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Tang Y, Zhu Q, Yang L, Meng Y, Zhang G, Zhou T, Wang C, Song X, Su YX, Ye J. MiR-200b-5p inhibits tumor progression in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma via targeting BTBD1. Cell Signal 2023:110748. [PMID: 37290676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is a rare malignant tumor of the salivary gland. Studies have suggested that miRNA may play a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of SACC. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-200b-5p in SACC progression. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of miR-200b-5p and BTBD1. The biological functions of miR-200b-5p were evaluated via wound-healing assays, transwell assays, and xenograft nude mice model. The interaction between miR-200b-5p and BTBD1 was assessed using luciferase assay. Results showed that miR-200b-5p was downregulated in the SACC tissues while BTBD1 was upregulated. miR-200b-5p overexpression suppressed SACC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-200b-5p could directly bind to BTBD1. Besides, miR-200b-5p overexpression could rescue the tumor-promoting effect of BTBD1. miR-200b-5p inhibited tumor progression by modulating EMT-related proteins, targeting BTBD1 and inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that miR-200b-5p can suppress SACC proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT by regulating BTBD1 and PI3K/AKT axis, providing a promising therapeutic target for SACC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qinghai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, China.
| | - Jinhai Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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2
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Qiu X, Lin J, Liang B, Chen Y, Liu G, Zheng J. Identification of Hub Genes and MicroRNAs Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Integrated Bioinformatics Analyses. Front Genet 2021; 12:667406. [PMID: 33995494 PMCID: PMC8117102 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.636934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is the identification of hub genes associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Materials and Methods GSE15197 gene expression data was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by screening IPAH patients and controls. The 5,000 genes with the greatest variances were analyzed using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Modules with the strongest correlation with IPAH were chosen, followed by a functional enrichment analysis. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub gene candidates using calculated degrees. Real hub genes were found from the overlap of DEGs and candidate hub genes. microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting real hub genes were found by screening miRNet 2.0. The most important IPAH miRNAs were identified. Results There were 4,395 DEGs identified. WGCNA indicated that green and brown modules associated most strongly with IPAH. Functional enrichment analysis showed that green and brown module genes were mainly involved in protein digestion and absorption and proteoglycans in cancer, respectively. The top ten candidate hub genes in green and brown modules were identified, respectively. After overlapping with DEGs, 11 real hub genes were identified: EP300, MMP2, CDH2, CDK2, GNG10, ALB, SMC2, DHX15, CUL3, BTBD1, and LTN1. These genes were expressed with significant differences in IPAH versus controls, indicating a high diagnostic ability. The miRNA–gene network showed that hsa-mir-1-3p could associate with IPAH. Conclusion EP300, MMP2, CDH2, CDK2, GNG10, ALB, SMC2, DHX15, CUL3, BTBD1, and LTN1 may play essential roles in IPAH. Predicted miRNA hsa-mir-1-3p could regulate gene expression in IPAH. Such hub genes may contribute to the pathology and progression in IPAH, providing potential diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for IPAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bixiao Liang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanbing Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guoqun Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Blondelle J, Biju A, Lange S. The Role of Cullin-RING Ligases in Striated Muscle Development, Function, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7936. [PMID: 33114658 PMCID: PMC7672578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-orchestrated turnover of proteins in cross-striated muscles is one of the fundamental processes required for muscle cell function and survival. Dysfunction of the intricate protein degradation machinery is often associated with development of cardiac and skeletal muscle myopathies. Most muscle proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS involves a number of enzymes, including E3-ligases, which tightly control which protein substrates are marked for degradation by the proteasome. Recent data reveal that E3-ligases of the cullin family play more diverse and crucial roles in cross striated muscles than previously anticipated. This review highlights some of the findings on the multifaceted functions of cullin-RING E3-ligases, their substrate adapters, muscle protein substrates, and regulatory proteins, such as the Cop9 signalosome, for the development of cross striated muscles, and their roles in the etiology of myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Biju
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang G, Liu PC, Wang JX, Zhao XF. A BTB domain-containing gene is upregulated by immune challenge. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 77:58-71. [PMID: 21374716 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is an important hormone that regulates the development of insects. Although previous evidence revealed that 20E promotes innate immunity in insects, the mechanism involved is still unclear. In this study, the HaBBP gene from Helicoverpa armigera is cloned, which contains BTB (broad-complex, tramtrack, and bric-a-brac), a BACK (BTB and carboxyl-terminus kelch repeats), and PHR (PAM, highwire, and RPM) domains. RT-PCR analysis of HaBBP and western blot analysis of HaBBP show that the mRNA and protein level are higher in the fat body and hemocytes during the molting and metamorphic stages compared with the feeding stage. HaBBP was upregulated by 20E in hemocytes. Knockdown of the 20E receptor EcR-B1 and the heterodimeric partner ultraspiracle protein USP1 in an epidermal cell line (HaEpi) blocked the transcription of HaBBP. HaBBP is distributed in granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Immune stimulation by Escherichia coli caused the upregulation of HaBBP in both hemocytes and fat body. Thus, HaBBP is regulated by the 20E signaling pathway, and is likely involved in the insect innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hu J, Yuan W, Tang M, Wang Y, Fan X, Mo X, Li Y, Ying Z, Wan Y, Ocorr K, Bodmer R, Deng Y, Wu X. KBTBD7, a novel human BTB-kelch protein, activates transcriptional activities of SRE and AP-1. BMB Rep 2010; 43:17-22. [PMID: 20132730 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.1.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel member of BTB-kelch proteins, named KBTBD7, was cloned from a human embryonic heart cDNA library. The cDNA of KBTBD7 is 3,008 bp long and encodes a protein product of 684 amino acids (77.2 kD). This protein is highly conserved in evolution across different species. Western blot analysis indicates that a 77 kD protein specific for KBTBD7 is wildly expressed in all embryonic tissues examined. In COS-7 cells, KBTBD7 proteins are localized to the cytoplasm. KBTBD7 is a transcription activator when fused to GAL4 DNA-binding domain. Deletion analysis indicates that the BTB domain and kelch repeat motif are main regions for transcriptional activation. Overexpression of KBTBD7 in MCF-7 cells activates the transcriptional activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and serum response element (SRE), which can be relieved by siRNA. These results suggest that KBTBD7 proteins may act as a new transcriptional activator in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. [BMB reports 2010; 43(1): 17-22].
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Hu
- The Center For Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, Peoples' Republic of China
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Chaikam V, Karlson DT. Comparison of structure, function and regulation of plant cold shock domain proteins to bacterial and animal cold shock domain proteins. BMB Rep 2010; 43:1-8. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Search for cellular partners of human papillomavirus type 16 E2 protein. Arch Virol 2008; 153:983-90. [PMID: 18305892 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. Type 16 (HPV16) displays tropism to genital epithelia, giving rise to genital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which is a precursor lesion to invasive carcinoma of the cervix. The great majority of human cervical cancers contain integrated HPV DNA where the E2 gene is usually disrupted, suggesting that the loss of the E2 protein is an important step in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. The HPV16 E2 protein is a regulatory protein that seems to be essential for creating favourable conditions for establishment of infection and proper completion of the viral life cycle. Recently, diverse activities of the E2 proteins have been described, but the molecular basis of these processes has not beenfully elucidated. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified epithelial cellular proteins that bind to the E2 protein of HPV16.
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Pisani DF, Coldefy AS, Elabd C, Cabane C, Salles J, Le Cunff M, Derijard B, Amri EZ, Dani C, Leger JJ, Dechesne CA. Involvement of BTBD1 in mesenchymal differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2417-26. [PMID: 17462629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BTBD1 is a recently cloned BTB-domain-containing protein particularly expressed in skeletal muscle and interacting with DNA topoisomerase 1 (Topo1), a key enzyme of cell survival. We have previously demonstrated that stable overexpression of a N-terminal truncated BTBD1 inhibited ex vivo myogenesis but not adipogenesis of pluripotent C2C12 cells. Here, BTBD1 expression was studied in three models of cellular differentiation: myogenesis (C2C12 cells), adipogenesis (3T3-L1 cells) and osteogenesis (hMADS cells). BTBD1 mRNA was found to be upregulated during myogenesis. At the opposite, we have not observed BTBD1 upregulation in an altered myogenesis cellular model and we observed a downregulation of BTBD1 mRNA expression in adipogenesis. Interestingly, amounts of Topo1 protein, but not Topo1 mRNA, were found to be modulated at the opposite of BTBD1 mRNA. No variation of BTBD1 expression was measured during osteogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate that BTBD1 mRNA is specifically regulated during myogenic and adipogenic differentiation, in relation with Topo1 expression. Moreover, they corroborate observations made previously with truncated BTBD1 and show that BTBD1 is a key protein of balance between adipogenesis and myogenesis. Finally, a transcriptome analysis gave molecular clues to decipher BTBD1 role, with an emphasis on the involvement in ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier F Pisani
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, Nice, France
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Pisani DF, Cabane C, Derijard B, Dechesne CA. The topoisomerase 1-interacting protein BTBD1 is essential for muscle cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:1157-65. [PMID: 15486563 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I (Topo1) contributes to vital biological functions, but its regulation is not clearly understood. The BTBD1 protein was recently cloned on the basis of its interaction with the core domain of Topo1 and is expressed particularly in skeletal muscle. To determine BTBD1 functions in this tissue, the in vitro model used was the C2C12 mouse muscle cell line, which expresses BTBD1 mainly after myotube differentiation. We studied the effects of a stably overexpressed BTBD1 protein truncated of the 108 N-terminal amino-acid residues and harbouring a C-terminal FLAG tag (Delta-BTBD1). The proliferation speed of Delta-BTBD1 C2C12 cells was significantly decreased and no myogenic differentiation was observed, although these cells maintained their capacity to enter adipocyte differentiation. These alterations could be related to Topo1 deregulation. This hypothesis is further supported by the decrease in nuclear Topo1 content in Delta-BTBTD1 proliferative C2C12 cells and the switch from the main peripheral nuclear localization of Topo1 to a mainly nuclear diffuse localization in Delta-BTBTD1 C2C12 cells. Finally, this study demonstrated that BTBD1 is essential for myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Pisani
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UMR 6548 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
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Windemuth A, Kumar M, Nandabalan K, Koshy B, Xu C, Pungliya M, Judson R. Genome-wide association of haplotype markers to gene expression levels. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2004; 68:89-107. [PMID: 15338607 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2003.68.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Windemuth
- Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Carim-Todd L, Escarceller M, Estivill X, Sumoy L. LRRN6A/LERN1 (leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 1), a novel gene with enriched expression in limbic system and neocortex. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 18:3167-82. [PMID: 14686891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome 15q24-q26 is a very complex genomic region containing several blocks of segmental duplications to which susceptibility to anxiety disorders has been mapped (Gratacos et al., 2001, Cell, 106, 367-379; Pujana et al., 2001, Genome Res., 11, 98-111). Through an in silico gene content analysis of the 15q24-q26 region we have identifie1d a novel gene, LRRN6A (leucine-rich repeat neuronal 6A), and confirmed its location to the centromeric end of this complex region. LRRN6A encodes a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat protein, LERN1 (leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 1), with similarity to proteins involved in axonal guidance and migration, nervous system development and regeneration processes. The identification of homologous genes to LRRN6A on chromosomes 9 and 19 and the orthologous genes in the mouse genome and other organisms suggests that LERN proteins constitute a novel subfamily of LRR (leucine-rich repeat)-containing proteins. The LRRN6A expression pattern is specific to the central nervous system, highly and broadly expressed during early stages of development and gradually restricted to forebrain structures as development proceeds. Expression level in adulthood is lower in general but remains stable and significantly enriched in the limbic system and cerebral cortex. Taken together, the confirmation of LRRN6A's expression profile, its predicted protein structure and its similarity to nervous system-expressed LRR proteins with essential roles in nervous system development and maintenance suggest that LRRN6A is a novel gene of relevance in the molecular and cellular neurobiology of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carim-Todd
- Programme of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Xu L, Yang L, Hashimoto K, Anderson M, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, D'Arpa P. Characterization of BTBD1 and BTBD2, two similar BTB-domain-containing Kelch-like proteins that interact with Topoisomerase I. BMC Genomics 2002; 3:1. [PMID: 11818025 PMCID: PMC64781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2001] [Accepted: 01/07/2002] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-hybrid screening for proteins that interact with the core domain of human topoisomerase I identified two novel proteins, BTBD1 and BTBD2, which share 80% amino acid identities. RESULTS The interactions were confirmed by co-precipitation assays demonstrating the physical interaction of BTBD1 and BTBD2 with 100 kDa topoisomerase I from HeLa cells. Deletion mapping using two-hybrid and GST-pulldown assays demonstrated that less than the C-terminal half of BTBD1 is sufficient for binding topoisomerase I. The topoisomerase I sequences sufficient to bind BTBD2 were mapped to residues 215 to 329. BTBD2 with an epitope tag localized to cytoplasmic bodies. Using truncated versions that direct BTBD2 and TOP1 to the same cellular compartment, either the nucleus or the cytoplasm, co-localization was demonstrated in co-transfected Hela cells. The supercoil relaxation and DNA cleavage activities of topoisomerase I in vitro were affected little or none by co-incubation with BTBD2. Northern analysis revealed only a single sized mRNA for each BTBD1 and BTBD2 in all human tissues tested. Characterization of BTBD2 mRNA revealed a 255 nucleotide 90% GC-rich region predicted to encode the N-terminus. BTBD1 and BTBD2 are widely if not ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, and have two paralogs as well as putative orthologs in C. elegans and D. melanogaster. CONCLUSIONS BTBD1 and BTBD2 belong to a small family of uncharacterized proteins that appear to be specific to animals. Epitope-tagged BTBD2 localized to cytoplasmic bodies. The characterization of BTBD1 and BTBD2 and their interaction with TOP1 is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 37/Rm. 1C18, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Keiko Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
| | - Melvin Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
| | - Glenda Kohlhagen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Peter D'Arpa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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