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Gallez B. The Role of Imaging Biomarkers to Guide Pharmacological Interventions Targeting Tumor Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:853568. [PMID: 35910347 PMCID: PMC9335493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.853568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors that contributes to angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, altered metabolism and genomic instability. As hypoxia is a major actor in tumor progression and resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, multiple approaches have emerged to target tumor hypoxia. It includes among others pharmacological interventions designed to alleviate tumor hypoxia at the time of radiation therapy, prodrugs that are selectively activated in hypoxic cells or inhibitors of molecular targets involved in hypoxic cell survival (i.e., hypoxia inducible factors HIFs, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, unfolded protein response). While numerous strategies were successful in pre-clinical models, their translation in the clinical practice has been disappointing so far. This therapeutic failure often results from the absence of appropriate stratification of patients that could benefit from targeted interventions. Companion diagnostics may help at different levels of the research and development, and in matching a patient to a specific intervention targeting hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of the existing hypoxia biomarkers, their current status and the challenges for their future validation as companion diagnostics adapted to the nature of the intervention.
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Modo M. 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Neuroscience. Neuroscience 2021; 474:37-50. [PMID: 33766776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has established itself as a key diagnostic technique, affording the visualization of brain anatomy, blood flow, activity and connectivity. The detection of other atoms (e.g. 19F, 23Na, 31P), so called hetero-nuclear MRI and spectroscopy (MRS), provides investigative avenues that complement and extend the richness of information that can be gained from 1H MRI. Especially 19F MRI is increasingly emerging as a multi-nuclear (1H/19F) technique that can be exploited to visualize cell migration and trafficking. The lack of a 19F background signal in the brain affords an unequivocal detection suitable for quantification. Fluorine-based contrast material can be engineered as nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, or nanoparticles to label cells in vitro or in vivo. Fluorinated blood substitutes, typically nanoemulsions, can also carry oxygen and serve as a theranostic in poorly perfused brain regions. Brain tissue concentrations of fluorinated pharmaceuticals, including inhalation anesthetics (e.g. isoflurane) and anti-depressants (e.g. fluoxetine), can also be measured using MRS. However, the low signal from these compounds provides a challenge for imaging. Further methodological advances that accelerate signal acquisition (e.g. compressed sensing, cryogenic coils) are required to expand the applications of 19F MR imaging to, for instance, determine the regional pharmacokinetics of novel fluorine-based drugs. Improvements in 19F signal detection and localization, combined with the development of novel sensitive probes, will increase the utility of these multi-nuclear studies. These advances will provide new insights into cellular and molecular processes involved in neurodegenerative disease, as well as the mode of action of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chapelin F, Leach BI, Chen R, Lister D, Messer K, Okada H, Ahrens ET. Assessing Oximetry Response to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy against Glioma with 19F MRI in a Murine Model. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2021; 3:e200062. [PMID: 33575659 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2021200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the cell-specific, intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) dynamics of both tumor and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in a murine immunotherapy model. Materials and Methods Human glioblastoma cells or human T cells were intracellularly labeled with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion droplet sensors prior to in vivo injection in severe combined immunodeficient mice to measure Po2 in the two cell types in response to treatment. Two main sets of experiments were performed: (a) mice were injected in the flank with perfluorocarbon-labeled human glioblastoma cells and were then inoculated with either CAR T cells or untransduced T cells or were untreated 5 days after tumor inoculation; and (b) mice with unlabeled glioblastoma tumors were inoculated with perfluorocarbon-labeled CAR T cells or untransduced T cells 5 days after tumor inoculation. Longitudinal fluorine 19 (19F) spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of the tumor mass were used to ascertain absolute Po2 in vivo. Results were analyzed for significance using an analysis of variance, a linear mixed-effect model, and a Pearson correlation coefficient test, as appropriate. Results The intracellular tumor cell Po2 temporal dynamics exhibited delayed, transient hyperoxia at 3 days after infusion of CAR T cells, commensurate with significant tumor cell killing and CAR T-cell infiltration, as observed by bioluminescence imaging and histologic findings. Conversely, no significant changes were detected in CAR or untransduced T-cell intracellular Po2 over time in tumor using these same methods. Moreover, it was observed that the total 19F tumor cell signal quenches with treatment, consistent with rapid tissue clearance of probe from apoptotic tumor cells. Conclusion Cell-specific Po2 measurements using perfluorocarbon probes can provide insights into effector cell function and tumor response in cellular immunotherapeutic cancer models.Keywords: Animal Studies, MR-Imaging, MR-Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging-Cancer, Molecular Imaging-Immunotherapy Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021See also commentary by Bulte in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Deanne Lister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
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Wu L, Liu F, Liu S, Xu X, Liu Z, Sun X. Perfluorocarbons-Based 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7377-7395. [PMID: 33061385 PMCID: PMC7537992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive and quantitative molecular imaging approach with intensive research due to the high sensitivity and low endogenous background signal of the 19F atom in vivo. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used as blood substitutes since 1970s. More recently, a variety of PFC nanoparticles have been designed for the detection and imaging of physiological and pathological changes. These molecular imaging probes have been developed to label cells, target specific epitopes in tumors, monitor the prognosis and therapy efficacy and quantitate characterization of tumors and changes in tumor microenvironment noninvasively, therefore, significantly improving the prognosis and therapy efficacy. Herein, we discuss the recent development and applications of 19F MR techniques with PFC nanoparticles in biomedicine, with particular emphasis on ligand-targeted and quantitative 19F MR imaging approaches for tumor detection, oxygenation measurement, smart stimulus response and therapy efficacy monitoring, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuan Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Sun
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ron A, Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Razansky D. Volumetric Optoacoustic Imaging Unveils High-Resolution Patterns of Acute and Cyclic Hypoxia in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4767-4775. [PMID: 31097477 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mapping tumor heterogeneity and hypoxia within a living intact organism is essential for understanding the processes involved in cancer progression and assessing long-term responses to therapies. Efficient investigations into tumor hypoxia mechanisms have been hindered by the lack of intravital imaging tools capable of multiparametric probing of entire solid tumors with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we exploit volumetric multispectral optoacoustic tomography (vMSOT) for accurate, label-free delineation of tumor heterogeneity and dynamic oxygenation behavior. Mice bearing orthotopic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts were imaged noninvasively during rest and oxygen stress challenge, attaining time-lapse three-dimensional oxygenation maps across entire tumors with 100 μm spatial resolution. Volumetric quantification of the hypoxic fraction rendered values of 3.9% to 21.2%, whereas the oxygen saturation (sO2) rate declined at 1.7% to 2.3% per mm in all tumors when approaching their core. Three distinct functional areas (the rim, hypoxic, and normoxic cores) were clearly discernible based on spatial sO2 profiles and responses to oxygen challenge. Notably, although sO2 readings were responsive to the challenge, deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) trends exhibited little to no variations in all mice. Dynamic analysis further revealed the presence of cyclic hypoxia patterns with a 21% average discrepancy between cyclic fractions assessed via sO2 (42.2% ± 17.3%) and HbR fluctuations (63% ± 14.1%) within the hypoxic core. These findings corroborate the strong potential of vMSOT for advancing preclinical imaging of cancer and informing clinical decisions on therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE: vMSOT provides quantitative measures of volumetric hypoxic fraction and cyclic hypoxia in a label-free and noninvasive manner, providing new readouts to aid tumor staging and treatment decision making. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/18/4767/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Klibanov and Hu, p. 4577.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihai Ron
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Einstein SA, Weegman BP, Firpo MT, Papas KK, Garwood M. Development and Validation of Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry for the In Vivo Assessment of Tissue-Engineered Graft Oxygenation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:1009-1017. [PMID: 27758135 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques to monitor the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) within implanted tissue-engineered grafts (TEGs) are critically necessary for TEG development, but current methods are invasive and inaccurate. In this study, we developed an accurate and noninvasive technique to monitor TEG pO2 utilizing proton (1H) or fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) relaxometry. The value of the spin-lattice relaxation rate constant (R1) of some biocompatible compounds is sensitive to dissolved oxygen (and temperature), while insensitive to other external factors. Through this physical mechanism, MRS can measure the pO2 of implanted TEGs. We evaluated six potential MRS pO2 probes and measured their oxygen and temperature sensitivities and their intrinsic R1 values at 16.4 T. Acellular TEGs were constructed by emulsifying porcine plasma with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether, injecting the emulsion into a macroencapsulation device, and cross-linking the plasma with a thrombin solution. A multiparametric calibration equation containing R1, pO2, and temperature was empirically generated from MRS data and validated with fiber optic (FO) probes in vitro. TEGs were then implanted in a dorsal subcutaneous pocket in a murine model and evaluated with MRS up to 29 days postimplantation. R1 measurements from the TEGs were converted to pO2 values using the established calibration equation and these in vivo pO2 measurements were simultaneously validated with FO probes. Additionally, MRS was used to detect increased pO2 within implanted TEGs that received supplemental oxygen delivery. Finally, based on a comparison of our MRS data with previously reported data, ultra-high-field (16.4 T) is shown to have an advantage for measuring hypoxia with 19F MRS. Results from this study show MRS relaxometry to be a precise, accurate, and noninvasive technique to monitor TEG pO2 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Einstein
- 1 Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bradley P Weegman
- 1 Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Meri T Firpo
- 2 Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael Garwood
- 1 Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Roussakis E, Li Z, Nichols AJ, Evans CL. Sauerstoffmessung in der Biomedizin - von der Makro- zur Mikroebene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Roussakis E, Li Z, Nichols AJ, Evans CL. Oxygen-Sensing Methods in Biomedicine from the Macroscale to the Microscale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8340-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Mapping in vivo tumor oxygenation within viable tumor by 19F-MRI and multispectral analysis. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1241-50. [PMID: 24339736 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying oxygenation in viable tumor remains a major obstacle toward a better understanding of the tumor micro-environment and improving treatment strategies. Current techniques are often complicated by tumor heterogeneity. Herein, a novel in vivo approach that combines (19)F magnetic resonance imaging ((19)F-MRI) R 1 mapping with diffusion-based multispectral (MS) analysis is introduced. This approach restricts the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measurements to viable tumor, the tissue of therapeutic interest. The technique exhibited sufficient sensitivity to detect a breathing gas challenge in a xenograft tumor model, and the hypoxic region measured by MS (19)F-MRI was strongly correlated with histologic estimates of hypoxia. This approach was then applied to address the effects of antivascular agents on tumor oxygenation, which is a research question that is still under debate. The technique was used to monitor longitudinal pO2 changes in response to an antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (B20.4.1.1) and a selective dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (GDC-0980). GDC-0980 reduced viable tumor pO2 during a 3-day treatment period, and a significant reduction was also produced by B20.4.1.1. Overall, this method provides an unprecedented view of viable tumor pO2 and contributes to a greater understanding of the effects of antivascular therapies on the tumor's microenvironment.
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Bartusik D, Tomanek B. Detection of (19)F-labeled biopharmaceuticals in cell cultures with magnetic resonance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1056-64. [PMID: 23603212 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) studies of the therapeutic efficacy of fluorinated drugs have recently become possible due to improvements in detection including the application of very strong magnetic fields up to 9.4Tesla (T). These advances allow tracking, identification, and quantification of (19)F-labeled biopharmaceuticals using (19)F MR imaging ((19)F MRI) and spectroscopy ((19)F MRS). Both techniques are noninvasive, are nondestructive, and enable serial measurements. They also allow for controlled and systematic studies of cellular metabolism in cancerous tissue in vivo (small animals and humans) and in vitro (body fluids, cells culture, tissue extracts and isolated tissues). Here we provide an overview of the (19)F MRI and (19)F MRS techniques used for tracking (19)F labeled anticancer chemotherapeutics and antibodies which allow quantification of drug uptake in cancer cells in vitro.
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11
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Ahrens ET, Zhong J. In vivo MRI cell tracking using perfluorocarbon probes and fluorine-19 detection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:860-71. [PMID: 23606473 PMCID: PMC3893103 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief review of preclinical in vivo cell-tracking methods and applications using perfluorocarbon (PFC) probes and fluorine-19 ((19) F) MRI detection. Detection of the (19) F signal offers high cell specificity and quantification ability in spin density-weighted MR images. We discuss the compositions of matter, methods and applications of PFC-based cell tracking using ex vivo and in situ PFC labeling in preclinical studies of inflammation and cellular therapeutics. We also address the potential applicability of (19) F cell tracking to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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12
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Zhong J, Sakaki M, Okada H, Ahrens ET. In vivo intracellular oxygen dynamics in murine brain glioma and immunotherapeutic response of cytotoxic T cells observed by fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59479. [PMID: 23667419 PMCID: PMC3648573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive biomarkers of anti-tumoral efficacy are of great importance to the development of therapeutic agents. Tumor oxygenation has been shown to be an important indicator of therapeutic response. We report the use of intracellular labeling of tumor cells with perfluorocarbon (PFC) molecules, combined with quantitative ¹⁹F spin-lattice relaxation rate (R₁) measurements, to assay tumor cell oxygen dynamics in situ. In a murine central nervous system (CNS) GL261 glioma model, we visualized the impact of Pmel-1 cytotoxic T cell immunotherapy, delivered intravenously, on intracellular tumor oxygen levels. GL261 glioma cells were labeled ex vivo with PFC and inoculated into the mouse striatum. The R₁ of ¹⁹F labeled cells was measured using localized single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the absolute intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) was ascertained. Three days after tumor implantation, mice were treated with 2×10⁷ cytotoxic T cells intravenously. At day five, a transient spike in pO₂ was observed indicating an influx of T cells into the CNS and putative tumor cell apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the pO₂ was causally related to the T cells infiltration. Surprisingly, the pO₂ spike was detected even though few (∼4×10⁴) T cells actually ingress into the CNS and with minimal tumor shrinkage. These results indicate the high sensitivity of this approach and its utility as a non-invasive surrogate biomarker of anti-cancer immunotherapeutic response in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Masashi Sakaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Hu J, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Vanderkerken K. Understanding the hypoxic niche of multiple myeloma: therapeutic implications and contributions of mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:763-71. [PMID: 23115205 PMCID: PMC3484859 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and is characterized by the clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Recently, hypoxia has received increased interest in the context of MM, in both basic and translational research. In this review, we describe the discovery of the hypoxic niche in MM and how it can be targeted therapeutically. We also discuss mouse models that closely mimic human MM, highlighting those that allow preclinical research into new therapies that exploit the hypoxic niche in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Yu JX, Hallac RR, Chiguru S, Mason RP. New frontiers and developing applications in 19F NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:25-49. [PMID: 23540575 PMCID: PMC3613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rami R. Hallac
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Bell LK, Ainsworth NL, Lee SH, Griffiths JR. MRI & MRS assessment of the role of the tumour microenvironment in response to therapy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:612-35. [PMID: 21567513 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
MRI and MRS techniques are being applied to the characterisation of various aspects of the tumour microenvironment and to the assessment of tumour response to therapy. For example, kinetic parameters describing tumour blood vessel flow and permeability can be derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data and have been correlated with a positive tumour response to antivascular therapies. The ongoing development and validation of noninvasive, high-resolution anatomical/molecular MR techniques will equip us with the means to detect specific tumour biomarkers early on, and then to monitor the efficacy of cancer treatments efficiently and reliably, all within a clinically relevant time frame. Reliable tumour microenvironment imaging biomarkers will provide obvious advantages by enabling tumour-specific treatment tailoring and potentially improving patient outcome. However, for routine clinical application across many disease types, such imaging biomarkers must be quantitative, robust, reproducible, sufficiently sensitive and cost-effective. These characteristics are all difficult to achieve in practice, but image biomarker development and validation have been greatly facilitated by an increasing number of pertinent preclinical in vivo cancer models. Emphasis must now be placed on discovering whether the preclinical results translate into an improvement in patient care and, therefore, overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Bell
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Baete SH, Vandecasteele J, De Deene Y. 19F MRI oximetry: simulation of perfluorocarbon distribution impact. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:2535-57. [PMID: 21444970 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/8/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In (19)F MRI oximetry, a method used to image tumour hypoxia, perfluorocarbons serve as oxygenation markers. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of perfluorocarbon distribution and concentration in (19)F MRI oximetry through a computer simulation. The simulation studies the correspondence between (19)F measured (pO(FNMR)(2)) and actual tissue oxygen tension (pO(2)) for several tissue perfluorocarbon distributions. For this, a Krogh tissue model is implemented which incorporates the presence of perfluorocarbons in blood and tissue. That is, in tissue the perfluorocarbons are distributed homogeneously according to Gaussian diffusion profiles, or the perfluorocarbons are concentrated in the capillary wall. Using these distributions, the oxygen tension in the simulation volume is calculated. The simulated mean oxygen tension is then compared with pO(FNMR)(2), the (19)F MRI-based measure of pO(2) and with pO(0)(2), pO(2) in the absence of perfluorocarbons. The agreement between pO(FNMR)(2) and actual pO(2) is influenced by vascular density and perfluorocarbon distribution. The presence of perfluorocarbons generally gives rise to a pO(2) increase in tissue. This effect is enhanced when perfluorocarbons are also present in blood. Only the homogeneous perfluorocarbon distribution in tissue with no perfluorocarbons in blood guarantees small deviations of pO(FNMR)(2) from pO(2). Hence, perfluorocarbon distribution in tissue and blood has a serious impact on the reliability of (19)F MRI-based measures of oxygen tension. In addition, the presence of perfluorocarbons influences the actual oxygen tension. This finding may be of great importance for further development of (19)F MRI oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Baete
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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17
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Kadayakkara DKK, Janjic JM, Pusateri LK, Young WB, Ahrens ET. In vivo observation of intracellular oximetry in perfluorocarbon-labeled glioma cells and chemotherapeutic response in the CNS using fluorine-19 MRI. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64:1252-9. [PMID: 20860007 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical development of therapeutic agents against cancer could greatly benefit from noninvasive markers of tumor killing. Potentially, the intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2) ) can be used as an early marker of antitumor efficacy. Here, the feasibility of measuring intracellular pO(2) of central nervous system glioma cells in vivo using (19) F magnetic resonance techniques is examined. Rat 9L glioma cells were labeled with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether ex vivo and then implanted into the rat striatum. (19) F MRI was used to visualize tumor location in vivo. The mean (19) F T(1) of the implanted cells was measured using localized, single-voxel spectroscopy. The intracellular pO(2) in tumor cells was determined from an in vitro calibration curve. The basal pO(2) of 9L cells (day 3) was determined to be 45.3 ± 5 mmHg (n = 6). Rats were then treated with a 1 × LD10 dose of bischloroethylnitrosourea intravenously and changes in intracellular pO(2) were monitored. The pO(2) increased significantly (P = 0.042, paired T-test) to 141.8 ± 3 mmHg within 18 h after bischloroethylnitrosourea treatment (day 4) and remained elevated (165 ± 24 mmHg) for at least 72 h (day 6). Intracellular localization of the perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether emulsion in 9L cells before and after bischloroethylnitrosourea treatment was confirmed by histological examination and fluorescence microscopy. Overall, noninvasive (19) F magnetic resonance techniques may provide a valuable preclinical tool for monitoring therapeutic response against central nervous system or other deep-seated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K K Kadayakkara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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19
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Baete SHU, Vandecasteele J, Colman L, De Neve W, De Deene Y. An oxygen-consuming phantom simulating perfused tissue to explore oxygen dynamics and (19)F MRI oximetry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:217-26. [PMID: 20577778 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents a reproducible phantom which mimics oxygen-consuming tissue and can be used for the validation of (19)F MRI oximetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phantom consists of a haemodialysis filter of which the outer compartment is filled with a gelatin matrix containing viable yeast cells. Perfluorocarbon emulsions can be added to the gelatin matrix to simulate sequestered perfluorocarbons. A blood-substituting perfluorocarbon fluid is pumped through the lumen of the fibres in the filter. (19)F relaxometry MRI is performed with a fast 2D Look-Locker imaging sequence on a clinical 3T scanner. RESULTS Acute and perfusion-related hypoxia were simulated and imaged spatially and temporally using the phantom. CONCLUSIONS The presented experimental setup can be used to simulate oxygen consumption by somatic cells in vivo and for validating computational biophysical models of hypoxia, as measured with (19)F MRI oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Ubert Baete
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Abstract
The history and current status of fluorocarbon nanoparticles in biomedicine is briefly reviewed. The deficiencies of current fluorocarbon nanoparticle formulations are highlighted. Strategies to remedy such deficiencies and to functionalize fluorocarbon nanoparticles are presented. Potential applications of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as multifunctional drug delivery vehicles are discussed. The strength of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles is that they integrate drug delivery with non-invasive MR imaging so that the biodistribution of the pharmaceutical entity (drug + delivery vehicle) can be monitored in real time. This, in turn, permits the physician to adjust treatment plan for each patient based on his/her actual response to the ongoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Hypoxia, a condition of insufficient O2 to support metabolism, occurs when the vascular supply is interrupted, as in stroke or myocardial infarction, or when a tumor outgrows its vascular supply. When otherwise healthy tissues lose their O2 supply acutely, the cells usually die, whereas when cells gradually become hypoxic, they adapt by up-regulating the production of numerous proteins that promote their survival. These proteins slow the rate of growth, switch the mitochondria to glycolysis, stimulate growth of new vasculature, inhibit apoptosis, and promote metastatic spread. The consequence of these changes is that patients with hypoxic tumors invariably experience poor outcome to treatment. This has led the molecular imaging community to develop assays for hypoxia in patients, including regional measurements from O2 electrodes placed under CT guidance, several nuclear medicine approaches with imaging agents that accumulate with an inverse relationship to O2, MRI methods that measure either oxygenation directly or lactate production as a consequence of hypoxia, and optical methods with NIR and bioluminescence. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are reviewed, along with the individual strategies for validating different imaging methods. Ultimately the proof of value is in the clinical performance to predict outcome, select an appropriate cohort of patients to benefit from a hypoxia-directed treatment, or plan radiation fields that result in better local control. Hypoxia imaging in support of molecular medicine has become an important success story over the last decade and provides a model and some important lessons for development of new molecular imaging probes or techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Krohn
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6004, USA.
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Davda S, Bezabeh T. Advances in methods for assessing tumor hypoxia in vivo: implications for treatment planning. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:469-80. [PMID: 17029029 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia and its downstream effects have remained of considerable interest for decades due to its negative impact on response to various cancer therapies and promotion of metastasis. Diagnosing hypoxia non-invasively can provide a significant advancement in cancer treatment and is the dire necessity for implementing specific targeted therapies now emerging to treat different aspects of cancer. A variety of techniques are being proposed to do so. However, none of them has yet been established in the clinical arena. This review summarizes the methods currently available to assess tumor hypoxia in vivo and their respective advantages and shortcomings. It also points out the impedances that need to be overcome to establish any particular method in the clinic, along with a broad overview of requirements for further advancement in this sphere of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Davda
- Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 1Y6
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Birner P, Preusser M, Gelpi E, Berger J, Gatterbauer B, Ambros IM, Ambros PF, Acker T, Plate KH, Harris AL, Hainfellner JA. Expression of hypoxia-related tissue factors correlates with diminished survival of adjuvantly treated patients with chromosome 1p aberrant oligodendroglial neoplasms and therapeutic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6567-71. [PMID: 15475445 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oligodendroglial neoplasms with chromosome 1p deletion are chemosensitive, and stratified adjuvant therapies have been proposed on the basis of 1p status. In this study, we evaluated expression of hypoxia-related factors and its influence on survival in oligodendroglial brain tumors with chromosome 1p aberrations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-four primary and 16 recurrent oligodendroglial neoplasms with 1p aberrations (deletion or imbalance) were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and carbonic anhydrase-9. We used in situ hybridization to investigate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-mRNA. We defined as "low hypoxia score" expression of no or only one marker and as "high hypoxia score" expression of two or three markers. The predominant vascular patterns of tumors were defined as classic or bizarre vascular formations, based on anti-CD34-immunostaining. RESULTS High hypoxia score was evident in 16 of 44 (36.4%) primary tumor specimens and in 14 of 16 (87.5%) recurrent tumors (P = 0.001). High hypoxia score was associated with the presence of bizarre vascular proliferations and WHO grade III. In the subgroup of patients who received adjuvant therapy, univariate analysis showed significantly shorter survival of patients with high hypoxia score (n = 27; P = 0.0145). For all of the primary tumors, hypoxia score was an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS A fraction of oligodendroglial neoplasms with 1p aberrations shows evidence of tissue hypoxia, which significantly influences survival of patients receiving adjuvant therapy. Evaluation of tissue hypoxia could become useful for recruitment of patients for individualized therapy strategies, e.g., selection of patients with hypoxic tumors for hyperbaric oxygenation preceding radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Birner
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Nöth U, Rodrigues LM, Robinson SP, Jork A, Zimmermann U, Newell B, Griffiths JR. In vivo determination of tumor oxygenation during growth and in response to carbogen breathing using 15C5-loaded alginate capsules as fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging oxygen sensors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60:909-19. [PMID: 15465209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to present a method for the repeated noninvasive measurement of tumor oxygenation (Po(2)) over the whole period of tumor growth. METHODS AND MATERIALS A mixture of tumor homogenate (GH3 prolactinoma) and alginate capsules loaded with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (15C5) was injected into the flanks of Wistar Furth rats. The temporal behavior of tumor Po(2) was monitored between Day 1 and 26 after injection using fluorine-19 ((19)F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, the response of tumor Po(2) to modifiers of the tumor microenvironment (carbogen [95% O(2)/5% CO(2)], nicotinamide, and hydralazine) was investigated. RESULTS An initial increase of tumor Po(2), probably reflecting neovascularization, followed by a decrease after Week 2, probably indicating tumor hypoxia or necrosis, were observed. The minimum and maximum average Po(2) +/- SEM observed were 3.3 +/- 2.0 mm Hg on Day 2 and 25.7 +/- 3.8 mm Hg on Day 13, respectively. Carbogen increased the tumor Po(2), whereas nicotinamide caused no significant change and hydralazine induced a significant decrease in tumor oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS A preclinical method for the repeated noninvasive determination of tumor Po(2) was presented. It might help to investigate tumor physiology and the mechanisms of modifiers of the tumor microenvironment and their role in different therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Nöth
- Cancer Research UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Robinson SP, Griffiths JR. Current issues in the utility of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance methodologies for the assessment of tumour hypoxia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:987-96. [PMID: 15306411 PMCID: PMC1693379 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells together with the chaotic and poorly regulated blood supply of solid tumours result in tissue hypoxia, and that hypoxic regions of tumours are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The development and application of non-invasive methods to rapidly determine the degree and extent of tumour hypoxia in an individual tumour would clearly enhance cancer treatment strategies. This review describes the current status of two (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies that have been exploited to investigate tumour hypoxia, namely: (i) (19)F NMR oximetry following administration of perfluorocarbons, from which tumour p(O)(2) measurements can be made; and (ii) (19)F NMR measurements of the tumour retention of fluorinated 2-nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Department of The University of Texas Southwestern Medicial Center at Dallas, 75390, USA
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Song Y, Worden KL, Jiang X, Zhao D, Constantinescu A, Liu H, Mason RP. Tumor Oxygen Dynamics: Comparison of 19F MR EPI and Frequency Domain NIR Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 530:225-36. [PMID: 14562720 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a key role in tumor therapy and may be related to tumor development: e.g., angiogenesis and metastasis. Using noninvasive techniques to accurately measure tumor oxygenation could assist in developing novel therapies. Here, we have used the FREDOM (Fluorocarbon Relaxometry using Echo planar imaging for Dynamic Oxygen Mapping) approach based on hexafluorobenzene (HFB) to monitor tissue oxygen tension (pO2) of rat breast and prostate tumors and compared the results with changes in tumor vascular hemoglobin saturation (sO2) and concentration observed using a new dual wavelength homodyne near-infrared (NIR) system. The dynamic changes in pO2 and sO2 were assessed while rats were breathing various gases. NIR showed significant changes in vascular oxygenation accompanying respiratory interventions. 19F MR-EPI also showed significant changes in tissue pO2 and revealed considerable regional heterogeneity in both absolute values and rate of change accompanying interventions. Generally, changes in vascular sO2 preceded tissue pO2, particularly for smaller tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Song
- Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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28
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Fan X, River JN, Zamora M, Al-Hallaq HA, Karczmar GS. Effect of carbogen on tumor oxygenation: combined fluorine-19 and proton MRI measurements. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:1202-9. [PMID: 12419449 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)03035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used for noninvasive evaluation of the effects of tumor-oxygenating agents. However, there have been few tests of the validity of this method. The goal of the present work was to use the T(1) of fluorine-19 in perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions as a "gold standard" for comparison with BOLD MRI. MATHODS AND MATERIALS: Rats bearing R3230AC tumors implanted in the hind limb were injected with an emulsion of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether for 2-3 days before experiments, which ensured that the PFC emulsion concentrated in the tumors. We correlated changes in tumor oxygenation caused by carbogen inhalation measured by (1)H BOLD MRI with quantitative (19)F measurements. The (19)F spin-lattice relaxation rate R(1) (= 1/T(1)) was measured to determine initial oxygen tension (pO(2)) in each image pixel containing the PFC, and changes in pO(2) during carbogen (95% O(2), 5% CO(2)) breathing. In a second carbogen breathing period, changes in water signal linewidth were measured using high spectral and spatial resolution imaging. (19)F and (1)H measurements were used to classify pixels as responders to carbogen (pixels where oxygen increased significantly) or nonresponders (no significant change in tumor oxygenation). RESULTS The (19)F and (1)H measurements agreed in 65% +/- 11% of pixels (n = 14). Agreement was even stronger among pixels where (1)H showed increased oxygenation; (19)F measurements agreed with (1)H measurements in over 79% +/- 11% of these pixels. Similarly, there was strong agreement between the two modalities in pixels where (19)F reported no change in pO(2); (1)H also showed no changes in 76% +/- 18% of these pixels. Quantitative correlation of changes T(2)* (DeltaT(2)*) in (1)H and changes R(1) (DeltaR(1)) in (19)F was weak during carbogen breathing, and averaged over the whole tumor was approximately 0.40 for 14 experiments. However, the spatial patterns of (1)H and (19)F changes were qualitatively very similar. In hypoxic regions that were identified based on long (19)F T(1) (>2.53 s), (19)F and (1)H MRI agreed that carbogen had relatively weak effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that (1)H BOLD MRI reliably identifies increases in tumor pO(2). In hypoxic regions where increases in pO(2) are most desirable, carbogen was ineffective. The data suggest that (19)F and (1)H MRI can be used individually or in combination to guide the design of improved tumor-oxygenating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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29
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Abstract
Assessment of the oxygenation status of brain tumors has been studied increasingly with imaging techniques in light of recent advances in oncology. Tumor oxygen tension is a critical factor influencing the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy and malignant progression. Hypoxic tumors are resistant to treatment, and prognostic value of tumor oxygen status is shown in head and neck tumors. Strategies increasing the tumor oxygenation are being investigated to overcome the compromising [figure: see text] effect of hypoxia on tumor treatment. Administration of nicotinamide and inhalation of various high oxygen concentrations have been implemented. Existing methods for assessment of tissue oxygen level are either invasive or insufficient. Accurate and noninvasive means to measure tumor oxygenation are needed for treatment planning, identification of patients who might benefit from oxygenation strategies, and assessing the efficacy of interventions aimed to increase the radiosensitivity of tumors. Of the various imaging techniques used to assess tissue oxygenation, MR spectroscopy and MR imaging are widely available, noninvasive, and clinically applicable techniques. Tumor hypoxia is related closely to insufficient blood flow through chaotic and partially nonfunctional tumor vasculature and the distance between the capillaries and the tumor cells. Information on characteristics of tumor vasculature such as blood volume, perfusion, and increased capillary permeability can be provided with MR imaging. MR imaging techniques can provide a measure of capillary permeability based on contrast enhancement and relative cerebral blood volume estimates using dynamic susceptibility MR imaging. Blood oxygen level dependent contrast MR imaging using gradient echo sequence is intrinsically sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level. Animal models using blood oxygen level-dependent contrast imaging reveal the different responses of normal and tumor vasculature under hyperoxia. Normobaric hyperoxia is used in MR studies as a method to produce MR contrast in tissues. Increased T2* signal intensity of brain tissue has been observed using blood oxygen level-dependent contrast MR imaging. Dynamic blood oxygen level-dependent contrast MR imaging during hyperoxia is suggested to image tumor oxygenation. Quantification of cerebral oxygen saturation using blood oxygen level-dependent MR imaging also has been reported. Quantification of cerebral blood oxygen saturation using MR imaging has promising clinical applications; however, technical difficulties have to be resolved. Blood oxygen level dependent MR imaging is an emerging technique to evaluate the cerebral blood oxygen saturation, and it has the potential and versatility to assess oxygenation status of brain tumors. Upon improvement and validation of current MR techniques, better diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment monitoring capabilities can be provided for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zerrin Yetkin
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA.
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Zhao D, Constantinescu A, Hahn EW, Mason RP. Differential oxygen dynamics in two diverse Dunning prostate R3327 rat tumor sublines (MAT-Lu and HI) with respect to growth and respiratory challenge. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 53:744-56. [PMID: 12062621 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since hypoxia may influence tumor response to therapy and prognosis, we have compared oxygenation of tumors known to exhibit differential growth rate and tissue differentiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Regional tumor oxygen tension was measured using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance echo planar imaging relaxometry of hexafluorobenzene, which provided dynamic maps with respect to respiratory intervention. Investigations used two Dunning prostate R3327 rat tumor sublines: the fast growing, highly metastatic MAT-Lu and the moderately well-differentiated, slower growing HI. RESULTS Both sublines showed significantly higher oxygen tension in smaller tumors (<2 cm(3)) than in larger tumors (>3.5 cm(3)). Pooled data showed that MAT-Lu tumors exhibited greater hypoxia compared with the size-matched HI tumors (p < 0.0001). Respiratory challenge (oxygen or carbogen) produced significant increases in mean pO(2) for tumors of both sublines (p < 0.0001). However, initially hypoxic regions displayed very different behavior in each subline: those in the HI tumors responded rapidly with significant elevation in pO(2), while those in the MAT-Lu tumors showed little response to respiratory intervention. CONCLUSIONS These results concur with hypotheses that hypoxia is related to tumor growth rate and degree of differentiation. Under baseline conditions, the differences were subtle. However, response to respiratory intervention revealed highly significant differences, which, if held valid in the clinic, could have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
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Hermans R. Tumour oxygenation measurements using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Imaging 2002. [PMCID: PMC4448600 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2002.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermans
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhao D, Constantinescu A, Hahn EW, Mason RP. Tumor oxygen dynamics with respect to growth and respiratory challenge: investigation of the Dunning prostate R3327-HI tumor. Radiat Res 2001; 156:510-20. [PMID: 11604064 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0510:todwrt]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We recently described a novel approach to measuring regional tumor oxygen tension using (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance echo planar imaging relaxometry (FREDOM) of hexafluorobenzene. We have now applied this technique to evaluate in detail the oxygen tension dynamics in the relatively slowly growing, moderately well-differentiated Dunning prostate R3327 HI rat tumor with respect to tumor growth and respiratory challenge. Seven individual tumors were assessed repeatedly over a period of 5 weeks ( approximately 4 volume doubling times). For small tumors (<1 cm(3)), the mean pO(2) ranged from 28 to 44 Torr under baseline conditions, decreasing to less than 10 Torr when the tumors reached 5 to 6 cm(3), with a strong inverse correlation between the baseline tumor oxygen tension and the tumor size. The hypoxic fraction (defined as the percentage of the voxels with pO(2) <10 Torr) increased significantly with tumor growth. Administration of oxygen or carbogen produced a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in tumor oxygenation at all stages of tumor growth. Most interestingly, even regions of these tumors that were initially poorly oxygenated responded rapidly, and significantly, to respiratory intervention, in contrast to the behavior of the faster-growing rat prostate tumors investigated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhao
- Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
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Hunjan S, Zhao D, Constantinescu A, Hahn EW, Antich PP, Mason RP. Tumor oximetry: demonstration of an enhanced dynamic mapping procedure using fluorine-19 echo planar magnetic resonance imaging in the Dunning prostate R3327-AT1 rat tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:1097-108. [PMID: 11240252 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)01460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have developed an enhanced approach to measuring regional oxygen tension (pO(2)) dynamics in tumors. The technique is demonstrated in a group of 8 Dunning prostate rat tumors (R3327-AT1) with respect to respiratory challenge. METHODS AND MATERIALS Hexafluorobenzene was injected directly into the tumors of anesthetized rats. (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance echo planar imaging relaxometry was performed to obtain maps of regional tumor oxygenation under baseline conditions and when the inhaled gas was changed to oxygen or carbogen. RESULTS Sequential pO(2) maps required 8 min, with a typical precision of 1-3 torr at 30-100 individual regions across a tumor. When rats breathed 33% oxygen, distinct heterogeneity was observed for baseline oxygenation in each tumor with pO(2) values ranging from hypoxic to greater than 100 torr. Larger tumors showed significantly lower baseline pO(2). Respiratory challenge with oxygen or carbogen produced significant increases in tumor oxygenation with a close correlation between the response to each gas at individual locations. Regions of both small and large tumors responded to respiratory challenge, but the rate was generally much faster in initially well-oxygenated regions. CONCLUSIONS Regional pO(2) was assessed quantitatively and the response of multiple individual tumor regions observed simultaneously with respect to interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunjan
- Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
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Höckel M, Vaupel P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:266-76. [PMID: 11181773 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1851] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia results from an inadequate supply of oxygen (O(2)) that compromises biologic functions. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies increasingly points to a fundamental role for hypoxia in solid tumors. Hypoxia in tumors is primarily a pathophysiologic consequence of structurally and functionally disturbed microcirculation and the deterioration of diffusion conditions. Tumor hypoxia appears to be strongly associated with tumor propagation, malignant progression, and resistance to therapy, and it has thus become a central issue in tumor physiology and cancer treatment. Biochemists and clinicians (as well as physiologists) define hypoxia differently; biochemists define it as O(2)-limited electron transport, and physiologists and clinicians define it as a state of reduced O(2) availability or decreased O(2) partial pressure that restricts or even abolishes functions of organs, tissues, or cells. Because malignant tumors no longer execute functions necessary for homeostasis (such as the production of adequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate), the physiology-based definitions of the term "hypoxia" are not necessarily valid for malignant tumors. Instead, alternative definitions based on clinical, biologic, and molecular effects that are observed at O(2) partial pressures below a critical level have to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Höckel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Duong TQ, Iadecola C, Kim SG. Effect of hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on cerebral interstitial oxygen tension and cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45:61-70. [PMID: 11146487 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2594(200101)45:1<61::aid-mrm1010>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of cerebral interstitial oxygen tension (piO(2)) can provide valuable information regarding cerebrovascular physiology and brain function. Compartment-specific cerebral piO(2) was measured by (19)F NMR following the infusion of an oxygen-sensitive perfluorocarbon directly into the interstitial and ventricular space of the in vivo rat brain. (19)F T(1) measurements were made and cerebral piO(2) were obtained through in vitro calibrations. The effects of graded hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on piO(2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were investigated. Under normoxia (arterial pO(2) approximately 120 mm Hg), piO(2) was approximately 30 mm Hg and jugular venous pO(2) was approximately 50 mm Hg. During hyperoxia (arterial pO(2) = 90-300 mm Hg), piO(2) increased linearly with the arterial pO(2). Following hypercapnia (arterial pCO(2) = 20-60 mm Hg), the piO(2) increased sigmoidally with increasing CBF. With hypoxia (arterial pO(2) = 30-40 mm Hg), CBF increased approximately 56% and piO(2) decreased to approximately 15 mm Hg. The hypoxia-induced CBF increase was effective to some extent in compensating for the reduced piO(2). This methodology may prove useful for investigating cerebral piO(2) under pathologically or functionally altered conditions. Magn Reson Med 45:61-70, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Q Duong
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Hermans R. Estimation of tumour oxygenation levels with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Radiother Oncol 2000; 57:1-3. [PMID: 11033182 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(00)00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu H, Song Y, Worden KL, Jiang X, Constantinescu A, Mason RP. Noninvasive investigation of blood oxygenation dynamics of tumors by near-infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:5231-43. [PMID: 18354520 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of dynamic changes in the blood oxygenation of tumor vasculature could be valuable for tumor prognosis and optimizing tumor treatment plans. In this study we employed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure changes in the total hemoglobin concentration together with the degree of hemoglobin oxygenation in the vascular bed of breast and prostate tumors implanted in rats. Measurements were made while inhaled gas was alternated between 33% oxygen and carbogen (95% O(2), 5% CO(2)). Significant dynamic changes in tumor oxygenation were observed to accompany respiratory challenge, and these changes could be modeled with two exponential components, yielding two time constants. Following the Fick principle, we derived a simplified model to relate the time constants to tumor blood-perfusion rates. This study demonstrates that the NIRS technology can provide an efficient, real-time, noninvasive means of monitoring the vascular oxygenation dynamics of tumors and facilitate investigations of tumor vascular perfusion. This may have prognostic value and promises insight into tumor vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76109, USA.
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Rijken PF, Bernsen HJ, Peters JP, Hodgkiss RJ, Raleigh JA, van der Kogel AJ. Spatial relationship between hypoxia and the (perfused) vascular network in a human glioma xenograft: a quantitative multi-parameter analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:571-82. [PMID: 10974478 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantitatively study the spatial distribution of tumor hypoxia in relation to the perfused vasculature. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a human glioma xenograft model, nude mice were administered two different hypoxia markers (NITP or pimonidazole) and the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342. Frozen tumor sections were sequentially scanned for perfusion, hypoxia, and vasculature, respectively, to quantitate perfusion, vasculature, and hypoxia parameters in the same section. RESULTS All tumors showed incomplete perfusion. Both NITP and pimonidazole stained the same hypoxic tumor areas. No statistically significant differences between the two markers were observed. The density of the perfused vessels was inversely related to the hypoxic fraction. At critical distances from perfused vessels, hypoxia occurred. These data suggest that predominantly diffusion-limited hypoxia was detected, based on the spatial distribution of nearby vessels. Also, the proportion of hypoxia distributed over arbitrary zones of 50 microm around perfused vessels was calculated. The largest proportion of hypoxia was found at distances beyond 100 microm from perfused vessels. CONCLUSION With the multiple staining and functional microscopic imaging technique described here, the spatial relationship between perfused vessels and hypoxia was quantified in whole tumor cross-sections. The usefulness of this histologically-based method to quantitate morphological and physiological aspects of the tumor microenvironment was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Rijken
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Jeuken JW, Sprenger SH, Wesseling P, Bernsen HJ, Suijkerbuijk RF, Roelofs F, Macville MV, Gilhuis HJ, van Overbeeke JJ, Boerman RH. Genetic reflection of glioblastoma biopsy material in xenografts: characterization of 11 glioblastoma xenograft lines by comparative genomic hybridization. J Neurosurg 2000; 92:652-8. [PMID: 10761656 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Human tumors implanted as subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice are widely used for the study of tumor biology and therapy. Validation of these models requires knowledge of the genetic makeup of the xenografts. The aim of this study was to establish whether chromosomal imbalances in 11 xenograft lines derived from human glioblastomas multiforme (x-GBMs) are similar to those found in GBM biopsy samples. The authors also studied genetic stability during serial passaging of three xenograft lines. METHODS Chromosomal imbalances in x-GBMs were detected using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The authors compared the CGH results in x-GBMs with those in the original GBMs (o-GBMs) that were used to establish three of the xenograft lines and with the GBM biopsy results reported in the literature (1-GBMs). In three xenograft lines two different passages were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the chromosomal imbalances in x-GBMs are similar to those in o-GBMs and 1-GBMs, indicating that the GBM xenograft lines used were valid models from a genetic point of view. The CGH analysis of two different passages of three xenograft lines indicates that x-GBMs (like 1-GBMs) show intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and do not acquire chromosomal imbalances as a result of serial passaging.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biopsy
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jeuken
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hermans R, Lambin P, Van der Goten A, Van den Bogaert W, Verbist B, Weltens C, Delaere PR. Tumoural perfusion as measured by dynamic computed tomography in head and neck carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 1999; 53:105-11. [PMID: 10665786 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the intra- and interobserver variability, as well as the intra- and interpatient variability of CT-determined tumour perfusion in head and neck tumours, and to evaluate the preliminary value of this parameter as predictive factor of local failure after treatment by definitive radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 41 patients the perfusion of a primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was estimated using dynamic CT. A 40-ml intravenous bolus of a low-osmolar non-ionic contrast agent was rapidly injected over 5 s (8 ml/s), while a dynamic acquisition of image data was obtained during the first pass at the level of the largest axial tumour surface. A time-density curve was constructed for the primary tumour and the carotid artery. The perfusion in the selected tumour region of interest was calculated by dividing the slope of the tumour-time density curve by the maximal value in arterial density. Tumour volume was calculated on the CT-images and correlated with perfusion rate. RESULTS The mean perfusion rate was 86.4 ml/min per 100 g (median, 80.6; SD, 43.05; range, 31.7-239.8 ml/min per 100 g). No systematic difference was found between the measurements performed by two independent observers. The intratumoural COV was 0.22, the intertumoural COV 0.37. No correlation was found with tumour volume. Ten out of 20 patients with a perfusion rate < 80 ml/min per 100 g were not locally controlled, while nine out of 21 patients with a value > 80 ml/min per 100 g did show a local failure (P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS CT-determined perfusion measurements of head and neck tumours are feasible. No correlation with tumour volume and a sufficiently large COV were found to consider this parameter as a possible prognostic factor for outcome after radiotherapy. More patients need to be investigated to test the hypothesis that tumours with a low CT determined perfusion rate have a higher risk of local failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hermans
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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van der Sanden BP, Heerschap A, Hoofd L, Simonetti AW, Nicolay K, van der Toorn A, Colier WN, van der Kogel AJ. Effect of carbogen breathing on the physiological profile of human glioma xenografts. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42:490-9. [PMID: 10467293 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199909)42:3<490::aid-mrm11>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbogen breathing on the physiological profile of human glioma xenografts. Near infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in tumor blood. Oxygen tension changes in tumor tissue were evaluated by (19)F-MR relaxometry, using perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether, and modifications of tumor blood perfusion (TBP) were analyzed by fast dynamic (1)H-MR imaging of Gd-DTPA uptake. Finally, changes of the bioenergetic status and pH of tumor cells were analyzed by (31)P-MRS. After 5 to 8 min of carbogen breathing, the average oxygen tension increase in tumor tissue was 4.6 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, which is in agreement with an increase of the oxyhemoglobin concentration in tumor blood (Delta[O(2)Hb] = 9. 2 +/- 3 microM). However, simultaneously the TBP was reduced, the bioenergetic status was diminished, and pH was decreased. As 100% O(2) breathing alone did not result in a detectable increase of oxyhemoglobin in tumor blood, the increase of the tumor oxygenation by carbogen appears to be mediated by its CO(2) content. This component may cause a nutrient-limited decrease of oxidative energy metabolism, indirectly via a steal-effect and/or by inhibition of the glycolytic rate resulting from tissue acidification. Magn Reson Med 42:490-499, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P van der Sanden
- Department of Radiology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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