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Salm F, Znalesniak EB, Laskou A, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. Expression Profiling along the Murine Intestine: Different Mucosal Protection Systems and Alterations in Tff1-Deficient Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12684. [PMID: 37628863 PMCID: PMC10454331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tff1 is a typical gastric peptide secreted together with the mucin, Muc5ac. Tff1-deficient (Tff1KO) mice are well known for their prominent gastric phenotype and represent a recognized model for antral tumorigenesis. Notably, intestinal abnormalities have also been reported in the past in these animals. Here, we have compared the expression of selected genes in Tff1KO mice and their corresponding wild-type littermates (RT-PCR analyses), focusing on different mucosal protection systems along the murine intestine. As hallmarks, genes were identified with maximum expression in the proximal colon and/or the duodenum: Agr2, Muc6/A4gnt/Tff2, Tff1, Fut2, Gkn2, Gkn3, Duox2/Lpo, Nox1. This is indicative of different protection systems such as Tff2/Muc6, Tff1-Fcgbp, gastrokines, fucosylation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proximal colon and/or duodenum. Few significant transcriptional changes were observed in the intestine of Tff1KO mice when compared with wild-type littermates, Clca1 (Gob5), Gkn1, Gkn2, Nox1, Tff2. We also analyzed the expression of Tff1, Tff2, and Tff3 in the pancreas, liver, and lung of Tff1KO and wild-type animals, indicating a cross-regulation of Tff gene expression. Furthermore, on the protein level, heteromeric Tff1-Fcgbp and various monomeric Tff1 forms were identified in the duodenum and a high-molecular-mass Tff2/Muc6 complex was identified in the proximal colon (FPLC, proteomics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva B. Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Links to Inflammation: A Re-evaluation and New Medical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094909. [PMID: 34066339 PMCID: PMC8125380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3), together with mucins, are typical exocrine products of mucous epithelia. Here, they act as a gastric tumor suppressor (TFF1) or they play different roles in mucosal innate immune defense (TFF2, TFF3). Minute amounts are also secreted as endocrine, e.g., by the immune and central nervous systems. As a hallmark, TFF peptides have different lectin activities, best characterized for TFF2, but also TFF1. Pathologically, ectopic expression occurs during inflammation and in various tumors. In this review, the role of TFF peptides during inflammation is discussed on two levels. On the one hand, the expression of TFF1-3 is regulated by inflammatory signals in different ways (upstream links). On the other hand, TFF peptides influence inflammatory processes (downstream links). The latter are recognized best in various Tff-deficient mice, which have completely different phenotypes. In particular, TFF2 is secreted by myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) and lymphocytes (e.g., memory T cells), where it modulates immune reactions triggering inflammation. As a new concept, in addition to lectin-triggered activation, a hypothetical lectin-triggered inhibition of glycosylated transmembrane receptors by TFF peptides is discussed. Thus, TFFs are promising players in the field of glycoimmunology, such as galectins and C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Znalesniak EB, Salm F, Hoffmann W. Molecular Alterations in the Stomach of Tff1-Deficient Mice: Early Steps in Antral Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020644. [PMID: 31963721 PMCID: PMC7014203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TFF1 is a peptide of the gastric mucosa co-secreted with the mucin MUC5AC. It plays a key role in gastric mucosal protection and repair. Tff1-deficient (Tff1KO) mice obligatorily develop antropyloric adenoma and about 30% progress to carcinomas. Thus, these mice represent a model for gastric tumorigenesis. Here, we compared the expression of selected genes in Tff1KO mice and the corresponding wild-type animals (RT-PCR analyses). Furthermore, we systematically investigated the different molecular forms of Tff1 and its heterodimer partner gastrokine-2 (Gkn2) in the stomach (Western blot analyses). As a hallmark, a large portion of murine Tff1 occurs in a monomeric form. This is unexpected because of its odd number of seven cysteine residues. Probably the three conserved acid amino acid residues (EEE) flanking the 7th cysteine residue allow monomeric secretion. As a consequence, the free thiol of monomeric Tff1 could have a protective scavenger function, e.g., for reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Furthermore, a minor subset of Tff1 forms a disulfide-linked heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (Fcgbp). Of special note, in Tff1KO animals a homodimeric form of Gkn2 was observed. In addition, Tff1KO animals showed strongly reduced Tff2 transcript and protein levels, which might explain their increased sensitivity to Helicobacter pylori infection.
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Yusufu A, Shayimu P, Tuerdi R, Fang C, Wang F, Wang H. TFF3 and TFF1 expression levels are elevated in colorectal cancer and promote the malignant behavior of colon cancer by activating the EMT process. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:789-804. [PMID: 31432157 PMCID: PMC6741840 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on the roles of the secreted trefoil factor (TFF)1 and 3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their underlying mechanisms of action in tumorigenesis are not common and are controversial. In the present study, the mRNA expression and promoter methylation of TFF1 and TFF3 in cancer and adjacent normal tissues were investigated, and their association with other clinical factors and patient prognosis were evaluated. Moreover, the association between TFF3 and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) was explored by overexpressing or inhibiting TFF3 expression. The results revealed that the mRNA level of TFF1 and TFF3 in the cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent normal tissues (P=0.034 and P=0.007, respectively), and a higher expression of TFF3, but not TFF1, was predominantly associated with clinicopathological factors and a poorer prognosis. No correlation was observed between promoter methylation and the expression of TFF1 or TFF3. The overexpression of TFF3 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of HT29 cells, and induced an increase in the expression of Twist1, Snail and Vimentin, while causing a decrease in E-cadherin expression. On the contrary, the knockdown of TFF3 resulted in opposite effects in the LoVo cells. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that TFF3 may be a promising new factor for the estimation of the survival of patients with CRC, and may promote the malignant progression of CRC by activating the EMT process. Therefore, TFF3 may be a future potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeremu Yusufu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Paerhati Shayimu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Rousidan Tuerdi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xi Jing Digestive Disease Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xi Jing Digestive Disease Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
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Znalesniak EB, Fu T, Salm F, Händel U, Hoffmann W. Transcriptional Responses in the Murine Spleen after Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Inflammasome and Mucus-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061245. [PMID: 28604600 PMCID: PMC5486068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in coordinating both adaptive and innate immune responses. Here, the transcriptional response to T. gondii infection in the murine spleen was characterized concerning inflammasome sensors (two different models: seven days after oral or four weeks after intraperitoneal infection). Additionally, Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice were investigated because TFF genes are often upregulated during inflammation. The expression of the pattern-recognition receptors Nlrp3, Nlrp12, and Nlrp1a was significantly increased after infection. This increase was diminished in Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice pointing towards a positive regulation of the inflammatory response by Tff1 and Tff3. Furthermore, the transcription of Tff1 (encoding a motogenic lectin) and other secretory genes was analyzed, i.e., gastrokines (Gkn), IgG Fc binding protein (Fcgbp), and the mucin Muc2. The corresponding gene products belong to an interactome protecting mucous epithelia. Tff1 was significantly induced after infection, which might increase the motility of immune cells. In contrast, Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 were downregulated seven days after oral infection; whereas four weeks after i.p. infection only Gkn3 remained downregulated. This might be an indication that Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 are involved in the transient disruption of the splenic architecture and its reorganization, which is characteristic after T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Händel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Vitale L, Caracausi M, Casadei R, Pelleri MC, Piovesan A. Difficulty in obtaining the complete mRNA coding sequence at 5' region (5' end mRNA artifact): Causes, consequences in biology and medicine and possible solutions for obtaining the actual amino acid sequence of proteins (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1063-1071. [PMID: 28393177 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The known difficulty in obtaining the actual full length, complete sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) may lead to the erroneous determination of its coding sequence at the 5' region (5' end mRNA artifact), and consequently to the wrong assignment of the translation start codon, leading to the inaccurate prediction of the encoded polypeptide at its amino terminus. Among the known human genes whose study was affected by this artifact, we can include disco interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A; KIAA0184), Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1), SON DNA binding protein (SON), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and URB1 ribosome biogenesis 1 homolog (URB1; KIAA0539) on chromosome 21, as well as receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1, also known as GNB2L1), glutaminyl‑tRNA synthetase (QARS) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) along with another 474 loci, including interleukin 16 (IL16). In this review, we discuss the causes of this issue, its quantitative incidence in biomedical research, the consequences in biology and medicine, and the possible solutions for obtaining the actual amino acid sequence of proteins in the post-genomics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Vitale
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, I‑47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, I‑40126 Bologna, Italy
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Thiem S, Eissmann MF, Stuart E, Elzer J, Jonas A, Buchert M, Ernst M. Inducible gene modification in the gastric epithelium ofTff1-CreERT2,Tff2-rtTA, Tff3-lucmice. Genesis 2016; 54:626-635. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thiem
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine La Trobe University; Heidelberg Australia
| | - Moritz F. Eissmann
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine La Trobe University; Heidelberg Australia
| | - Emma Stuart
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne; Inflammation Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and; Melbourne Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Joachim Elzer
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine La Trobe University; Heidelberg Australia
| | - Anna Jonas
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine La Trobe University; Heidelberg Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine La Trobe University; Heidelberg Australia
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Xiao P, Ling H, Lan G, Liu J, Hu H, Yang R. Trefoil factors: Gastrointestinal-specific proteins associated with gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:127-34. [PMID: 26265233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF), composed of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, is a cluster of secreted peptides characterized by trefoil domain (s) and C-terminal dimerization domain. TFF1, a gastric tumor suppressor, is a single trefoil peptide originally detected in breast cancer cell lines but expressed mainly in the stomach; TFF2, a candidate of gastric cancer suppressor with two trefoil domains, is abundant in the stomach and duodenal Brunner's glands; and TFF3 is another single trefoil peptide expressed throughout the intestine which can promote the development of gastric carcinoma. According to multiple studies, TFFs play a regulatory function in the mammals' digestive system, namely in mucosal protection and epithelial cell reconstruction, tumor suppression or promotion, signal transduction and the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Action mechanisms of TFFs remain unresolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN (gastrokine) 2-TFF1 heterodimer implicates structural and functional interplay with gastrokines. This review aims to encapsulate the structural and biological characteristics of TFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Gang Lan
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Haobin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process. It is now recognized that HCC is a both genetic and epigenetic disease; genetic and epigenetic components cooperate at all stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Epigenetic changes involve aberrant DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications and aberrant expression of microRNAs all of which can affect the expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and other tumor-related genes and alter the pathways in cancer development. Several risk factors for HCC, including hepatitis B and C virus infections and exposure to the chemical carcinogen aflatoxin B1 have been found to influence epigenetic changes. Their interactions could play an important role in the initiation and progression of HCC. Discovery and detection of biomarkers for epigenetic changes is a promising area for early diagnosis and risk prediction of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health and Cancer Center of Columbia University, Room 1608, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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Fleischer T, Edvardsen H, Solvang HK, Daviaud C, Naume B, Børresen-Dale AL, Kristensen VN, Tost J. Integrated analysis of high-resolution DNA methylation profiles, gene expression, germline genotypes and clinical end points in breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2615-25. [PMID: 24395279 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease for which alterations in DNA methylation patterns have been shown to be of biological and clinical importance. Here we report on the integrated analysis of molecular alterations including the methylation status of 27 gene promoters analyzed by highly quantitative pyrosequencing, and the association to gene expression, germline genotype and clinical parameters including survival. Breast cancer specific deregulation of DNA methylation (both hyper- and hypomethylation) was found in twenty genes including ACVR1, OGG1, IL8 and TFF1. The methylation level in the promoter regions was significantly negatively correlated to gene expression for twelve genes (such as MST1R, ST6GAL1 and TFF1) indicating that a gain of aberrant methylation (hypermethylation) inhibits gene expression. Multiple associations between molecular and clinical parameters were identified, and multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that methylation was more strongly associated to clinical parameters than gene expression for the investigated genes. The methylation level of BCAP31 and OGG1 showed significant association to survival, and these associations were validated in a larger patient cohort (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Our study provides evidence for the promise of DNA methylation alterations for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fleischer
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Feng G, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Bai R, Zheng J, Zhang J, Song M. DNA methylation of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is associated with the tumorigenesis of gastric carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:109-17. [PMID: 24190027 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a peptide belonging to the trefoil factor family of protease‑resistant peptides. Although TFF1 expression is frequently lost in gastric carcinomas (GCs), the tumorigenic pathways that are affected have yet to be determined. The aim of the current study was to identify the mechanism(s) by which the TFF1 gene is regulated in gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, TFF1 was shown to be silenced or downregulated in gastric tumor tissue compared with matched non‑cancerous tissue. In addition, human gastric cells weakly expressed TFF1. The hypermethylation status in the promoter CpG islands appeared to be correlated with TFF1 expression levels in gastric cell lines or specimen tissue. Further molecular analysis indicated that the CpG islands play a role in the promoter activity of the TFF1 gene. The expression of TFF1 and DNA methylation of its promoter affected cell proliferation and apoptosis. The expression of TFF1 in gastric cell lines was restored with a demethylating agent, 5‑azacytidine. Low expression of TFF1 in gastric cell lines and cancer tissue is associated with TP 53. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that DNA methylation is a key mechanism of silencing TFF1 expression in human gastric cells and TFF1 gene hypermethylation of the CpG islands is a potential biomarker for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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12
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Liu J, Wang X, Cai Y, Zhou J, Guleng B, Shi H, Ren J. The regulation of trefoil factor 2 expression by the transcription factor Sp3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:410-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Jiang Z, Lossie AC, Applegate TJ. Evolution of trefoil factor(s): genetic and spatio-temporal expression of trefoil factor 2 in the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22691. [PMID: 21829480 PMCID: PMC3146476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factors are essential healing initiators participating in mucosal reconstitution and tissue morphogenesis, especially on the surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract. This family has been cloned and characterized predominantly from mammals and amphibians. Avian species ingest stone and grit to help digest food, which may expose their gut to severe physical conditions. To further the understanding of the function of the TFF gene family across species, we undertook this research to clone, sequence, and characterize the spatio-temporal expression patterns of chicken TFF2 (ChTFF2) cDNA. Bioinformatics analysis of the promoter region and deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated that ChTFF2 contained unique characteristics; specifically the chicken promoter has multiple start sites and the protein contains a series of Lys-Lys-Val repeats. Unlike mammals, where TFF2 is detected primarily in the stomach, and occasionally in the proximal duodenum, chicken TFF2 transcripts are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with major expression sites in the glandular and muscular stomach as well as evident expression in the colon, small intestine, cecal tonsil and crop. Temporal analysis of intestinal ChTFF2 transcripts by quantitative RT-PCR showed high levels in embryos and a trend of constant expression during embryonic and post-hatch development, with a reduction occurring around hatch. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted the conservation of TFF proteins and functional divergence of trefoil domains, which suggest a transitional role in the bird during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Lossie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Soutto M, Belkhiri A, Piazuelo MB, Schneider BG, Peng D, Jiang A, Washington MK, Kokoye Y, Crowe SE, Zaika A, Correa P, Peek RM, El-Rifai W. Loss of TFF1 is associated with activation of NF-κB-mediated inflammation and gastric neoplasia in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1753-67. [PMID: 21490402 DOI: 10.1172/jci43922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a peptide belonging to the trefoil factor family of protease-resistant peptides. Although TFF1 expression is frequently lost in gastric carcinomas, the tumorigenic pathways this affects have not been determined. Here we show that Tff1-knockout mice exhibit age-dependent carcinogenic histological changes in the pyloric antrum of the gastric mucosa, progressing from gastritis to hyperplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and ultimately malignant adenocarcinoma. The histology and molecular signatures of gastric lesions in the Tff1-knockout mice were consistent with an inflammatory phenotype. In vivo, ex-vivo, and in vitro studies showed that TFF1 expression suppressed TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation through the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)/IκB kinase (IKK) pathway. Consistent with these mouse data, human gastric tissue samples displayed a progressive decrease in TFF1 expression and an increase in NF-κB activation along the multi-step carcinogenesis cascade. Collectively, these results provide evidence that loss of TFF1 leads to activation of IKK complex-regulated NF-κB transcription factors and is an important event in shaping the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response during the progression to gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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15
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Vestergaard EM, Nexø E, Tørring N, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD. Promoter hypomethylation and upregulation of trefoil factors in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1857-65. [PMID: 20112343 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors, mucin-associated peptides, are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC). We hypothesized that promoter methylation contributes to the regulation of trefoil factors (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) in human prostate cells. Here we show hypomethylation of promoter regions of TFF1 and TFF3 in PC cell lines with significant TFF expression as compared to benign immortalized prostate cell lines and PC cell lines not expressing trefoil factor. The most striking difference was observed for CpG sites located close to the AUG start codon overlapping several putative binding sites for cellular transcription factors. TFF2 was hypermethylated and had no or very low expression in all prostate cell lines investigated. Treatment of methylated cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored TFF expression in cell lines not expressing TFF and increased expression significantly in low-expressing cell lines. In clinical samples, methylation of the promoter/enhancer regions of TFF1 and TFF3 was significantly lower in PC compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The present study shows an inverse relation between promoter methylation and expression of trefoil factors. Preliminary analysis on clinical samples suggests that this regulatory mechanism is responsible for the increased levels of TFF1 and TFF3 observed in PC. The overexpression and promoter hypomethylation of trefoil factors may serve as biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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16
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Menheniott TR, Peterson AJ, O'Connor L, Lee KS, Kalantzis A, Kondova I, Bontrop RE, Bell KM, Giraud AS. A novel gastrokine, Gkn3, marks gastric atrophy and shows evidence of adaptive gene loss in humans. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1823-35. [PMID: 20138039 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastrokines are stomach mucus cell-secreted proteins; 2 gastrokines are known, GKN1 and GKN2. Gastrokine expression is lost in gastric cancer, indicating a possible function in tumor suppression. We have identified a third gastrokine gene in mammals. METHODS Gkn3 was characterized by studies of molecular structure, evolutionary conservation, and tissue expression as well as transcriptional/translational outcome in mouse genetic models of gastric pathology. The functional consequences of Gkn3 overexpression were evaluated in transfected cell lines. RESULTS Gkn3 encodes a secreted (approximately 19 kilodalton) protein that is co-expressed with trefoil factor (Tff)2 in the distal stomach and discriminates a Griffinia simplicifolia lectin (GS)-II-positive mucus neck cell (MNC) subpopulation in the proximal stomach. In humans, widespread homozygosity for a premature stop codon polymorphism, W59X, has likely rendered GKN3 non-functional. Population genetic analysis revealed an ancestral GKN3 read-through allele that predominates in Africans and indicates the rapid expansion of W59X among non-Africans during recent evolution. Mouse Gkn3 expression is strongly up-regulated in (Tff2-deficient) gastric atrophy, a pre-cancerous state that is typically associated with Helicobacter pylori and marks a non-proliferative, GS-II positive lineage with features of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Gkn3 overexpression inhibits proliferation in gastric epithelial cell lines, independently of incubation with recombinant human TFF2 or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Gkn3 encodes a novel, functionally distinct gastrokine that is overexpressed and might restrain epithelial cell proliferation in gastric atrophy. Spread of the human GKN3 stop allele W59X might have been selected for among non-Africans because of its effects on pre-neoplastic outcomes in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Vincent A, Van Seuningen I. Epigenetics, stem cells and epithelial cell fate. Differentiation 2009; 78:99-107. [PMID: 19632029 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of epigenetic profiles are essential steps of development during which stem cells, despite identical genetic information, will acquire different and selective gene expression patterns, specific for their fate. This highly complex programming process involves mechanisms that are not yet completely understood although it has been established over the past few years that chromatin modifier enzymes (i.e. DNA and histone methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone demethylases, histone acetyltransferases) play essential roles in the establishment of transcriptional programs accompanying cell differentiation. Investigators in this field have been studying a wide variety of cell types including neural, muscular, mesenchymal and blood cells. This review will focus on epithelial cells of the digestive tract, intestinal stem cell niches being a model of choice to understand how epigenetic changes can drive nuclear programming and specific cell differentiation. Moreover, deregulation of epigenetic programming is frequently observed in human tumours and therefore, decoding these molecular mechanisms is essential to better understand both developmental and cancerous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Vincent
- Inserm, U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team 5 Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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18
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The Trefoil Peptide Family: Small But Versatile — From Anti-Apoptosis to Neoplasia in the Digestive Tract. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10035-009-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Koike T, Shimada T, Fujii Y, Chen G, Tabei K, Namatame T, Yamagata M, Tajima A, Yoneda M, Terano A, Hiraishi H. Up-regulation of TFF1 (pS2) expression by TNF-alpha in gastric epithelial cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:936-42. [PMID: 17565651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM TFF1 (pS2) is expressed at a high level in gastric epithelial cells and plays an important role in protecting the gastric mucosa. However, the regulatory mechanisms of TFF1 expression are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TNF-alpha, a representative proinflammatory cytokine, on TFF1 expression. METHODS MKN45 and AGS cells, derived from human gastric carcinoma, were used. Endogenous TFF1 mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The sequences of the human TFF1 promoter were cloned into the pGL3-basic vector and reporter gene assays were performed. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity was monitored using a reporter vector that contained multiple copies of NF-kappaB responsive element upstream of the luciferase gene. Interaction between NF-kappaB and TFF1 cis-element was examined by electophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS TNF-alpha activated NF-kappaB and up-regulated endogenous TFF1 mRNA expression as well as the transcription of the TFF1 reporter genes in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1beta, another proinflammatory cytokine, also up-regulated TFF1 expression. TNF-alpha responsive element was mapped between -342 and -147 of the human TFF1 promoter and a putative NF-kappaB binding site was identified at -231. When this element was deleted, the reporter genes became almost insensitive to TNF-alpha treatment. EMSA showed binding of NF-kappaB to this element. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory stimuli that activate NF-kappaB appear to up-regulate TFF1 expression in gastric epithelial cells. This mechanism may aid in the protection of the gastric mucosa under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takero Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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20
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Masui F, Kurosaki K, Mori T, Matsuda M. Persistent trefoil factor 1 expression imprinted on mouse vaginal epithelium by neonatal estrogenization. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 323:167-75. [PMID: 16133145 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of female mice to estrogenic substances during the neonatal period induces developmental defects in the reproductive tract such as estrogen-independent persistent proliferation of the vaginal epithelium, which often leads to carcinogenesis in adulthood. In this study, several estrogen-regulated genes have been identified in the neonatal mouse vagina by DNA microarray hybridization analysis. Among the genes up-regulated in the developing vagina by a high dose of estrogen, trefoil factor 1 (TFF1), a mucin-associated gastrointestinal growth factor, showed a unique expression pattern in accordance with the irreversible changes induced by neonatal estrogenization in the vagina. Vaginal expression of TFF1 mRNA was markedly increased by estrogen in neonatal mice but not in adults, and pronouncedly intensified expression of the gastrointestinal gene was observed in the vagina of neonatally estrogenized mice even at adulthood. The specific localization of TFF1 protein in the epithelium of neonatally estrogenized vagina was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, without any obvious alteration in the expression of gel-forming mucin genes, the lumen of the neonatally estrogenized vagina became filled with periodic-acid-Schiff-stained mucinous gel, which was possibly caused by the overexpression of TFF1. Thus, estrogen acts directly on the developing vagina in the permanent induction of TFF1 gene expression, and the gene induction does not appear to be related to hypermethylation of the cis-promoter of the TFF1 gene. TFF1 may be a useful marker for developmental estrogenization syndrome of the mouse vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Masui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Kornprat P, Rehak P, Lemmerer M, Gogg-Kamerer M, Langner C. Analysis of trefoil factor family protein 1 (TFF1, pS2) expression in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2005; 446:505-10. [PMID: 15821928 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-1240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family protein 1 (TFF1, pS2) interacts with mucins to protect gastrointestinal epithelium against injury and contributes to mucosal repair by promoting epithelial cell migration and restitution. Moreover, TFF1 has antiproliferative and anti-apoptotic effects and promotes cell scattering and invasion. We investigated TFF1 expression in healthy and inflamed non-neoplastic gallbladder mucosa as well as in gallbladder carcinomas (n=57) and corresponding metastases (n=18), using a tissue microarray technique. TFF1 immunoreactivity was absent in healthy mucosa, focally observed in epithelium with inflammatory changes and present in 35% of primary and 24% of metastatic cancer tissues. Immunoreactivity significantly decreased with increasing tumour stage (P=0.009) and increasing tumour grade (P=0.001). Patients with TFF1 positive tumours showed a more favourable outcome compared to patients with TFF1 negative tumours in univariate analysis (P=0.006). However, multivariate analysis proved resection status and tumour grade as the only independent prognostic factors. In conclusion, TFF1 is expressed in inflamed non-neoplastic gallbladder epithelium and in low stage and low grade gallbladder carcinomas. Thus, TFF1 may be the missing link between gallstones, chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether TFF1 immunostaining can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify patients with a more favourable outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Analysis of Variance
- Carcinoma/chemistry
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/pathology
- Cholecystitis/metabolism
- Chronic Disease
- Female
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/chemistry
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/mortality
- Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mucous Membrane/chemistry
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Proteins/analysis
- Survival Rate
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kornprat
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
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22
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Gum JR, Hicks JW, Crawley SC, Yang SC, Borowsky AD, Dahl CM, Kakar S, Kim DH, Cardiff RD, Kim YS. Mice Expressing SV40 T Antigen Directed by the Intestinal Trefoil Factor Promoter Develop Tumors Resembling Human Small Cell Carcinoma of the Colon. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.504.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The colonic epithelium contains three major types of mature cells, namely, absorptive, goblet, and enteroendocrine cells. These cells are maintained by a complex process of cell renewal involving progenitor and stem cells, and colon cancers develop when this process goes awry. Much is known about the genetic and epigenetic changes that occur in cancer; however, little is known as to the specific cell types involved in carcinogenesis. In this study, we expressed the SV40 Tag oncogene in the intestinal epithelium under the control of an intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) promoter. This caused tumor formation in the proximal colon with remarkable efficiency. ITFTag tumors were rapidly growing, multifocal, and invasive. ITFTag tumor cells express synaptophysin and contain dense core secretory granules, markers of neuroendocrine differentiation. The cell type involved in the early steps of ITFTag tumorigenesis was studied by examining partially transformed crypts that contained populations of both normal and dysplastic cells. The dysplastic cell population always expressed both Tag and synaptophysin. Cells expressing Tag alone were never observed; however, normal enteroendocrine cells expressing synaptophysin but not Tag were readily visualized. This suggests that ITFTag tumor cells originate from the enteroendocrine cell lineage following a transforming event that results in Tag expression. ITFTag tumors closely resemble human small cell carcinomas of the colon, suggesting the possibility that these tumors might be derived from the enteroendocrine cell lineage as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Gum
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
- 2Anatomy,
| | - James W. Hicks
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
| | - Suzanne C. Crawley
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
| | - Stacey C. Yang
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- 5Department of Medical Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christine M. Dahl
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
- 3Pathology, and
| | - Dong Hoon Kim
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
| | - Robert D. Cardiff
- 5Department of Medical Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Young S. Kim
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Departments of
- 3Pathology, and
- 4Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
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23
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Chi AL, Lim S, Wang TC. Characterization of a CCAAT-enhancer element of trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) promoter in MCF-7 cells. Peptides 2004; 25:839-47. [PMID: 15177880 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors family 2 (TFF2), also known as spasmolytic polypeptide, is primarily expressed in the mucus neck cells of gastrointestinal tracts. It has been proposed that TFF2 plays an important physiological role in protection, repair, and healing of gastrointestinal mucosa. To investigate the cis-acting regulatory element that control TFF2 tissue-specific expression, we studied the basal TFF2 promoter activity through transient transfection in several human cancer cell lines. Expression of TFF2 was found to be significantly greater in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells compared to other cancer cells. Results from TFF2 promoter luciferase reporter constructs revealed that the basal level of TFF2 promoter activity was overall more than two-fold higher in MCF-7 cells compared to that of other cell lines examined. Using EMSA assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a cell line-specific transcriptional regulation element located in the TFF2 promoter 5'-flank sequence at -32/-27, and which contains a CCAAT/enhance binding proteins (C/EBPs) consensus-binding site. Mutation of this consensus site reduced the basal promoter activity by more than 50% in MCF-7 cells but had no effect in human gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified a CCAAT sequence as a cell line-specific cis-acting regulatory element that may contribute to the high level expression of TFF2 in MCF-7 cells. These results also suggest the possibility that TFF2 could play a role in mammary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Chi
- Gastroenterology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical Centre, Worcester 01655, USA
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24
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Emami S, Rodrigues S, Rodrigue CM, Le Floch N, Rivat C, Attoub S, Bruyneel E, Gespach C. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and cancer progression. Peptides 2004; 25:885-98. [PMID: 15177885 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TFF peptides are involved in mucosal maintenance and repair through motogenic and antiapoptotic activities. These peptides are overexpressed during inflammatory processes and cancer progression. They also function as scatter factors, proinvasive and angiogenic agents. Such a divergence is related to the pathophysiological state of tissues submitted to persistent aggressive situations during digestive processes in the normal gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In agreement with this model, TFF peptides are connected with multiple oncogenic pathways. As a consequence, the TFF signaling pathways may serve as potential targets in the control of chronic inflammation and progression of human solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Emami
- INSERM U482, Signal Transduction and Cellular Functions in Diabetes and Digestive Cancers, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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25
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Hertel SC, Chwieralski CE, Hinz M, Rio MC, Tomasetto C, Hoffmann W. Profiling trefoil factor family (TFF) expression in the mouse: identification of an antisense TFF1-related transcript in the kidney and liver. Peptides 2004; 25:755-62. [PMID: 15177869 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the trefoil factor family (TFF) genes (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) was systematically analyzed in 18 different organs from male or female mice using RT-PCR analysis. The expression patterns showed some gender-specific differences, e.g., TFF3 transcripts in the urinary bladder and liver. Furthermore, the murine expression profile differed from that in human, e.g., in the respiratory tract and uterine cervix. As a hallmark, an aberrant TFF1-related transcript was detected specifically in the kidney and liver of several mouse strains. Molecular characterization of this rare 1.8kb long transcript from the kidney clearly revealed that its 3' region originated from the antisense strand of the TFF1 locus containing particularly large parts of the antisense strands of introns 1 and 2. Homology searches using various databases revealed that this antisense TFF1-related transcript is subject of intense alternative splicing and no protein product encoded by this antisense TFF1-related transcript could be identified. Although the function of this transcript is not known currently, we can speculate that this antisense TFF1-related transcript might have a gene silencing effect particularly on TFF1 expression in the murine kidney and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C Hertel
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Medizinische Chemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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26
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Casadei R, Strippoli P, D'Addabbo P, Canaider S, Lenzi L, Vitale L, Giannone S, Frabetti F, Facchin F, Carinci P, Zannotti M. mRNA 5′ region sequence incompleteness: a potential source of systematic errors in translation initiation codon assignment in human mRNAs. Gene 2003; 321:185-93. [PMID: 14637006 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of gene products is routinely deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the relative cloned cDNA, according to the rules for recognition of start codon (first-AUG rule, optimal sequence context) and the genetic code. From this prediction stem most subsequent types of product analysis, although all standard methods for cDNA cloning are affected by a potential inability to effectively clone the 5' region of mRNA. Revision by bioinformatics and cloning methods of 109 known genes located on human chromosome 21 (HC 21) shows that 60 mRNAs lack any in-frame stop upstream of the first-AUG, and that in five cases (DSCR1, KIAA0184, KIAA0539, SON, and TFF3) the coding region at the 5' end was incompletely characterized in the original descriptions. We describe the respective consequences for genomic annotation, domain and ortholog identification, and functional experiments design. We have also analyzed the sequences of 13,124 human mRNAs (RefSeq databank), discovering that in 6448 cases (49%), an in-frame stop codon is present upstream of the initiation codon, while in the other 6676 mRNAs (51%), identification of additional bases at the mRNA 5' region could well reveal some new upstream in-frame AUG codons in the optimal context. Proportionally to the HC 21 data, about 550 known human genes might thus be affected by this 5' end mRNA artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Casadei
- Center for Research into Molecular Genetics Fondazione CARISBO, Institute of Histology and General Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 8-40126 Bologna, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract, despite the continual presence of microbial flora and injurious agents, is essential. Epithelial continuity depends on a family of small, yet abundant, secreted proteins--the trefoil factors (TFFs). TFFs protect mucous epithelia from a range of insults and contribute to mucosal repair, although the signalling events that mediate these responses are only partially understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Taupin
- The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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29
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Nikolaidis NM, Zimmermann N, King NE, Mishra A, Pope SM, Finkelman FD, Rothenberg ME. Trefoil factor-2 is an allergen-induced gene regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6 in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:458-64. [PMID: 12702542 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0309oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research, underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. In an effort to provide unbiased insight into the pathogenesis of this disease, we took an empirical approach involving transcript expression profiling of lung tissue from mice with experimental asthma. Employing asthma models induced by different allergens (ovalbumin [OVA] and Aspergillus fumigatus), we found strong induction of trefoil factor-2 (TFF2), a gene involved in epithelial restitution and mucosal secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Using a combination of pharmacologic delivery and transgenic overexpression, TFF2 was demonstrated to be strongly induced in the lung by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Notably, TFF2 induction by both OVA and pharmacologic delivery of IL-4 and IL-13 was dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6. However, the upregulation of TFF2 by both chronic expression of IL-4 and Aspergillus fumigatus antigen was independent of STAT6. These results establish that TFF2 is an allergen-induced lung gene product differentially regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6. Given the important role of trefoil factors in wound healing, epithelial restitution, and maintenance of mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract, these results support a potential role for TFF2, in both the acute and chronic phase of experimental asthma, via separate induction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028 Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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30
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Hoffmann W, Jagla W. Cell type specific expression of secretory TFF peptides: colocalization with mucins and synthesis in the brain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 213:147-81. [PMID: 11837892 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)13014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The "TFF domain" is an ancient cysteine-rich shuffled module forming the basic unit for the family of secretory TFF peptides (formerly P-domain peptides and trefoil factors). It is also an integral component of mosaic proteins associated with mucous surfaces. Three mammalian TFF peptides are known (i.e., TFF1-TFF3); however, in Xenopus laevis the pattern is more complex (xP1, xP4.1, xP4.2, and xP2). TFF peptides are typical secretory products of a variety of mucin-producing epithelial cells (e.g., the conjunctiva, the salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the uterus). Each TFF peptide shows an unique expression pattern and different mucin-producing cells are characterized by their specific TFF peptide/secretory mucin combinations. TFF peptides have a pivotal role in maintaining the surface integrity of mucous epithelia in vivo. They are typical constituents of mucus gels, they modulate rapid mucosal repair ("restitution") by their motogenic and their cell scattering activity, they have antiapoptotic effects, and they probably modulate inflammatory processes. Pathological expression of TFF peptides occurs as a result of chronic inflammatory diseases or certain tumors. TFF peptides are also found in the central nervous system, at least in mammals. In particular, TFF3 is synthesized from oxytocinergic neurons of the hypothalamus and is released from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Medizinische Chemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
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Scearce LM, Brestelli JE, McWeeney SK, Lee CS, Mazzarelli J, Pinney DF, Pizarro A, Stoeckert CJ, Clifton SW, Permutt MA, Brown J, Melton DA, Kaestner KH. Functional genomics of the endocrine pancreas: the pancreas clone set and PancChip, new resources for diabetes research. Diabetes 2002; 51:1997-2004. [PMID: 12086925 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.7.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, microarrays have greatly facilitated large-scale analysis of gene expression levels. Although these arrays were not specifically geared to represent tissues and pathways known to be affected by diabetes, they have been used in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes research. To prepare a tool that is particularly useful in the study of type 1 diabetes, we have assembled a nonredundant set of 3,400 clones representing genes expressed in the mouse pancreas or pathways known to be affected by diabetes. We have demonstrated the usefulness of this clone set by preparing a cDNA glass microarray, the PancChip, and using it to analyze pancreatic gene expression from embryonic day 14.5 through adulthood in mice. The clone set and corresponding array are useful resources for diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marie Scearce
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadephia, PA 19104, USA
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Bossenmeyer-Pourié C, Kannan R, Ribieras S, Wendling C, Stoll I, Thim L, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. The trefoil factor 1 participates in gastrointestinal cell differentiation by delaying G1-S phase transition and reducing apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2002; 157:761-70. [PMID: 12034770 PMCID: PMC2173421 DOI: 10.1083/jcb200108056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor (TFF)1 is synthesized and secreted by the normal stomach mucosa and by the gastrointestinal cells of injured tissues. The link between mouse TFF1 inactivation and the fully penetrant antropyloric tumor phenotype prompted the classification of TFF1 as a gastric tumor suppressor gene. Accordingly, altered expression, deletion, and/or mutations of the TFF1 gene are frequently observed in human gastric carcinomas. The present study was undertaken to address the nature of the cellular and molecular mechanisms targeted by TFF1 signalling. TFF1 effects were investigated in IEC18, HCT116, and AGS gastrointestinal cells treated with recombinant human TFF1, and in stably transfected HCT116 cells synthesizing constitutive or doxycycline-induced human TFF1. We observed that TFF1 triggers two types of cellular responses. On one hand, TFF1 lowers cell proliferation by delaying G1-S cell phase transition. This results from a TFF1-mediated increase in the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors of both the INK4 and CIP subfamilies, leading to lower E2F transcriptional activity. On the other hand, TFF1 protects cells from chemical-, anchorage-free-, or Bad-induced apoptosis. In this process, TFF1 signalling targets the active form of caspase-9. Together, these results provide the first evidence of a dual antiproliferative and antiapoptotic role for TFF1. Similar paradoxical functions have been reported for tumor suppressor genes involved in cell differentiation, a function consistent with TFF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Torres LF, Karam SM, Wendling C, Chenard MP, Kershenobich D, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1/pS2) deficiency activates the unfolded protein response. Mol Med 2002. [PMID: 12359958 DOI: 10.1007/bf03402153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trefoil factor 1 (TFF1/pS2) is a secreted gastrointestinal peptide that is often altered or lost in human gastric cancers. Consistently, mouse TFF1 deficiency leads to antropyloric tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the gene expression alterations in response to the lack of TFF1, we performed differential expression analyses of TFF1 null antropyloric tumors using an array containing 588 cDNAs. RESULTS Using total and enriched probes, 22 genes were found to be up-regulated. The identification of the genes for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident GRP78, ERp72, and p58IPK proteins connected TFF1 deficiency to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Accordingly, CHOP10, a transcription factor induced early in response to ER stress, and the pleiotropic Clusterin, involved in protein folding, were also overexpressed. Northern blot analyses of 8 weeks and 1 year TFF1 null tumors confirmed that GRP78, ERp72, p58IPK, CHOP10, and Clusterin overexpression is a common and permanent feature shared by all TFF1 null antropyloric tumors. Finally, consistent with UPR, ultrastructural analyses showed that tumor rough ER was enlarged and contained dense material, supporting the hypothesis that TFF1 deficiency leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. CONCLUSION Together, our data provide the first evidence of a relationship between a member of the TFF family and the ER machinery. Whereas to date TFF1 is believed to act as an extracellular molecule, our results suggest a possible additional function for TFF1 in protein folding and/or secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Fernando Torres
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Davisson MT, Bechtel LJ, Akeson EC, Fortna A, Slavov D, Gardiner K. Evolutionary breakpoints on human chromosome 21. Genomics 2001; 78:99-106. [PMID: 11707078 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Segments of the long arm of human chromosome 21 are conserved, centromere to telomere, in mouse chromosomes 16, 17, and 10. There have been 28 genes identified in human chromosome 21 between TMPRSS2, whose orthologue is the most distal gene mapped to mouse chromosome 16, and PDXK, whose orthologue is the most proximal gene mapped to mouse chromosome 10. Only 6 of these 28 genes have been mapped in mouse, and all are located on chromosome 17. To better define the chromosome 17 segment and the 16 to 17 transition, we used a combination of mouse radiation hybrid panel mapping and physical mapping by mouse: human genomic sequence comparison. We have determined the mouse chromosomal location of an additional 12 genes, predicted the location of 7 more,and defined the endpoints of the mouse chromosome 17 region. The mouse chromosome 16/chromosome 17 evolutionary breakpoint is between human genes ZNF295 and UMODL1, showing there are seven genes in the chromosome 16 segment distal to Tmprss2. The chromosome 17/chromosome 10 breakpoint seems to have involved a duplication of the gene PDXK, which on chromosome 21 lies immediately distal to the KIAA0179 gene. These data suggest that there may be as few as 21 functional genes in the mouse chromosome 17 segment. This information is important for defining existing and constructing more complete mouse models of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Davisson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
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