, and is dysfunctional in motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) is expressed by striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) and is thus well positioned to regulate dopamine (DA) signaling and locomotor activity, a canonical measure of basal ganglia output. We now report that VGLUT3 knock-out (KO) mice show circadian-dependent hyperlocomotor activity that is restricted to the waking cycle and is due to an increase in striatal DA synthesis, packaging, and release. Using a conditional VGLUT3 KO mouse, we show that deletion of the transporter from CINs, surprisingly, does not alter evoked DA release in the dorsal striatum or baseline locomotor activity. The mice do, however, display changes in rearing behavior and sensorimotor gating. Elevation of DA release in the global KO raised the possibility that motor deficits in a Parkinson's disease model would be reduced. Remarkably, after a partial 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-mediated DA depletion (∼70% in dorsal striatum), KO mice, in contrast to WT mice, showed normal motor behavior across the entire circadian cycle. l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-mediated dyskinesias were also significantly attenuated. These findings thus point to new mechanisms to regulate basal ganglia function and potentially treat Parkinson's disease and related disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopaminergic signaling is critical for both motor and cognitive functions in the mammalian nervous system. Impairments, such as those found in Parkinson's disease patients, can lead to severe motor deficits. Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) loads glutamate into secretory vesicles for neurotransmission and is expressed by discrete neuron populations throughout the nervous system. Here, we report that the absence of VGLUT3 in mice leads to an upregulation of the midbrain dopamine system. Remarkably, in a Parkinson's disease model, the mice show normal motor behavior. They also show fewer abnormal motor behaviors (dyskinesias) in response to l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the principal treatment for Parkinson's disease. The work thus suggests new avenues for the development of novel treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease and potentially other basal-ganglia-related disorders.
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Brisch R, Bielau H, Saniotis A, Wolf R, Bogerts B, Krell D, Steiner J, Braun K, Krzyżanowska M, Krzyżanowski M, Jankowski Z, Kaliszan M, Bernstein HG, Gos T. Calretinin and parvalbumin in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a mini-review, a perspective on the evolutionary role of calretinin in schizophrenia, and a preliminary post-mortem study of calretinin in the septal nuclei. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:393. [PMID: 26578879 PMCID: PMC4624860 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The septal nuclei are important limbic regions that are involved in emotional behavior and connect to various brain regions such as the habenular complex. Both the septal nuclei and the habenular complex are involved in the pathology of schizophrenia and affective disorders. METHODS We characterized the number and density of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral, medial, and dorsal subregions of the septal nuclei in three groups of subjects: healthy control subjects (N = 6), patients with schizophrenia (N = 10), and patients with affective disorders (N = 6). RESULTS Our mini-review of the combined role of calretinin and parvalbumin in schizophrenia and affective disorders summarizes 23 studies. We did not observe significant differences in the numbers of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons or neuronal densities in the lateral, medial, and dorsal septal nuclei of patients with schizophrenia or patients with affective disorders compared to healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Most post-mortem investigations of patients with schizophrenia have indicated significant abnormalities of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in various brain regions including the hippocampus, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. This study also provides an explanation from an evolutionary perspective for why calretinin is affected in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hendrik Bielau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Saniotis
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia ; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Krell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Krzyżanowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk, Poland
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Storozheva ZI, Kirenskaya AV, Proshin AT. The neuromediator mechanisms of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Targeted ablation of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum produces behavioral manifestations of Tourette syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:893-8. [PMID: 25561540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419533112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by tics, which are transiently worsened by stress, acute administration of dopaminergic drugs, and by subtle deficits in motor coordination and sensorimotor gating. It represents the most severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders that, in aggregate, affect ∼ 5% of the population. Available treatments are frequently inadequate, and the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Postmortem studies have revealed a reduction in specific striatal interneurons, including the large cholinergic interneurons, in severe disease. We tested the hypothesis that this deficit is sufficient to produce aspects of the phenomenology of TS, using a strategy for targeted, specific cell ablation in mice. We achieved ∼ 50% ablation of the cholinergic interneurons of the striatum, recapitulating the deficit observed in patients postmortem, without any effect on GABAergic markers or on parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons. Interneuron ablation in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), corresponding roughly to the human putamen, led to tic-like stereotypies after either acute stress or d-amphetamine challenge; ablation in the dorsomedial striatum, in contrast, did not. DLS interneuron ablation also led to a deficit in coordination on the rotorod, but not to any abnormalities in prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating. These results support the causal sufficiency of cholinergic interneuron deficits in the DLS to produce some, but not all, of the characteristic symptoms of TS.
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20
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Mattei D, Schweibold R, Wolf SA. Brain in flames - animal models of psychosis: utility and limitations. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1313-29. [PMID: 26064050 PMCID: PMC4455860 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s65564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that schizophrenia is a psychopathological condition resulting from aberrations in neurodevelopmental processes caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors which proceed long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Many studies discuss an immunological component in the onset and progression of schizophrenia. We here review studies utilizing animal models of schizophrenia with manipulations of genetic, pharmacologic, and immunological origin. We focus on the immunological component to bridge the studies in terms of evaluation and treatment options of negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms. Throughout the review we link certain aspects of each model to the situation in human schizophrenic patients. In conclusion we suggest a combination of existing models to better represent the human situation. Moreover, we emphasize that animal models represent defined single or multiple symptoms or hallmarks of a given disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mattei
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Schweibold
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Han C, Chatterjee A, Noetzel MJ, Panarese JD, Smith E, Chase P, Hodder P, Niswender C, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR. Discovery and SAR of muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1) allosteric activators from a molecular libraries high throughput screen. Part 1: 2,5-dibenzyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3(5H)-ones as positive allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:384-8. [PMID: 25435150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Results from a 2012 high-throughput screen of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) against the human muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1) for positive allosteric modulators is reported. A content-rich screen utilizing an intracellular calcium mobilization triple-addition protocol allowed for assessment of all three modes of pharmacology at M1, including agonist, positive allosteric modulator, and antagonist activities in a single screening platform. We disclose a dibenzyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3(5H)-one hit (DBPQ, CID 915409) and examine N-benzyl pharmacophore/SAR relationships versus previously reported quinolin-3(5H)-ones and isatins, including ML137. SAR and consideration of recently reported crystal structures, homology modeling, and structure-function relationships using point mutations suggests a shared binding mode orientation at the putative common allosteric binding site directed by the pendant N-benzyl substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph D Panarese
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emery Smith
- The Scripps Research Institutes Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Chase
- The Scripps Research Institutes Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | | | - Colleen Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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22
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Lim SAO, Kang UJ, McGehee DS. Striatal cholinergic interneuron regulation and circuit effects. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25374536 PMCID: PMC4204445 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a central role in motor control and motor learning. Appropriate responses to environmental stimuli, including pursuit of reward or avoidance of aversive experience all require functional striatal circuits. These pathways integrate synaptic inputs from limbic and cortical regions including sensory, motor and motivational information to ultimately connect intention to action. Although many neurotransmitters participate in striatal circuitry, one critically important player is acetylcholine (ACh). Relative to other brain areas, the striatum contains exceptionally high levels of ACh, the enzymes that catalyze its synthesis and breakdown, as well as both nicotinic and muscarinic receptor types that mediate its postsynaptic effects. The principal source of striatal ACh is the cholinergic interneuron (ChI), which comprises only about 1-2% of all striatal cells yet sends dense arbors of projections throughout the striatum. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors affecting the excitability of these neurons through acute effects and long term changes in their synaptic inputs. In addition, we discuss the physiological effects of ACh in the striatum, and how changes in ACh levels may contribute to disease states during striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S McGehee
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Jamal M, Ameno K, Tanaka N, Kinoshita H. Strain differences in the expression of cholinergic markers in the hippocampus of ApoE-knockout and C57BL/6J mice. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gonzales KK, Pare JF, Wichmann T, Smith Y. GABAergic inputs from direct and indirect striatal projection neurons onto cholinergic interneurons in the primate putamen. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2502-22. [PMID: 23296794 PMCID: PMC3983787 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are involved in reward-dependent learning and the regulation of attention. The activity of these neurons is modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic afferents, but the source and relative prevalence of these diverse regulatory inputs remain to be characterized. To address this issue, we performed a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the GABAergic and glutamatergic innervation of ChIs in the postcommissural putamen of rhesus monkeys. Postembedding immunogold localization of GABA combined with peroxidase immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase showed that 60% of all synaptic inputs to ChIs originate from GABAergic terminals, whereas 21% are from putatively glutamatergic terminals that establish asymmetric synapses, and 19% from other (non-GABAergic) sources of symmetric synapses. Double pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy using substance P and Met-/Leu-enkephalin antibodies to label GABAergic terminals from collaterals of "direct" and "indirect" striatal projection neurons, respectively, revealed that 47% of the indirect pathway terminals and 36% of the direct pathway terminals target ChIs. Together, substance P- and enkephalin-positive terminals represent 24% of all synapses onto ChIs in the monkey putamen. These findings show that ChIs receive prominent GABAergic inputs from multiple origins, including a significant contingent from axon collaterals of direct and indirect pathway projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynda Kari Gonzales
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
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25
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Scarr E, Gibbons AS, Neo J, Udawela M, Dean B. Cholinergic connectivity: it's implications for psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:55. [PMID: 23653591 PMCID: PMC3642390 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine has been implicated in both the pathophysiology and treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders, with most of the data related to its role and therapeutic potential focusing on schizophrenia. However, there is little thought given to the consequences of the documented changes in the cholinergic system and how they may affect the functioning of the brain. This review looks at the cholinergic system and its interactions with the intrinsic neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid as well as those with the projection neurotransmitters most implicated in the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders; dopamine and serotonin. In addition, with the recent focus on the role of factors normally associated with inflammation in the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders, links between the cholinergic system and these factors will also be examined. These interfaces are put into context, primarily for schizophrenia, by looking at the changes in each of these systems in the disorder and exploring, theoretically, whether the changes are interconnected with those seen in the cholinergic system. Thus, this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the connectivity between the cholinergic system and some of the major areas of research into the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders, resulting in a critical appraisal of the potential outcomes of a dysregulated central cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Gibbons
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Neo
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhara Udawela
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
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26
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Van Den Bossche MJ, Strazisar M, Cammaerts S, Liekens AM, Vandeweyer G, Depreeuw V, Mattheijssens M, Lenaerts AS, De Zutter S, De Rijk P, Sabbe B, Del-Favero J. Identification of rare copy number variants in high burden schizophrenia families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:273-82. [PMID: 23505263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, genome-wide studies consistently showed an increased burden of rare copy number variants (CNVs) in schizophrenia patients, supporting the "common disease, rare variant" hypothesis in at least a subset of patients. We hypothesize that in families with a high burden of disease, and thus probably a high genetic load influencing disease susceptibility, rare CNVs might be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. We performed a genome-wide CNV analysis in the index patients of eight families with multiple schizophrenia affected members, and consecutively performed a detailed family analysis for the most relevant CNVs. One index patient showed a DRD5 containing duplication. A second index patient presented with an NRXN1 containing deletion and two adjacent duplications containing MYT1L and SNTG2. Detailed analysis in the subsequent families showed segregation of the identified CNVs. With this study we show the importance of screening high burden families for rare CNVs, which will not only broaden our knowledge concerning the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in schizophrenia but also allow the use of the obtained genetic data to provide better clinical care to these families in general and to non-symptomatic causal CNV carriers in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Van Den Bossche
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Pae CU. Role of the cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:293-8. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.762355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Wojtalik JA, Eack SM, Pollock BG, Keshavan MS. Prefrontal gray matter morphology mediates the association between serum anticholinergicity and cognitive functioning in early course schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 204:61-7. [PMID: 23158779 PMCID: PMC3518587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic and other medications used in the treatment of schizophrenia place a burden on the cholinergic subsystems of the brain, which have been associated with increased cognitive impairment in the disorder. This study sought to examine the neurobiologic correlates of the association between serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) and cognitive impairments in early schizophrenia. Neurocognitive performance on measures of memory and executive function, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and SAA assays were collected from 47 early course, stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Voxel-based morphometry analyses employing general linear models, adjusting for demographic and illness-related confounds, were used to investigate the associations between SAA, gray matter morphology, and neurocognitive impairment. SAA was related to working memory and executive function impairments. Higher SAA was significantly associated with lower gray matter density in broad regions of the frontal and medial-temporal lobes, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus, and striatum. Lower gray matter volume in the left DLPFC was found to significantly mediate the association between SAA and working memory impairment. Disease- and/or medication-related cholinergic dysfunction may be associated with brain volume abnormalities in early course schizophrenia, which may account for the association between SAA and cognitive dysfunction in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Wojtalik
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Address correspondence to Jessica A. Wojtalik, School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Tel: 412.648.9029, Fax: 412.624.6323,
| | - Shaun M. Eack
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex (cINs) play crucial roles in many aspects of cortical function. The diverse types of cINs are classified into subgroups according to their morphology, intrinsic physiology, neurochemical markers and synaptic targeting. Recent advances in mouse genetics, imaging and electrophysiology techniques have greatly advanced our efforts to understand the role of normal cIN function and its dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. In schizophrenia (SCZ), a wealth of data suggests that cIN function is perturbed, and that interneuron dysfunction may underlie key symptoms of the disease. In this review, we discuss the link between cINs and SCZ, focusing on the evidence for GABAergic signaling deficits from both SCZ patients and mouse models.
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30
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Tarr JC, Turlington ML, Reid PR, Utley TJ, Sheffler DJ, Cho HP, Klar R, Pancani T, Klein M, Bridges T, Morrison R, Blobaum A, Xiang Z, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Wood MR, Lindsley CW. Targeting selective activation of M(1) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: further chemical optimization and pharmacological characterization of the M(1) positive allosteric modulator ML169. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:884-95. [PMID: 23173069 PMCID: PMC3503349 DOI: 10.1021/cn300068s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is thought to play an important role in memory and cognition, making it a potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, M(1) interacts with BACE1 and regulates its proteosomal degradation, suggesting selective M(1) activation could afford both palliative cognitive benefit as well as disease modification in AD. A key challenge in targeting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is achieving mAChR subtype selectivity. Our lab has previously reported the M(1) selective positive allosteric modulator ML169. Herein we describe our efforts to further optimize this lead compound by preparing analogue libraries and probing novel scaffolds. We were able to identify several analogues that possessed submicromolar potency, with our best example displaying an EC(50) of 310 nM. The new compounds maintained complete selectivity for the M(1) receptor over the other subtypes (M(2)-M(5)), displayed improved DMPK profiles, and potentiated the carbachol (CCh)-induced excitation in striatal MSNs. Selected analogues were able to potentiate CCh-mediated nonamyloidogenic APPsα release, further strengthening the concept that M(1) PAMs may afford a disease-modifying role in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Tarr
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Mark L. Turlington
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Paul R. Reid
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Thomas J. Utley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Rebecca Klar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Tristano Pancani
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Michael
T. Klein
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Thomas
M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Ryan
D. Morrison
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Anna
L. Blobaum
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Zixui Xiang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
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31
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Laplante F, Dufresne MM, Ouboudinar J, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Sullivan RM. Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine. Synapse 2012; 67:21-9. [PMID: 23034725 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of cholinergic interneurons in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens or N.Acc.) in adult rats increases the locomotor activating effects of amphetamine. It also impairs sensorimotor gating processes, an effect reversed by the antipsychotic haloperidol. These behavioral effects are suggestive of pronounced hyper-responsiveness of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) projection to the N.Acc. However, it is unclear whether local cholinergic depletion results predominantly in exaggerated presynaptic DA release or a postsynaptic upregulation of DAergic function. The purpose of the present study is to test the former possibility by employing in vivo voltammetry to examine changes in the levels of extracellular DA within the N.Acc. in response to either mild tail pinch stress or amphetamine administration. While both cholinergic-lesioned and control rats showed reliable stress-induced increases in extracellular DA on two consecutive test days, those in the lesioned rats were significantly less pronounced. In response to amphetamine, a separate cohort of lesioned rats also exhibited smaller increases in extracellular DA release than controls, despite showing greater locomotor activity. Moreover, the increased behavioral response to amphetamine in lesioned rats coincided temporally with decreasing levels of DA in the N.Acc. The results confirm that cholinergic depletion within the N.Acc. suppresses presynaptic DA release and suggest that lesion-induced behavioral effects are more likely due to postsynaptic DA receptor upregulation. The results are also discussed in the context of schizophrenia, where post mortem studies have revealed a selective loss of cholinergic interneurons within the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Laplante
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Laplante F, Zhang ZW, Huppé-Gourgues F, Dufresne MM, Vaucher E, Sullivan RM. Cholinergic depletion in nucleus accumbens impairs mesocortical dopamine activation and cognitive function in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1075-84. [PMID: 22842071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In rats, selective depletion of the cholinergic interneurons in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens or N.Acc.) results in heightened behavioural sensitivity to amphetamine and impaired sensorimotor gating processes, suggesting a hyper-responsiveness to dopamine (DA) activity in the N.Acc. We hypothesized that local cholinergic depletion may also trigger distal functional alterations, particularly in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected bilaterally in the N.Acc. with an immunotoxin targeting choline acetyltransferase. Two weeks later, cognitive function was assessed using the delayed alternation paradigm in the T-maze. The rats were then implanted with voltammetric recording electrodes in the ventromedial PFC to measure in vivo extracellular DA release in response to mild tail pinch stress. The PFC was also examined for density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-labelled varicosities. In another cohort of control and lesioned rats, we measured post mortem tissue content of DA. Depletion of cholinergic neurons (restricted to N.Acc.) significantly impaired delayed alternation performance across delay intervals. While (basal) post mortem indices of PFC DA function were unaffected by N.Acc. lesions, in vivo mesocortical DA activation was markedly reduced; this deficit correlated significantly with cognitive impairments. TH-labelled varicosities however, were unaffected in cortical layer V relative to controls. These data suggest that selective depletion of cholinergic interneurons in N.Acc. triggers widespread functional impairments in mesocorticolimbic DA function and cognition. The possible relevance of these findings is also discussed in relation to schizophrenia, where reduced density of cholinergic neurons in ventral striatum has been reported.
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Park JK, Lee SM, Kang WS, Kim SK, Cho AR. NGF polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with schizophrenia in Korean population. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Harvey PD. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: profile, course, and neurobiological determinants. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:433-45. [PMID: 22608636 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Yin DM, Chen YJ, Sathyamurthy A, Xiong WC, Mei L. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:493-516. [PMID: 22351070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia alters basic brain processes of perception, emotion, and judgment to cause hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and cognitive deficits. Unlike neurodegeneration diseases that have irreversible neuronal degeneration and death, schizophrenia lacks agreeable pathological hallmarks, which makes it one of the least understood psychiatric disorders. With identification of schizophrenia susceptibility genes, recent studies have begun to shed light on underlying pathological mechanisms. Schizophrenia is believed to result from problems during neural development that lead to improper function of synaptic transmission and plasticity, and in agreement, many of the susceptibility genes encode proteins critical for neural development. Some, however, are also expressed at high levels in adult brain. Here, we will review evidence for altered neurotransmission at glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic synapses in schizophrenia and discuss roles of susceptibility genes in neural development as well as in synaptic plasticity and how their malfunction may contribute to pathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia. We propose that mouse models with precise temporal and spatial control of mutation or overexpression would be useful to delineate schizophrenia pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Elimination of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the striatum reveals regulation of behaviour by cholinergic-glutamatergic co-transmission. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001194. [PMID: 22087075 PMCID: PMC3210783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mouse model that eliminates cholinergic neurotransmission in the striatum while leaving glutamate release intact reveals differential effects on cocaine-induced behavior and dopaminergic responses. Cholinergic neurons in the striatum are thought to play major regulatory functions in motor behaviour and reward. These neurons express two vesicular transporters that can load either acetylcholine or glutamate into synaptic vesicles. Consequently cholinergic neurons can release both neurotransmitters, making it difficult to discern their individual contributions for the regulation of striatal functions. Here we have dissected the specific roles of acetylcholine release for striatal-dependent behaviour in mice by selective elimination of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) from striatal cholinergic neurons. Analysis of several behavioural parameters indicates that elimination of VAChT had only marginal consequences in striatum-related tasks and did not affect spontaneous locomotion, cocaine-induced hyperactivity, or its reward properties. However, dopaminergic sensitivity of medium spiny neurons (MSN) and the behavioural outputs in response to direct dopaminergic agonists were enhanced, likely due to increased expression/function of dopamine receptors in the striatum. These observations indicate that previous functions attributed to striatal cholinergic neurons in spontaneous locomotor activity and in the rewarding responses to cocaine are mediated by glutamate and not by acetylcholine release. Our experiments demonstrate how one population of neurons can use two distinct neurotransmitters to differentially regulate a given circuitry. The data also raise the possibility of using VAChT as a target to boost dopaminergic function and decrease high striatal cholinergic activity, common neurochemical alterations in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease. The neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine play opposite roles in the striatum (a brain region involved in motor control and reward-related behaviour), and their balance is thought to be critical for striatal function. Acetylcholine in the striatum has been linked to a number of functions, including control of locomotor activity and response to drugs of abuse. However, striatal cholinergic interneurons can also release glutamate (in addition to acetylcholine) and it is presently unclear how these two neurotransmitters regulate striatal-dependent behaviour. Previous work has attempted to resolve this issue by ablating cholinergic neurons in the striatum, but this causes loss of both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. In this study, we created a novel genetic mouse model which allowed us to selectively interfere with secretion of acetylcholine in the striatum, while leaving total striatal glutamate release intact. In these mice, we observed minimally altered behavioural responses to cocaine, suggesting that striatal glutamate, rather than acetylcholine, is critical for cocaine-induced behavioural manifestations. Furthermore, elimination of striatal acetylcholine release affects how striatal output neurons respond to dopamine, by up-regulating dopaminergic receptors and changing behavioural responses to dopaminergic agonists. Our experiments highlight a previously unappreciated physiological role of cholinergic-glutamatergic co-transmission and demonstrate how a population of neurons can use two distinct neurotransmitters to differentially regulate behaviour.
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Miller R. Mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs of different classes, refractoriness to therapeutic effects of classical neuroleptics, and individual variation in sensitivity to their actions: Part I. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 7:302-14. [PMID: 20514210 PMCID: PMC2811864 DOI: 10.2174/157015909790031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many issues remain unresolved about antipsychotic drugs. Their therapeutic potency scales with affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, but there are indications that they act indirectly, with dopamine D1 receptors (and others) as possible ultimate targets. Classical neuroleptic drugs disinhibit striatal cholinergic interneurones and increase acetyl choline release. Their effects may then depend on stimulation of muscarinic receptors on principle striatal neurones (M4 receptors, with reduction of cAMP formation, for therapeutic effects; M1 receptors for motor side effects). Many psychotic patients do not benefit from neuroleptic drugs, or develop resistance to them during prolonged treatment, but respond well to clozapine. For patients who do respond, there is a wide (>ten-fold) range in optimal doses. Refractoriness or low sensitivity to antipsychotic effects (and other pathologies) could then arise from low density of cholinergic interneurones. Clozapine probably owes its special actions to direct stimulation of M4 receptors, a mechanism available when indirect action is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miller
- Otago Centre for Theoretical Studies in Psychiatry and Neuroscience (OCTSPAN), Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O.Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Cholinergic depletion in the nucleus accumbens: effects on amphetamine response and sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:501-9. [PMID: 21163316 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A delicate balance between dopaminergic and cholinergic activity in the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) appears to be important for optimal performance of a wide range of behaviours. While functional interactions between these systems are complex, some data suggest that acetylcholine in the N.Acc. may dampen the effects of excessive dopamine (DA) release. We proposed that a reduction in the density of cholinergic interneurons in the N.Acc would result in behavioural alterations suggestive of a hyper-responsiveness of the N.Acc DA system. The present study aimed to produce a sustainable depletion of cholinergic neurons in the N.Acc in the rat and study the effects of such lesions on DA-dependent behaviour. A novel saporin immunotoxin targeting choline acetyltransferase was microinjected bilaterally into the N.Acc of adult rats. We confirmed histologically that two weeks post-injection, animals show a local, selective depletion of cholinergic interneurons (mean cell loss of 44%). Cholinergic-depleted rats showed a marked increase in the locomotor activating effects of amphetamine. In addition, such lesions induced a disruption of sensorimotor gating processes, reflected in a reduction in the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, which was reversed by haloperidol. These data are suggestive of pronounced hyper-responsiveness of the meso-accumbens DA system which may be of relevance to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a condition where selective reduction in the number of ventral striatal cholinergic neurons has been demonstrated.
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Lindenmayer JP, Khan A. Galantamine augmentation of long-acting injectable risperidone for cognitive impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:267-77. [PMID: 20850275 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galantamine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor with effects on nicotinic receptors, has shown mixed effects on cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. Given these mixed results we examined whether galantamine compared to adjunctive placebo may improve cognitive functions in patients treated concomitantly with a long acting atypical antipsychotic. METHOD The parent study was a 52-week double-blind, randomized study of treatment with long-acting injectable risperidone 25mg or 50mg every two weeks. Adjunctive galantamine or placebo treatment was administered from Month 6 to 12. Outcome measures were neurocognitive, psychopathology, social and quality of life functions. Patients were randomized to blinded galantamine up to 24mg/day or matching placebo tablets. All patients were maintained on their randomized long-acting injectable risperidone regimen for the duration of the trial. RESULTS 32 patients were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. No statistically significant differences were found for Attention Vigilance, Declarative Memory, Processing Speed, Reasoning/Problem Solving, Working Memory domains and the Neurocognitive Composite Score. Group specific analysis showed a statistically significant group interaction (p=0.043) with the Social Cognition domain showing in the galantamine group significantly lower scores at endpoint than placebo patients. The PANSS general psychopathology subscale showed significantly higher scores in the galantamine group at endpoint (p=0.05). ANCOVA model for within treatment group comparisons showed a significant increase of 7.3 points for the total PANSS score for the galantamine group. CONCLUSION Galantamine showed no ameliorative effects on cognitive measures in this 6month, double-blind study of patients with schizophrenia treated with an assured and stable antipsychotic medication delivery system. Galantamine may not be an appropriate augmentation agent for cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia at the dose used.
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Deep-Soboslay A, Benes FM, Haroutunian V, Ellis JK, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Psychiatric brain banking: three perspectives on current trends and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:104-12. [PMID: 20673875 PMCID: PMC3105380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem human brain tissue is critical for advancing neurobiological studies of psychiatric illness, particularly for identifying brain-specific transcripts and isoforms. State-of-the-art methods and recommendations for maintaining psychiatric brain banks are discussed in three disparate collections, the National Institute of Mental Health Brain Tissue Collection, the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia Brain Bank. While the National Institute of Mental Health Brain Tissue Collection obtains donations from medical examiners and focuses on clinical diagnosis, toxicology, and building life span control cohorts, the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center is designed as a repository to collect large-volume, high-quality brain tissue from community-based donors across a nationwide network, placing emphasis on the accessibility of tissue and related data to research groups worldwide. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia Brain Bank has shown that prospective recruitment is a successful approach to tissue donation, placing particular emphasis on clinical diagnosis through antemortem contact with donors, as well as stereological tissue sampling methods for neuroanatomical studies and frozen tissue sampling approaches that enable multiple assessments (e.g., RNA, DNA, protein, enzyme activity, binding) of the same tissue block. Promising scientific approaches for elucidating the molecular and cellular pathways in brain that may contribute to schizophrenia are briefly discussed. Despite different perspectives from three established brain collections, there is consensus that varied networking strategies, rigorous tissue and clinical characterization, sample and data accessibility, and overall adaptability are integral to the success of psychiatric brain banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francine M. Benes
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, Program in Structural and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- The Mount Sinai School of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia Brain Bank, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin K. Ellis
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tu Z, Efange SMN, Xu J, Li S, Jones LA, Parsons SM, Mach RH. Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 18F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligands for imaging the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. J Med Chem 2010; 52:1358-69. [PMID: 19203271 DOI: 10.1021/jm8012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of vesicular acetylcholine transporter inhibitor that incorporates a carbonyl group into the benzovesamicol structure was synthesized, and analogues were evaluated in vitro. (+/-)-trans-2-Hydroxy-3-(4-(4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoyl)piperidino)tetralin (9e) has K(i) values of 2.70 nM for VAChT, 191 nM for sigma(1), and 251 nM for sigma(2). The racemic precursor (9d) was resolved via chiral HPLC, and (+/-)-[(18)F]9e, (-)-[(18)F]9e, and (+)-[(18)F]9e were respectively radiolabeled via microwave irradiation of the appropriate precursors with [(18)F]/F(-) and Kryptofix/K(2)CO(3) in DMSO with radiochemical yields of approximately 50-60% and specific activities of >2000 mCi/micromol. (-)-[(18)F]9e uptake in rat brain was consistent with in vivo selectivity for the VAChT with an initial uptake of 0.911 %ID/g in rat striatum and a striatum/cerebellum ratio of 1.88 at 30 min postinjection (p.i.). MicroPET imaging of macaques demonstrated a 2.1 ratio of (-)-[(18)F]9e in putamen versus cerebellum at 2 h p.i. (-)-[(18)F]9e has potential to be a PET tracer for clinical imaging of the VAChT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhude Tu
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Olijslagers JE, Werkman TR, McCreary AC, Kruse CG, Wadman WJ. Modulation of midbrain dopamine neurotransmission by serotonin, a versatile interaction between neurotransmitters and significance for antipsychotic drug action. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 4:59-68. [PMID: 18615139 DOI: 10.2174/157015906775203020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with a dysfunction of brain dopamine (DA). This, so called, DA hypothesis has been refined as new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have emerged. Currently, dysfunction of prefrontocortical glutamatergic and GABAergic projections and dysfunction of serotonin (5-HT) systems are also thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Refinements of the DA hypothesis have lead to the emergence of new pharmacological targets for antipsychotic drug development. It was shown that effective antipsychotic drugs with a low liability for inducing extra-pyramidal side-effects have affinities for a range of neurotransmitter receptors in addition to DA receptors, suggesting that a combination of neurotransmitter receptor affinities may be favorable for treatment outcome.This review focuses on the interaction between DA and 5-HT, as most antipsychotics display affinity for 5-HT receptors. We will discuss DA/5-HT interactions at the level of receptors and G protein-coupled potassium channels and consequences for induction of depolarization blockade with specific attention to DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra zona compacta (SN), neurons implicated in treatment efficacy and the side-effects of schizophrenia, respectively. Moreover, it has been reported that electrophysiological interactions between DA and 5-HT show subtle, but important, differences between the SN and the VTA which could explain (in part) the effectiveness and lower propensity to induce side-effects of the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs. In that respect the functional implications of DA/5-HT interactions for schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Olijslagers
- Center for NeuroScience-Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Efange SMN, Khare AB, von Hohenberg K, Mach RH, Parsons SM, Tu Z. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of carbonyl group-containing inhibitors of vesicular acetylcholine transporter. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2825-35. [PMID: 20218624 DOI: 10.1021/jm9017916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify selective high-affinity inhibitors of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we have interposed a carbonyl group between the phenyl and piperidyl groups of the prototypical VAChT ligand vesamicol and its more potent analogues benzovesamicol and 5-aminobenzovesamicol. Of 33 compounds synthesized and tested, 6 display very high affinity for VAChT (K(i), 0.25-0.66 nM) and greater than 500-fold selectivity for VAChT over sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors. Twelve compounds have high affinity (K(i), 1.0-10 nM) and good selectivity for VAChT. Furthermore, 3 halogenated compounds, namely, trans-3-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidinyl]-2-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (28b) (K(i) = 2.7 nM, VAChT/sigma selectivity index = 70), trans-3-[4-(5-iodothienylcarbonyl)piperidinyl]-2-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (28h) (K(i) = 0.66 nM, VAChT/sigma selectivity index = 294), and 5-amino-3-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidinyl]-2-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalene (30b) (K(i) = 2.40 nM, VAChT/sigma selectivity index = 410) display moderate to high selectivity for VAChT. These three compounds can be synthesized with the corresponding radioisotopes so as to serve as PET/SPECT probes for imaging the VAChT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M N Efange
- Departments of Radiology, Medicinal Chemistry and Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Kaspárek T, Prikryl R, Schwarz D, Tronerová S, Cesková E, Mikl M, Vanícek J. Movement sequencing abilities and basal ganglia morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:752-62. [PMID: 18609414 DOI: 10.1080/15622970701882433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of brain morphology suggest a link between movement sequencing ability and basal ganglia dysfunction. Unfortunately, relevant studies have provided inconsistent data, which may be the result of differences in the methods of brain morphology assessment, statistical analysis or heterogeneity of the populations studied. AIM To test the hypothesis of a link between the dysfunction of movement sequencing and basal ganglia morphology in a homogenous sample of first-episode schizophrenia patients. METHOD Thirty-seven first-episode schizophrenia patients underwent an assessment of movement sequencing abilities using the NES scale and basal ganglia morphology from MR images. The data were compared with a group of 19 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS The group of first-episode patients had a higher concentration of gray matter than healthy controls in the putamen and pallidum in both hemispheres. Patients with abnormal sequencing of movements had lower gray matter concentration than patients without such abnormalities in the left putamen, and no differences were found between the symptomatic group and healthy controls. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Our study suggests the involvement of the left putamen in the movement sequencing abnormalities in schizophrenia. Because of the potential confounding effect of medication, the lack of support from external evidence and the low power to perform the whole-brain analysis the results should be considered as preliminary. Further studies, especially with antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients are needed to solve these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Kaspárek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kataoka Y, Kalanithi PSA, Grantz H, Schwartz ML, Saper C, Leckman JF, Vaccarino FM. Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:277-91. [PMID: 19941350 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corticobasal ganglia neuronal ensembles bring automatic motor skills into voluntary control and integrate them into ongoing motor behavior. A 5% decrease in caudate (Cd) nucleus volume is the most consistent structural finding in the brain of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS), but the cellular abnormalities that underlie this decrease in volume are unclear. In this study the density of different types of interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum was assessed in the postmortem brains of 5 TS subjects as compared with normal controls (NC) by unbiased stereological analyses. TS patients demonstrated a 50%-60% decrease of both parvalbumin (PV)+ and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ cholinergic interneurons in the Cd and the putamen (Pt). Cholinergic interneurons were decreased in TS patients in the associative and sensorimotor regions but not in the limbic regions of the striatum, such that the normal gradient in density of cholinergic cells (highest in associative regions, intermediate in sensorimotor and lowest in limbic regions) was abolished. No significant difference was present in the densities of medium-sized calretinin (CR)+ interneurons, MSNs, and total neurons. The selective deficit of PV+ and cholinergic striatal interneurons in TS subjects may result in an impaired cortico/thalamic control of striatal neuron firing in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kataoka
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Perez-Costas E, Melendez-Ferro M, Roberts RC. Basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia: dopamine connections and anomalies. J Neurochem 2010; 113:287-302. [PMID: 20089137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects 1% of the world population. The disease usually manifests itself in early adulthood with hallucinations, delusions, cognitive and emotional disturbances and disorganized thought and behavior. Dopamine was the first neurotransmitter to be implicated in the disease, and though no longer the only suspect in schizophrenia pathophysiology, it obviously plays an important role. The basal ganglia are the site of most of the dopamine neurons in the brain and the target of anti-psychotic drugs. In this review, we will start with an overview of basal ganglia anatomy emphasizing dopamine circuitry. Then, we will review the major deficits in dopamine function in schizophrenia, emphasizing the role of excessive dopamine in the basal ganglia and the link to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Perez-Costas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Abstract
After decades of research aimed at elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia, it has become increasingly apparent that it is an illness knowing few boundaries. Psychopathological manifestations extend across several domains, impacting multiple facets of real-world functioning for the affected individual. Even within one such domain, arguably the most enduring, difficult to treat, and devastating to long-term functioning-executive impairment-there are not only a host of disrupted component processes, but also a complex underlying dysfunctional neural architecture. Further, just as implicated brain structures (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) through postmortem and neuroimaging techniques continue to show alterations in multiple, interacting signaling pathways, so too does evolving understanding of genetic risk factors suggest multiple molecular entry points to illness liability. With this expansive network of interactions in mind, the present chapter takes a systems-level approach to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, by identifying key regions both within and outside of the frontal lobes that show changes in schizophrenia and are important in cognitive control neural circuitry, summarizing current knowledge of their relevant functional interactions, and reviewing emerging links between schizophrenia risk genetics and characteristic executive circuit aberrancies observed with neuroimaging methods.
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Kale A, Joshi S, Pillai A, Naphade N, Raju M, Nasrallah H, Mahadik SP. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid and plasma nerve growth factor in drug-naïve psychotic patients. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:209-14. [PMID: 19713082 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired expression and function of several major neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proposed to contribute to the neurodevelopmental pathology of schizophrenia. However, the evidence in the majority of studies is based on variable and inconsistent levels of plasma NGF in diverse populations of early psychosis or medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia. We report here the first study comparing NGF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from a unique patient cohort (unmedicated, early psychotic patients with similar racial and dietary patterns) and matched healthy controls. Significantly lower levels of NGF in both CSF (p=0.038) and plasma (p=0.002) were observed in drug-naïve first-episode psychosis patients as compared to controls. The levels of NGF in the CSF correlated (p=0.05) to the plasma values in controls. The data on plasma NGF confirm the reported deficits of NGF in drug-naïve first-episode psychosis. The reduced levels first time observed here may have important implications to repeatedly reported neurobiological and clinical deficits which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Kale
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune 411043, India
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Kreczmanski P, Heinsen H, Mantua V, Woltersdorf F, Masson T, Ulfig N, Schmidt-Kastner R, Korr H, Steinbusch HWM, Hof PR, Schmitz C. Microvessel length density, total length, and length per neuron in five subcortical regions in schizophrenia. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:409-21. [PMID: 19198859 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies (Prabakaran et al. in Mol Psychiat 9:684-697, 2004; Hanson and Gottesman in BMC Med Genet 6:7, 2005; Harris et al. in PLoS ONE 3:e3964, 2008) have suggested that microvascular abnormalities occur in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. To assess the integrity of the microvasculature in subcortical brain regions in schizophrenia, we investigated the microvessel length density, total microvessel length, and microvessel length per neuron using design-based stereologic methods in the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, and lateral nucleus of the amygdala in both hemispheres of 13 postmortem brains from male patients with schizophrenia and 13 age-matched male controls. A general linear model multivariate analysis of variance with diagnosis and hemisphere as fixed factors and illness duration (patients with schizophrenia) or age (controls), postmortem interval and fixation time as covariates showed no statistically significant differences in the brains from the patients with schizophrenia compared to the controls. These data extend our earlier findings in prefrontal cortex area 9 and anterior cingulate cortex area 24 from the same brains (Kreczmanski et al. in Acta Neuropathol 109:510-518, 2005), that alterations in microvessel length density, total length, and particularly length per neuron cannot be considered characteristic features of schizophrenia. As such, compromised brain metabolism and occurrence of oxidative stress in the brains of patients with schizophrenia are likely caused by other mechanisms such as functional disruption in the coupling of cerebral blood flow to neuronal metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kreczmanski
- Division of Cellular Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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50
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Santamaria J, Khalfallah O, Sauty C, Brunet I, Sibieude M, Mallet J, Berrard S, Lecomte MJ. Silencing of choline acetyltransferase expression by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference in cultured cells and in the adult rodent brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:532-44. [PMID: 18803282 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent mechanism for local silencing of gene expression and can be used to study loss-of-function phenotypes in mammalian cells. We used RNAi to knockdown specifically the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme of acetylcholine biosynthesis, both in cultured cells and in the adult brain. We first identified a 19-nucleotide sequence in the coding region of rat and mouse ChAT transcripts that constitutes a target for potent silencing of ChAT expression by RNAi. We generated a lentiviral vector that produces both a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ChAT mRNAs and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter protein to facilitate identification of transduced cells. In the cholinergic cell line NG108-15, there was at least 90% less of the ChAT protein, as measured by assaying its enzymatic activity, 3 days postinfection with this vector than in cells infected with a control vector. The vector was used to transduce cholinergic neurons in vivo and reduced ChAT expression strongly and specifically in the cholinergic neurons of the medial septum in adult rats, without affecting the expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. This lentiviral vector is thus a powerful tool for specific inactivation of cholinergic neurotransmission and can therefore be used to study the role of cholinergic nuclei in the brain. This lentiviral-mediated RNAi approach will also allow the development of new animal models of diseases in which cholinergic neurotransmission is specifically altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Santamaria
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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