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Sharma S, Iqbal A, Azmi S, Mushtaq I, Wani ZA, Ahmad S. Prevalence of poultry coccidiosis in Jammu region of Jammu & Kashmir State. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:85-9. [PMID: 25698867 PMCID: PMC4328011 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study prevalence of chicken coccidiosis in Jammu division were undertaken in both organized and backyard chickens during the year 2010-2011, with an overall prevalence of 39.58 % on examination of 720 faecal samples. Five Eimeria species were identified viz., E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. acervulina and E. mitis. E. tenella was the predominant species in both organized and unorganized farms. The highest prevalence percentage was found in July, 2011 (68.9 %) and the lowest percentage was found in May, 2011 (12.5 %). Coccidial prevalence was found to be 53.61 % in unorganized (backyard poultry birds) as compared to organized birds (25.55 %). Maximum positive cases of coccidian infection was found in monsoon season (60.55 %) and least in summer season (21.66 %). Birds of age 31-45 days showed more prevalence percentage (58.86 %). Higher oocysts count was recorded from July to September with a peak value (38973.00 ± 3075.6) in July and lowest (12914.00 ± 595.48) in the month of May.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Sharma
- />Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181102 India
| | - Asif Iqbal
- />Disease Investigation Laboratory, Department of Sheep Husbandry, Nowshera, Srinagar, India
| | - Shagufta Azmi
- />Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181102 India
| | - Iram Mushtaq
- />Disease Investigation Laboratory, Department of Sheep Husbandry, Nowshera, Srinagar, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Wani
- />Division of Veterinary Parasitology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad
- />Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181102 India
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Tewari AK, Maharana BR. Control of poultry coccidiosis: changing trends. J Parasit Dis 2011; 35:10-7. [PMID: 22654309 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is the most important protozoan disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide. Control of poultry coccidiosis is presently based on managerial skills and the use of prophylactic coccidiostatic drugs. With the emergence of drug resistant Eimeria strains, emphasis has been laid on development and use of safer vaccines; some of them have been commercialized successfully. The present review deals with the various factors responsible for the development of clinical coccidiosis in poultry as well as an overview of the currently available inducers and boosters of immunity against coccidiosis. There are three groups of vaccines currently available against coccidiosis which can be distinguished on the basis of characteristics of the Eimeria species included in the respective products, viz. vaccines based on live virulent strains, vaccines based on live attenuated strains, and vaccines based on live strains that are relatively tolerant to the ionophore compounds. The latter vaccine combines the early chemotherapeutic effect of ionophores with the late prophylactic effect of vaccination. Although in the near future more varieties of oocyst based live vaccines are expected, identification of selective coccidian-specific immunoprotective molecules is likely to get more attention to facilitate the sustainable control of poultry coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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Labbé M, Péroval M, Bourdieu C, Girard-Misguich F, Péry P. Eimeria tenella enolase and pyruvate kinase: A likely role in glycolysis and in others functions. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1443-52. [PMID: 17030033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNA codings for glycolytic enzymes were cloned from a cDNA library constructed from the schizont stage of the avian parasite Eimeria tenella. Enolase and pyruvate kinase cDNA were fully sequenced and compared with sequences of enzymes from other organisms. Although these enzymes were already detected in the sporozoite stage, their expression was enhanced during the first schizogony in accordance with the anaerobic conditions of this part of the life cycle of the parasite. Under activating conditions, microscopic observations suggest that these glycolytic enzymes were relocalised inside sporozoites and moreover were in part secreted. The enzymes were also localised at the apex of the first generation of merozoites. Enolase was partly observed inside the nucleus of sporozoites and schizonts. Taken together, these results suggest that glycolytic enzymes not only have a function in glycolysis during anaerobic intracellular stages but may also participate in the invasion process and, for enolase, in the control of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Labbé
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France.
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de Venevelles P, François Chich J, Faigle W, Lombard B, Loew D, Péry P, Labbé M. Study of proteins associated with the Eimeria tenella refractile body by a proteomic approach. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1399-407. [PMID: 16959255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Refractile bodies (RB), whose function is still unknown, are specific structures of Eimeriidae parasites. In order to study their proteome, RB were purified from Eimeria tenella sporozoites by a new procedure using a reversible fixation followed by centrifugation. RB proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Around 76 and 89 spots were detected on RB two-dimensional gels using gradients in the 3-10 and 4-7 range, respectively. RB proteins were located mainly between pH 5 and 7. RB gels were then compared with previously established maps of the entire sporozoite proteome. Proteins appearing in new spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Thirty protein isoforms were located in RB. Added to the already known RB proteins such as Eimepsin and SO7', the new RB proteins were defined as haloacid dehalogenase, hydrolase, subtilase, lactacte dehydrogenase or ubiquitin family proteins. The RB proteome analysis confirmed the hypothesis that this structure is a reservoir for proteins necessary to invasion but also suggests that RB have energetic and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick de Venevelles
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Péroval M, Péry P, Labbé M. The heat shock protein 90 of Eimeria tenella is essential for invasion of host cell and schizont growth. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1205-15. [PMID: 16753167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 90-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) are important for stress tolerance, for newly synthesised protein folding and for the growth of various organisms. Participation of Hsp90 in the development of Apicomplexa, notably in Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, has been proven. In this work, the importance of Hsp90 for Eimeria tenella, which is responsible for avian caecal coccidiosis, was studied. Our results show that E. tenella Hsp90 (EtHsp90) expression increases during infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies reveal a dispersed localisation of EtHsp90 during the first schizogony. Moreover, EtHsp90 is secreted by sporozoites as early as 5min after addition of FCS in a temperature-dependent manner. By using staurosporine, we invalidated the hypothesis that EtHsp90 might be a micronemal protein. Then, EtHsp90 was detected in a parasitophorous vacuole membrane. This result suggests the importance of EtHsp90 for intracellular growth of the parasite. Inhibition of EtHsp90 function using specific antibodies and geldanamicin attenuates the capacity of E. tenella to invade and grow in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Péroval
- Département de Biologie, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
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Labbé M, de Venevelles P, Girard-Misguich F, Bourdieu C, Guillaume A, Péry P. Eimeria tenella microneme protein EtMIC3: identification, localisation and role in host cell infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 140:43-53. [PMID: 15694485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for Eimeria tenella protein EtMIC3 was cloned by screening a sporozoite cDNA library with two independent monoclonal antibodies raised against the oocyst stage. The deduced sequence of EtMIC3 is 988 amino acids long. The protein presents seven repeats in tandem, with four highly conserved internal repeats and three more divergent external repeats. Each repeat is characterised by a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site, WRCY, and a reminiscent motif of the thrombospondin1 (TSP1)-type I domain, CXXXCG. The protein EtMIC3 is localised at the apex of free parasite stages. It is not detected in the early intracellular parasite stage but is synthesised in mature schizonts. Secretion of the protein is induced when sporozoites are incubated in complete medium at 41 degrees C. Strangely enough, the two independent mAb that allow cloning of EtMIC3 interfere with parasitic growth in different ways. One is able to inhibit parasite invasion whereas the other inhibits development. Expression and localisation of the protein EtMIC3 are consistent with a protein involved in the invasion process as is expected for a microneme protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Labbé
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Ellis J, Sinclair D, Morrison D. Microarrays and stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:288-95. [PMID: 15147680 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology Sydney, Westbourne St, Gore Hill, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Réfega S, Girard-Misguich F, Bourdieu C, Péry P, Labbé M. Gene discovery in Eimeria tenella by immunoscreening cDNA expression libraries of sporozoites and schizonts with chicken intestinal antibodies. Vet Parasitol 2003; 113:19-33. [PMID: 12651215 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific antibodies were produced ex vivo from intestinal culture of Eimeria tenella infected chickens. The specificity of these intestinal antibodies was tested against different parasite stages. These antibodies were used to immunoscreen first generation schizont and sporozoite cDNA libraries permitting the identification of new E. tenella antigens. We obtained a total of 119 cDNA clones which were subjected to sequence analysis. The sequences coding for the proteins inducing local immune responses were compared with nucleotide or protein databases and with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) databases. We identified new Eimeria genes coding for heat shock proteins, a ribosomal protein, a pyruvate kinase and a pyridoxine kinase. Specific features of other sequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Réfega
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA F 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:58-65. [PMID: 11781266 PMCID: PMC118059 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.1.58-65.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, occurs worldwide. It is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases of domestic poultry. For many years, prophylactic use of anticoccidial feed additives has been the primary means of controlling coccidiosis in the broiler industry and has played a major role in the growth of this industry, which now can produce about 7.6 billion chickens annually. However, development of anticoccidial resistance has threatened the economic stability of the broiler industry. Although there has been little effort by the pharmaceutical industry to develop new anticoccidials, the mounting problem of drug resistance of Eimeria species has prompted major research efforts to seek alternative means of control through increased knowledge of parasite biology, host response, and nutritional modulation. As a consequence, important advancements have been made, particularly in defining parasite antigens that have potential use in vaccines, defining the Eimeria genome, understanding the immunology of coccidial infections, and the practical applications of live vaccines. This review describes the progress in these areas, most of which has occurred within the past 10 to 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Allen
- Parasite Biology, Epidemiology, and Systematics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Zemzoumi K, Guilvard E, Sereno D, Preto A, Benlemlih M, Da Silva AC, Lemesre JL, Ouaissi A. Cloning of a Leishmania major gene encoding for an antigen with extensive homology to ribosomal protein S3a. Gene 1999; 240:57-65. [PMID: 10564812 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following purification by affinity chromatography, a Leishmania major S-hexylglutathione- binding protein of molecular mass 66kDa was isolated. The immune serum against the parasite 66kDa polypeptide when used to screen a L. major cDNA library could identify clones encoding for the human v-fos transformation effector homologue, namely ribosomal protein S3a, and thus was named LmS3a-related protein (LmS3arp). A 1027bp cDNA fragment was found to contain the entire parasite gene encoding for a highly basic protein of 30kDa calculated molecular mass sharing homology to various ribosomal S3a proteins from different species. Using computer methods for a multiple alignment and sequence motif search, we found that LmS3arp shares a sequence homology to class theta glutathione S-transferase mainly in a segment containing critical residues involved in glutathione binding. These new findings are discussed in the light of recent published data showing multiple function(s) of the ribosomal proteins S3a.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Library
- Genes, Protozoan/genetics
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Leishmania major/chemistry
- Leishmania major/genetics
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protozoan Proteins
- Ribosomal Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sulfur Radioisotopes
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zemzoumi
- CJF-INSERM n degrees 96-04, Centre IRD, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032, Montpellier, France
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