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Zhang S, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liang S, Fan S, Chen D, Liu G. Discovery of novel phenanthridone derivatives with anti-streptococcal activity. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:371. [PMID: 37930433 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To address the growing health threat posed by drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, the development of novel antimicrobial medications with multiple mechanisms of action is in urgent demand. With traditional antibacterial drug resources challenging to push forward, developing new antibacterial drugs has become a hot spot in biomedical research. In this study, we tested the antibacterial activity of 119 phenanthridine derivatives via the antibacterial assay and obtained 5 candidates. The cytotoxicity assay showed one phenanthridine derivative, HCK20, was safe for mammalian cells below 125 µM. HCK20 was verified to possess significant antibacterial activity to Streptococcus spp., such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus equi with MICs ranging from 15 to 60 µM. Furthermore, we found that HCK20 probably achieved its bacterial inhibition by influencing the permeability of bacterial cell walls via interacting with Streptococcal penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Our results suggest that this phenanthridine derivative, HCK20, has great potential to become a novel antibacterial agent that can be a potent treatment for streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidan Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Song Liang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shirui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Duozhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Guangjin Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Westendorf J, Manini P, Casanova JO, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. extract and leaves (Sangrovit® extra) for all poultry species (excluding laying and breeding birds) (Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08052. [PMID: 37304353 PMCID: PMC10251260 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. extract and leaves (Sangrovit® Extra) when used as a zootechnical feed additive (functional group: other zootechnical additives) for all poultry species (excluding laying and breeding birds). The additive is standardised to contain a concentration of the sum of the four alkaloids sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine and allocryptopine of 1.25%, with 0.5% sanguinarine. Owing to the presence of the DNA intercalators sanguinarine and chelerythrine, a concern for genotoxicity was identified. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) had no safety concerns when the additive is used at the recommended level of 150 mg/kg complete feed (corresponding to 0.750 mg sanguinarine/kg complete feed) for chickens for fattening and other poultry species for fattening. No conclusion can be drawn for poultry reared for laying/breeding. The use of Sangrovit® Extra in poultry species for fattening at the maximum recommended level was considered of low concern for consumers. The additive was shown to be irritant to the eyes but not irritant to skin or a skin sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel could not exclude the potential of the additive to be a respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to sanguinarine and chelerythrine may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of users should be reduced. The use of Sangrovit® Extra as a feed additive under the proposed conditions of use was considered safe for the environment. The additive Sangrovit® Extra had the potential to be efficacious in improving performance of chickens for fattening at 45 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion was extended to chickens reared for laying/breeding and extrapolated to all poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding.
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Chen N, Qi Y, Ma X, Xiao X, Liu Q, Xia T, Xiang J, Zeng J, Tang J. Rediscovery of Traditional Plant Medicine: An Underestimated Anticancer Drug of Chelerythrine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906301. [PMID: 35721116 PMCID: PMC9198297 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In many studies, the extensive and significant anticancer activity of chelerythrine (CHE) was identified, which is the primary natural active compound in four traditional botanical drugs and can be applied as a promising treatment in various solid tumors. So this review aimed to summarize the anticancer capacities and the antitumor mechanism of CHE. The literature searches revolving around CHE have been carried out on PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases. Increasing evidence indicates that CHE, as a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, exhibits its excellent anticancer activity as CHE can intervene in tumor progression and inhibit tumor growth in multiple ways, such as induction of cancer cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis, autophagy-mediated cell death, bind selectively to telomeric G-quadruplex and strongly inhibit the telomerase activity through G-quadruplex stabilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and PKC. The role of CHE against diverse types of cancers has been investigated in many studies and has been identified as the main antitumor drug candidate in drug discovery programs. The current complex data suggest the potential value in clinical application and the future direction of CHE as a therapeutic drug in cancer. Furthermore, the limitations and the present problems are also highlighted in this review. Despite the unclearly delineated molecular targets of CHE, extensive research in this area provided continuously fresh data exploitable in the clinic while addressing the present requirement for further studies such as toxicological studies, combination medication, and the development of novel chemical methods or biomaterials to extend the effects of CHE or the development of its derivatives and analogs, contributing to the effective transformation of this underestimated anticancer drug into clinical practice. We believe that this review can provide support for the clinical application of a new anticancer drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juyi Xiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Geriatric Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Structural Basis for PPARs Activation by The Dual PPARα/γ Agonist Sanguinarine: A Unique Mode of Ligand Recognition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196012. [PMID: 34641558 PMCID: PMC8512631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play crucial roles in glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. Sanguinarine is a natural product that is isolated from Sanguinaria Canadensis, a potential therapeutic agent for intervention in chronic diseases. In this study, biochemical and cell-based promoter-reporter gene assays revealed that sanguinarine activated both PPARα and PPARγ, and enhanced their transcriptional activity; thus, sanguinarine was identified as a dual agonist of PPARα/γ. Similar to fenofibrate, sanguinarine upregulates the expression of PPARα-target genes in hepatocytes. Sanguinarine also modulates the expression of key PPARγ-target genes and promotes adipocyte differentiation, but with a lower adipogenic activity compared with rosiglitazone. We report the crystal structure of sanguinarine bound to PPARα, which reveals a unique ligand-binding mode of sanguinarine, dissimilar to the classic Y-shaped binding pocket, which may represent a new pharmacophore that can be optimized for selectively targeting PPARα. Further structural and functional studies uncover the molecular basis for the selectivity of sanguinarine toward PPARα/γ among all three PPARs. In summary, our study identifies a PPARα/γ dual agonist with a unique ligand-binding mode, and provides a promising and viable novel template for the design of dual-targeting PPARs ligands.
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Sett R, Sen S, Paul BK, Guchhait N. Effect of temperature and salts on niosome-bound anti-cancer drug along with disruptive influence of cyclodextrins. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118261. [PMID: 32213458 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of a persuasive anticancer drug (Sanguinarine, SGR) within microheterogeneous environment of niosome has been investigated. Utilizing steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods the effects of extrinsically added salts and temperature on the photophysical properties of niosome-bound bio-active drug have been explored thoroughly. The prototropic (alkanolamine⇌ iminium) equilibrium of SGR is found to be preferentially favored toward the neutral form inside the hydrophobic interior of niosome. With addition of salts and increment of temperature the reverse tendency of stabilization of the cationic species is observed which can be explained on the basis of degree of water penetration of water molecules to the hydration layer of niosome. Furthermore, drug sequestration has been investigated via disruption of niosome applying cyclodextrins (CDs). Exploration of the effect of CDs (β-CD and γ-CD) on the niosome aids to have knowledge of the effect of CDs on cell membrane. In addition, the differential rotational relaxation behavior of SGR at various environmental circumstances has been observed to substantiate with other experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Swagata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Bijan K Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India.
| | - Nikhil Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Sarkhosh‐Inanlou R, Molaparast M, Mohammadzadeh A, Shafiei‐Irannejad V. Sanguinarine enhances cisplatin sensitivity via glutathione depletion in cisplatin‐resistant ovarian cancer (A2780) cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:215-223. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sarkhosh‐Inanlou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Morteza Molaparast
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
- Department of Immunology and Genetic Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Vahid Shafiei‐Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
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Zielińska S, Wójciak-Kosior M, Dziągwa-Becker M, Gleńsk M, Sowa I, Fijałkowski K, Rurańska-Smutnicka D, Matkowski A, Junka A. The Activity of Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Extracts from Chelidonium majus against Pathogenic Bacteria and Candida sp. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070406. [PMID: 31336994 PMCID: PMC6669454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity due to the complex alkaloid composition. The aim of the research was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of extracts from wild plants and in vitro cultures, as well as seven major individual alkaloids. Plant material derived from different natural habitats and in vitro cultures was used for the phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial tests. The composition of alkaloids was analyzed using chromatographic techniques (HPLC with DAD detection). The results have shown that roots contained higher number and amounts of alkaloids in comparison to aerial parts. All tested plant extracts manifested antimicrobial activity, related to different chemical structures of the alkaloids. Root extract used at 31.25–62.5 mg/L strongly reduced bacterial biomass. From the seven individually tested alkaloids, chelerythrine was the most effective against P. aeruginosa (MIC at 1.9 mg/L), while sanguinarine against S. aureus (MIC at 1.9 mg/L). Strong antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans when chelerythrine, chelidonine, and aerial parts extract were used. The experiments with plant extracts, individually tested alkaloids, and variable combinations of the latter allowed for a deeper insight into the potential mechanisms affecting the activity of this group of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dziągwa-Becker
- Departament of Weed Science and Tillage Systems, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Orzechowa 61, 50-540 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Gleńsk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Rurańska-Smutnicka
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Cultivation, Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, Al. Jana Kochanowskiego 14, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Junka
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Gao L, Schmitz HJ, Merz KH, Schrenk D. Characterization of the cytotoxicity of selected Chelidonium alkaloids in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 2019; 311:91-97. [PMID: 31054355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytomedicinal preparations containing extracts of the plant Chelidonium majus (Greater Celandine) have been used in the therapy of upper abdominal disorders. C. majus alkaloids (CAL) were suspected to be responsible for reported cases of liver symptoms including cases of acute liver failure in patients upon treatment with certain C. majus preparations. Based on these reports, a safe oral daily dose limit of not more than 2.5 mg CAL was established in the EU. However, C. majus extracts and individual CAL were not able to elicit similar adverse effects when given orally to pigs or rats. We found that CAL differ considerably in their cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes in culture. The cationic congeners chelerythrine, coptisine and sanguinarine were the most toxic ones (EC20 values ≤2 μM) while the neutral congeners chelidonine, dihydrosanguinarine and protopine were less toxic, with a rank order of toxicity of coptisine > chelerythrine > sanguinarine > chelidonine > protopine > dihydrosanguinarine. Calculation of octanol-water partition coefficients revealed that the most cytotoxic CAL in hepatocytes were the cationic polar ones. At cytotoxic concentrations sanguinarine led to a marked decrease in reduced and oxidized intracellular glutathione while the much less cytotoxic dihydrosanguinarine did not. After glutathione depletion with menadione, CAL toxicity was only slightly enhanced. Comparison of the cytotoxic concentrations to reported liver levels in experimental animals suggests that the latter were too low to cause hepatotoxicity, probably due to an extremely low oral availability of certain CAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schmitz
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Merz
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Galadari S, Rahman A, Pallichankandy S, Thayyullathil F. Molecular targets and anticancer potential of sanguinarine-a benzophenanthridine alkaloid. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:143-153. [PMID: 28899497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is an enormous global health burden, and should be effectively addressed with better therapeutic strategies. Currently, over 60% of the clinically approved anticancer agents are either directly isolated from natural sources or are modified from natural lead molecules. Sanguinarine (SNG), a quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloid has gained increasing attention in recent years as a potential anticancer agent. PURPOSE There is a large untapped source of phytochemical-based anticancer agents remaining to be explored. This review article aims to recapitulate different anticancer properties of SNG, and describes some of the molecular targets involved in exerting its effect. It also depicts the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of SNG, two parameters important in determining the druggability of a molecule. METHODS Numerous in vivo and in vitro published studies have signified the anticancer properties of SNG. In order to collate and decipher these properties, an extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords followed by the evaluation of the relevant articles where the relevant reports are integrated and analyzed. RESULTS Apart from inducing cell death, SNG inhibits pro-tumorigenic processes such as invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in different cancers. Moreover, SNG has been shown to synergistically enhance the sensitivity of several chemotherapeutic agents and is effective against a variety of multi-drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Anees Rahman
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Croaker A, King GJ, Pyne JH, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Simanek V, Liu L. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine, a phytochemical used in 'therapeutic' black salve and mouthwash. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 774:46-56. [PMID: 29173498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitively determined. Sanguinarine has a molecular structure similar to known polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and is a DNA intercalator. Sanguinarine also generates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in the unfolded protein response and the formation of 8-hydroxyguanine genetic lesions. Sanguinarine has been the subject of contradictory in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and murine carcinogenesis test results that have delayed its carcinogenic classification. Despite this, epidemiological studies have linked mouthwash that contains sanguinarine with the development of oral leukoplakia. Sanguinarine is also proposed as an aetiological agent in gallbladder carcinoma. This literature review investigates the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine. Reasons for contradictory genotoxicity and carcinogenesis results are explored, knowledge gaps identified and a strategy for determining the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine especialy relating to black salve are discussed. As patients continue to apply black salve, especially to skin regions suffering from field cancerization and skin malignancies, an understanding of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine is of urgent clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Croaker
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia; Wesley Medical Research Institute, Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia; Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - John H Pyne
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Vilim Simanek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
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Sai CM, Qin NB, Jia CC, Li DH, Wang KB, Pei YH, Bai J, Li ZL, Hua HM. Macleayine, a new alkaloid from Macleaya cordata. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Chen XM, Zhang M, Fan PL, Qin YH, Zhao HW. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis in renal cancer HEK-293 and SW-839 cell lines. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3917-3924. [PMID: 27313717 PMCID: PMC4888265 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid chelerythrine chloride (CC) has inhibitory effects on various tumors. However, the anticancer activity of CC and its underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated in renal cancer cells. The present study examined the effects of CC on growth inhibition and apoptosis of renal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays revealed that CC markedly suppressed the growth of HEK-293 and human renal cancer SW-839 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The xenograft mouse model, which was performed in nude mice, exhibited a reduced tumor growth following CC treatment. In addition, the present study revealed that CC significantly decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, which was accompanied by upregulation of p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase-3 and PARP. Furthermore, the use of PD98059, a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, potentiated the proapoptotic effects of CC, which indicated that CC may induce apoptosis in renal cancer cells partly via inhibition of ERK activity. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that CC may be developed as a potential anticancer treatment for patients with renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Li Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Utilization of deep eutectic solvents as novel mobile phase additives for improving the separation of bioactive quaternary alkaloids. Talanta 2016; 149:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sai CM, Li DH, Li SG, Han T, Guo YZ, Pei YH, Bai J, Jing YK, Li ZL, Hua HM. Racemic alkaloids from Macleaya cordata: structural elucidation, chiral resolution, and cytotoxic, antibacterial activities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three pairs of new enantiomeric natural alkaloids (±)-macleayins C-E (1–3), together with five pairs of known racemic alkaloids (4–8), were isolated from the aerial parts of Macleaya cordata.
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Sai CM, Li DH, Xue CM, Wang KB, Hu P, Pei YH, Bai J, Jing YK, Li ZL, Hua HM. Two Pairs of Enantiomeric Alkaloid Dimers from Macleaya cordata. Org Lett 2015; 17:4102-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Sai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Mei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Kui Jing
- Department
of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
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16
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Liu Y, Jiao R, Ma ZG, Liu W, Wu QQ, Yang Z, Li FF, Yuan Y, Bian ZY, Tang QZ. Sanguinarine inhibits angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac cells via restoring reactive oxygen species-mediated decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3400-3408. [PMID: 26017473 PMCID: PMC4526052 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell apoptosis induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II) has a critical role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether sanguinarine (SAN), a drug which was proved to have anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and immune enhancing effects, can abolish cell apoptosis induced by Ang II. In the present study, H9c2 cardiac cells were stimulated with 10 µM Ang II with or without SAN. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was assessed using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed using JC-1 staining. Furthermore, mRNA expression of NOX2 was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. The expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) as well as cleaved (c)-caspase 3 and -9 were detected by western blot analysis, and the activity of caspase 3 and -9 was detected using an ELISA. The results of the present study showed that NOX2 expression and ROS generation induced by Ang II were inhibited by SAN, and the Ang 2-induced MMP loss was also ameliorated. Furthermore, Ang II-induced H9c2 cardiac cell apoptosis as well as c-caspase 3 and -9 levels were significantly reduced by SAN. Investigation of the possible pathway involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of SAN showed that the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased, while that of Bax was increased following stimulation with Ang II, which was reversed following treatment with SAN. In addition, Ang II enhanced the activity of caspase 9 and cleaved downstream caspases such as caspase-3, initiating the caspase cascade, while pre-treatment of H9c2 cardiac cells with SAN blocked these effects. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that SAN inhibits the apoptosis of H9c2 cardiac cells induced by Ang II, most likely via restoring ROS-mediated decreases of the MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Rong Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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17
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Eid SY, El-Readi MZ, Fatani SH, Mohamed Nour Eldin EE, Wink M. Natural Products Modulate the Multifactorial Multidrug Resistance of Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2015.63017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Schütz I, Moritz GB, Roos W. Alkaloid metabolism in thrips-Papaveraceae interaction: recognition and mutual response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:119-26. [PMID: 24331426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), the Western Flower Thrips (WFT), is a polyphagous and highly adaptable insect of the order Thysanoptera. It has a broad host range but is rarely found on Papaveraceae, which might be due to deterrent effects of alkaloids present in most species of this family. In order to test the adaptive potential of WFT, we investigated its interaction with two Papaveraceae offered as sole feeding source. We found that WFT are able to live and feed on leaves of Eschscholzia californica and Chelidonium majus. Both plants respond to thrips feeding by the enhanced production of benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Furthermore, cell cultures of E. californica react to water insoluble compounds prepared from adult thrips with enhanced alkaloid production. During feeding, WFT take up benzophenanthridine alkaloids from either plant and from an artificial feeding medium and convert them to their less toxic dihydroderivatives. This was shown in detail with sanguinarine, the most cytotoxic benzophenanthridine. A similar conversion is used in plants to prevent self-intoxication by their own toxins. We conclude that WFT causes a phytoalexin-like response in Papaveraceae, but is able to adapt to such host plants by detoxification of toxic alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Schütz
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie/Entwicklungsbiologie, Domplatz 4, 06108 Halle, Germany.
| | - Gerald B Moritz
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie/Entwicklungsbiologie, Domplatz 4, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Werner Roos
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Pharmazie/Molekulare Zellbiologie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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19
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Shan XF, Meng QF, Kang YH, Bian Y, Gao YH, Wang WL, Qian AD. Isolation of active compounds from methanol extracts of Toddalia asiatica against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Liu M, Lin YL, Chen XR, Liao CC, Poo WK. In vitro assessment of Macleaya cordata crude extract bioactivity and anticancer properties in normal and cancerous human lung cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:775-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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El-Readi MZ, Eid S, Ashour ML, Tahrani A, Wink M. Modulation of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by chelidonine and Chelidonium majus alkaloids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:282-294. [PMID: 23238299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often develop multidrug resistance (MDR) which is a multidimensional problem involving several mechanisms and targets. This study demonstrates that chelidonine and an alkaloid extract from Chelidonium majus, which contains protoberberine and benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids, has the ability to overcome MDR of different cancer cell lines through interaction with ABC-transporters, CYP3A4 and GST, by induction of apoptosis, and cytotoxic effects. Chelidonine and the alkaloid extract inhibited P-gp/MDR1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR5000 and reversed their doxorubicin resistance. In addition, chelidonine and the alkaloid extract inhibited the activity of the drug modifying enzymes CYP3A4 and GST in a dose-dependent manner. The alkaloids induced apoptosis in MDR cells which was accompanied by an activation of caspase-3, -8,-6/9, and phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure. cDNA arrays were applied to identify differentially expressed genes after treatment with chelidonine and the alkaloid extract. The expression analysis identified a common set of regulated genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle, and drug metabolism. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with 50 μg/ml alkaloid extract and 50 μM chelidonine for up to 48 h resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA levels of P-gp/MDR1, MRP1, BCRP, CYP3A4, GST, and hPXR and in a significant increase in caspase-3 and caspase-8 mRNA. Thus, chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells. Its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Talbot NC, Caperna TJ, Garrett WM. Growth and Development Symposium: Development, characterization, and use of a porcine epiblast-derived liver stem cell line: ARS-PICM-19. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:66-77. [PMID: 23148238 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Totipotent embryonic stem cell lines have not been established from ungulates; however, we have developed a somatic stem cell line from the in vitro culture of pig epiblast cells. The cell line, ARS-PICM-19, was isolated via colony cloning and was found to spontaneously differentiate into hepatic parenchymal epithelial cell types, namely hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Hepatocytes form as monolayers and bile duct cells as 3-dimensional bile ductules. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ductules were composed of radially arranged, monociliated cells with their cilia projecting into the lumen of the ductule whereas hepatocytes were arranged in monolayers with lateral canalicular structures containing numerous microvilli and connected by tight junctions and desmosomes. Extensive Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum networks were also present, indicative of active protein synthesis. Analysis of conditioned medium by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry indicated a spectrum of serum-protein secretion by the hepatocytes. The PICM-19 cell line maintains a range of inducible cytochrome P450 activities and, most notably, is the only nontransformed cell line that synthesizes urea in response to ammonia challenge. The PICM-19 cell line has been used for several biomedical- and agricultural-related purposes, such as the in vitro replication of hepatitis E virus, a zoonotic virus of pigs, and a spaceflight experiment to evaluate somatic stem cell differentiation and liver cell function in microgravity. The cell line was also evaluated as a platform for toxicity testing and has been used in a commercial artificial liver rescue device bioreactor. A PICM-19 subclone, PICM-19H, which only differentiates into hepatocytes, was isolated and methods are currently under development to grow PICM-19 cells without feeder cells. Feeder-cell-independent growth will facilitate the study of mesenchymal-parenchymal interactions that influence the divergent differentiation of the PICM-19 cells, enhance our ability to genetically modify the cells, and provide a better model system to investigate porcine hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Talbot
- USDA, ARS, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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23
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Metabolic interactions of environmental toxicants in humans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22974747 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A description of the interactions between environmental toxicants following simultaneous exposure or exposure in close temporal sequence is presented. At the metabolic level, such interactions may be based on induction, inhibition, or activation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Cytotoxicity may also play a role, particularly in affecting induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. The effects of interactions manifested at the level of the expression of toxic endpoints may result from interactions at the metabolic level or may have other causes. New approaches to genome-wide effects (e.g., microarray studies) are also discussed.
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24
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Vrba J, Orolinova E, Ulrichova J. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 by Macleaya cordata extract and its constituent sanguinarine in RAW264.7 cells. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:329-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Cytochrome P450 expression profile of the PICM-19H pig liver cell line: potential application to rapid liver toxicity assays. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 46:11-9. [PMID: 19915937 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver in vitro models are needed to replace animal models for rapid assessment of drug biotransformation and toxicity. The PICM-19 pig liver stem cell line may fulfill this need since these cells have activities associated with xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism lacking in other liver cell lines. The objective of this study was to characterize phase I and II metabolic functions of a PICM-19 derivative cell line, PICM-19H, compared to the tumor-derived human HepG2 C3A cell line and primary cultures of adult porcine hepatocytes. Following exposure of PICM-19H cells to either 3-methylcholanthrene, rifampicin or phenobarbital, the induced activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes CYP-1A, -2, and-3A were assessed. Relative to adult porcine hepatocytes, PICM- 19H cells exhibited 30% and 43%, respectively, of CYP1A and 3A activities, while HepG2 C3A cells exhibited 7% and 0% of those activities. Fluorescent metabolites were extensively conjugated, i.e., 52% and 96% of CYP450-1A and-3A metabolites were released from medium samples following treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. Rifampicin induction of CYP450 isozyme activities was confirmed by conversion of testosterone to 6β-OH-, 2α-OH- and 2β-OH-testosterone, as determined by mass spectrometry. Susceptibility of PICM-19H cells to acetaminophen toxicity was determined; CD50 was calculated to be 14.9±0.9 mM. Toxicity and bioactivation of aflatoxin B1 was determined in 3-methylcholanthrenetreated cultures and untreated controls; CD50 were 1.59 μM and 31 μM, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential use of PICM-19H cells in drug biotransformation and toxicity testing and further support their use in extracorporeal artificial liver device technology.
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26
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Li XL, Yao JY, Zhou ZM, Shen JY, Ru HS, Liu XL. Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:247-52. [PMID: 21400114 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dactylogyrus intermedius is a significant monogenean parasite on the gills of cyprinid fishes and can cause severe economic losses in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding. In the present study, bioactivity-guide fractionation was employed to identify active compound from Chelidonium majus L. against D. intermedius. In vivo anthelmintic activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol extracts of C. majus were tested. Among them, only the n-butanol extract exhibited promising anthelmintic efficacy, and therefore subjected to the further isolation and purification using various chromatographic techniques. A compound showing potent activity was obtained and identified by hydrogen, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and electron ionization mass spectrometry as chelerythrine. In vivo anthelmintic efficacy tests exhibited that chelerythrine was 100% effective against D. intermedius at a concentration of 1.60 mg L(-1), with LC(50) values of 0.68 mg L(-1) after 48 h of exposure. The 48-h LC(50) value (acute toxicity tests) of chelerythrine was found to be 3.59 mg L(-1) for grass carp. These results provided evidence that chelerythrine can be selected as a lead compound for the development of new drugs against D. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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27
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Chemical biology of histone acetyltransferase natural compounds modulators. Mol Divers 2011; 15:401-16. [PMID: 21197572 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are a class of epigenetic enzymes crucial for chromatin restructuring and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells, thus being a promising target for therapeutic development. Nonetheless, differently from histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors, there is still paucity of small-molecule modulators of HAT activity. After a decline during past decade, natural products and their derivatives could be once again a valuable tool in the lead discovery process and meet such need of Novel Chemical Entities (NCEs). In this review, we will provide a comprehensive summary on the discovery of small-molecule HAT modulators from naturally occurring molecular scaffolds.
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28
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Bertuzzi T, Agosti B, Gualla A, Pietri A. LC–MS–MS Determination of Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine Using a HILIC Column. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Angelova S, Buchheim M, Frowitter D, Schierhorn A, Roos W. Overproduction of alkaloid phytoalexins in California poppy cells is associated with the co-expression of biosynthetic and stress-protective enzymes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:927-939. [PMID: 20729473 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many plant cells respond to pathogens by the induction of phytoalexin biosynthesis, but the underlying changes of gene expression are often obscured by their close linkage to the complex rearrangements during pathogen defense, especially the hypersensitive cell death. In root-derived cell cultures of Eschscholzia californica, the overproduction of cytotoxic benzophenanthridine alkaloids can be triggered by a minimum of pathogen pressure that does not evoke hypersensitive reactions. Such conditions activate a signal chain that is initiated by a short contact to low concentrations of yeast glycoprotein elicitor and includes a transient acidification of the cytoplasm. In contrast, high elicitor concentrations signal via an increase of jasmonate and trigger hypersensitive cell death, preceded by a drastic decay of translatable mRNAs. The main changes in protein and mRNA patterns caused by either signal path were compared by 2D proteomic separation, MS/MS sequencing and mRNA-in vitro translation. The four proteins showing the highest overexpression were identical between cells that received low or high-elicitor treatment and overlapped with the three proteins most up-regulated by artificial pH shifts. They comprised one biosynthetic enzyme (norcoclaurine:SAM 4' O-methyl-transferase) plus a unique combination of stress-protective proteins: a heat shock protein (hsp 70); a peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans isomerase (cyclophilin); and a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It appears that overproduction of the benzophenanthridine phytoalexins requires the up-regulation of a rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme plus the coordinated expression of a specific set of protective enzymes and thus is managed like an oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sornitza Angelova
- Kliment-Ohridski-University of Sofia, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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30
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Trávnícek Z, Starha P, Popa I, Vrzal R, Dvorák Z. Roscovitine-based CDK inhibitors acting as N-donor ligands in the platinum(II) oxalato complexes: preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4609-14. [PMID: 20692737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of potassium bis(oxalato)platinate dihydrate with two molar equivalents of the potent adenine-based cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-N6-(benzyl)-9-isopropyladenine (Roscovitine; Ros) and its benzyl-substituted analogues, i.e. 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-N6-(2-methoxybenzyl)-9-isopropyladenine (2OMeRos), 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-N6-(3-methoxybenzyl)-9-isopropyladenine (3OMeRos) and 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-N6-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-isopropyladenine (4OMeRos), were performed and the [Pt(ox)(Ros)(2)].(3/4)H(2)O (1), [Pt(ox)(2OMeRos)(2)].H(2)O (2), [Pt(ox)(3OMeRos)(2)].(1/2)H(2)O (3) and [Pt(ox)(4OMeRos)(2)].(3/4)H(2)O (4) platinum(II) oxalato complexes were obtained. The methods of the elemental analysis, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy, ESI + mass spectrometry, molar conductivity measurement and TG/DTA thermal analysis were performed to characterize the obtained products. The complexes 1-4 involve tetracoordinated central Pt(II) atom with one bidentate-coordinated oxalate dianion (ox) and two monodentate adenine-based molecules (nRos), thus giving the square-planar geometry around the metal centre with a PtN(2)O(2) donor set. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the complexes against ovarian carcinoma (A2780), cisplatin resistant ovarian carcinoma (A2780cis), malignant melanoma (G-361), lung carcinoma (A549), cervix epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and osteosarcoma (HOS) human cancer cell lines was evaluated. All the tested complexes exceeded the in vitro cytotoxicity of cisplatin and oxaliplatin against HeLa, A2780cis and, except for 2, also against HOS cancer cells. The complex 1 was also tested for its cytotoxicity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and it was not found to be hepatotoxic up to the concentration of 50.0 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Trávnícek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Tr. 17. listopadu 12, CZ771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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31
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Vogel M, Lawson M, Sippl W, Conrad U, Roos W. Structure and mechanism of sanguinarine reductase, an enzyme of alkaloid detoxification. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18397-406. [PMID: 20378534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine reductase is a plant enzyme that prevents the cytotoxic effects of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, which are the main phytoalexins of Papaveraceae. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of sanguinarine, the most toxic benzophenanthridine, which re-enters the cytoplasm after its primary accumulation in the cell wall region has reached a threshold concentration. We present the sequence of the gene and protein of sanguinarine reductase isolated from cell cultures of Eschscholzia californica. High sequence similarities indicate that the enzyme evolved from a plant-specific branch of the ubiquitous Rossmann fold NAD(P)H/NAD(P)(+) binding reductases, with NADP-dependent epimerases or hydroxysteroid reductases as the most likely ancestors. Based on the x-ray structure of a close homolog, a three-dimensional model of the spatial conformation and catalytic site of sanguinarine reductase was established and used for in silico screening of known three-dimensional structures. Surprisingly, the enzyme shares high structural similarity with enzymes of human and bacterial origin, which have similar functions as the plant homologs but bear little amino acid sequence similarity. Using site-directed mutagenesis, a series of recombinant enzymes was generated and assayed to reveal the impact of individual amino acids and peptides in the catalytic process. It appears that relatively few innovations were required to generate this selective catalyst for alkaloid detoxication, notably an insertion of 13 amino acids and the generation of a novel catalytic triad of Cys-Asp-His were sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, the Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
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Slunská Z, Gelnarová E, Hammerová J, Táborská E, Slaninová I. Effect of quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids sanguilutine and chelilutine on normal and cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:697-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Štarha P, Popa I, Trávníček Z. Palladium(II) oxalato complexes involving N6-(benzyl)-9-isopropyladenine-based N-donor carrier ligands: Synthesis, general properties, 1H, 13C and 15N{1H} NMR characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Meng F, Zuo G, Hao X, Wang G, Xiao H, Zhang J, Xu G. Antifungal activity of the benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids from Chelidonium majus Linn against resistant clinical yeast isolates. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:494-496. [PMID: 19647059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herb of Chelidonium majus Linn is known to possess a variety of biological activities and applied in the therapy of various infectious diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of the active components from Chelidonium majus against clinical drug-resistant yeast isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Active compounds were obtained using bioassay-guided method. Six species of yeast fungi were exposed to the compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined according to the standard broth microdilution method. RESULTS Of the six compounds determined, 8-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine (1) and 8-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine (2) demonstrated potent activity with the MIC ranges of 2-80 and 4-100 microg/mL, respectively. Dihydrosanguinarine (3), dihydrochelerythrine (4), sanguinarine (5) and chelerythrine (6) had some degree of antifungal activity. CONCLUSIONS The overall results provided important information for the potential application of the 8-hydroxylated alkaloids from Chelidonium majus in the therapy of serious infection caused by drug-resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyan Meng
- Research Center for Natural Medicines, Kunming General Hospital, PLA, 212 Da Guan Road, 650032 Kunming, China
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35
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Selvi B R, Pradhan SK, Shandilya J, Das C, Sailaja BS, Shankar G N, Gadad SS, Reddy A, Dasgupta D, Kundu TK. Sanguinarine interacts with chromatin, modulates epigenetic modifications, and transcription in the context of chromatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:203-16. [PMID: 19246011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA-binding anticancer agents cause alteration in chromatin structure and dynamics. We report the dynamic interaction of the DNA intercalator and potential anticancer plant alkaloid, sanguinarine (SGR), with chromatin. Association of SGR with different levels of chromatin structure was enthalpy driven with micromolar dissociation constant. Apart from DNA, it binds with comparable affinity with core histones and induces chromatin aggregation. The dual binding property of SGR leads to inhibition of core histone modifications. Although it potently inhibits H3K9 methylation by G9a in vitro, H3K4 and H3R17 methylation are more profoundly inhibited in cells. SGR inhibits histone acetylation both in vitro and in vivo. It does not affect the in vitro transcription from DNA template but significantly represses acetylation-dependent chromatin transcription. SGR-mediated repression of epigenetic marks and the alteration of chromatin geography (nucleography) also result in the modulation of global gene expression. These data, conclusively, show an anticancer DNA binding intercalator as a modulator of chromatin modifications and transcription in the chromatin context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthrotha Selvi B
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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36
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Choy CS, Cheah KP, Chiou HY, Li JS, Liu YH, Yong SF, Chiu WT, Liao JW, Hu CM. Induction of hepatotoxicity by sanguinarine is associated with oxidation of protein thiols and disturbance of mitochondrial respiration. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 28:945-56. [PMID: 18548746 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SANG) has been suggested to be one of the principle constituents responsible for the toxicity of Argemone mexicana seed oil. In this study, we focused on the possible mechanism of SANG-induced hepatotoxicity. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, hepatic vacuolization, lipid accumulation and lipid peroxidation of the liver were increased, and triglyceride (TG) was decreased in SANG-treated mice (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), indicating damage to the liver. SANG induced cell death and DNA fragmentation, in a concentration- (0-30 microm) and time-dependent (0-24 h) manner, and the cytotoxicity of SANG (15 microm) was accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species and a lessening in protein thiol content; these outcomes were reversed by glutathione, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and 1,4-dithiothretol, and slightly improved by other antioxidants in hepatocytes. SANG can affect the function of mitochondria, leading to the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of hepatocytes. SANG caused an uncoupling effect of the respiratory chain at lower concentrations, but inhibited the respiratory chain at higher concentrations in mitochondria isolated from rat liver. In conclusion, the data suggest that SANG is a liver toxin that induces cytotoxicity in liver cells, possibly through oxidation of protein thiols, resulting in oxidative stress on the cells and disturbance of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Sing Choy
- Emergency Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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37
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Vecera R, Klejdus B, Kosina P, Orolin J, Stiborová M, Smrcek S, Vicar J, Dvorák Z, Ulrichová J, Kubán V, Anzenbacher P, Simánek V. Disposition of sanguinarine in the rat. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:549-58. [PMID: 17523056 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701230542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine is an alkaloid with known antibiotic and anti-inflammatory activity and its pharmacokinetics have been studied in the rat after a single oral dose (10 mg kg(-1) body weight). Alkaloid determination in the plasma and liver was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). The pharmacokinetic parameters (t(max), c(max), AUC(0-->t) and AUC(0-->infinity)) were determined for sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine, the major components detected in plasma. The first step in sanguinarine metabolism in the rat was the reduction of the iminium bond resulting in formation of the less toxic dihydrosanguinarine. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma and liver after 24 h and not detected in urine. After a single oral dose of (3)H-sanguinarine, more than 42% of the ingested radioactivity was present in gastrointestinal tract. Benz[c]acridine, up to date the only sanguinarine metabolite referred to in the literature, was not detected in the plasma, liver or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vecera
- Department of Pharmacology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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38
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Vrba J, Doležel P, Vičar J, Modrianský M, Ulrichová J. Chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine induce G1 phase arrest and bimodal cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1008-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Higashida M, Xu S, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kennedy DO, Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Matsui-Yuasa I. 1′-Acetoxychavicol acetate-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by a rapid and drastic modulation of glutathione metabolism. Amino Acids 2008; 36:107-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Jancula D, Suchomelová J, Gregor J, Smutná M, Marsálek B, Táborská E. Effects of aqueous extracts from five species of the family Papaveraceae on selected aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:480-6. [PMID: 17696132 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of aqueous root extracts from five species of the family Papaveraceae on the growth of cyanobacteria, algae, and other non-target aquatic organisms were investigated to evaluate their potential use as algicides or cyanocides in the aquatic environment. Dicranostigma lactucoides and Sanguinaria canadensis featured the highest toxicity while Macleaya microcarpa was found to be the least toxic to all aquatic organisms tested. The Chelidonium majus extract had the best properties as a potential algicide or cyanocide because of its significant toxicity to phytoplankton and lower toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms as compared with the other Papaveraceae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jancula
- Centre for Cyanobacteria and Their Toxins, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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41
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Dvorak Z, Ulrichova J, Weyhenmeyer R, Simanek V. CYTOTOXICITY OF COLCHICINE DERIVATIVES IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2007; 151:47-52. [PMID: 17690739 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2007.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has been used to treat gout for centuries. However, owing to its toxicity it displays a variety of side effects. The replacement of colchicine by less toxic but still active derivatives would solve this drawback. AIM The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of 17 colchicine derivatives. METHODS Primary cultures of human hepatocytes were the model of choice. Prior to testing, we measured the biochemical parameters of liver donors and the toxicological response of the hepatocytes cultures. For toxicity testing, cells were treated for 24 h with tested compounds in concentrations 1-100 microM. We monitored lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage into the medium, mitochondrial activity (MTT test) and secretion of albumin. RESULTS Our data show that LDH and MTT were less sensitive parameters compared to albumin secretion for monitoring the toxicity of colchicine derivatives. Compounds with lower antimitotic activity displayed lowered toxicity. CONCLUSION Since human hepatocytes in culture are quiescent cells, they are not as susceptible to tropolone alkaloids as proliferating cells. Screening for colchicine derivatives with lowered cytotoxicity revealed that 10-O-demethylated compounds might be the substances of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorak
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotínská 3, 77515 OLOMOUC, Czech Republic.
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42
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Dvorák Z, Zdarilová A, Sperlíková L, Anzenbacherová E, Simánek V, Ulrichová J. Cytotoxicity of sanguinarine in primary rat hepatocytes is attenuated by dioxin and phenobarbital. Toxicol Lett 2006; 165:282-8. [PMID: 16781091 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Putative interactions between quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid sanguinarine (SA) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor/cytochrome P450 CYP1A (AhR/CYP1A) regulatory pathway are the subject of perpetual disputations. The role of CYP1A enzymes and AhR receptor in SA cytotoxicity was anticipated. In this paper, we tested, whether selected inducers of CYP enzymes modulate cytotoxicity of SA in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Cells were challenged 48h with dioxin (TCDD; 5nM), phenobarbital (PB; 500microM) or DMSO prior to the treatment with SA. SA itself displayed time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity as revealed by lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the medium and MTT test. Pre-treatment of hepatocytes with TCDD and/or PB significantly attenuated SA cytotoxicity, the effects being more pronounced at lower concentrations of SA and shorter periods of incubation. We assumed involvement of CYP1A enzymes in diminution of SA cytotoxicity. Surprisingly, co-treatment with SA and furafylline, an inhibitor of CYP1A enzymes, further attenuated SA cytotoxicity instead of expected reversal of this effect. We conclude that TCDD- and PB-inducible genes attenuate cytotoxicity of SA in rat hepatocytes. CYP1A enzymes are not involved in this attenuation, but they rather augment SA cytotoxicity. Future research should focus on analyses of the involvement of other CYPs in SA cytotoxicity and on identification of TCDD-/PB-controlled genes responsible for observed phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorák
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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43
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Malikova J, Zdarilova A, Hlobilkova A. EFFECTS OF SANGUINARINE AND CHELERYTHRINE ON THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:5-12. [PMID: 16936897 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the involvement of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in cell cycle regulation and cell death in various cell lines. It is focused on their potential in the treatment of cancer. METHODS We conducted a search of PubMed, ScienceDirect and Medline for papers on the molecular mechanisms of the biological activity of sanguinarine and chelerythrine published mainly from 1995 to 2006. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of the published studies suggested that these alkaloids are not only good candidates for chemotherapeutic regimens but may also contribute to the development of successful immune therapies of some carcinomas due to their apoptotic potential. However, the complete signalling cascade in which sanguinarine and chelerythrine treatment induces apoptotic cell death is not yet understood. Overall, the results of recent studies suggest that sanguinarine and chelerythrine may be useful as agents in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Malikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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44
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Holy J, Lamont G, Perkins E. Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II by sanguinarine. BMC Cell Biol 2006; 7:13. [PMID: 16512916 PMCID: PMC1444914 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid sanguinarine is receiving increasing attention as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. Previous studies have shown that this DNA-binding phytochemical can arrest a number of different types of transformed cells in G0/G1, and upregulate the CKIs p21 and p27 while downregulating multiple cyclins and CDKs. To more closely examine the responses of some of these cell cycle regulatory molecules to sanguinarine, we used immunocytochemical methods to visualize cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II behavior in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RESULTS 5-10 microM sanguinarine effectively inhibits MCF-7 proliferation after a single application of drug. This growth inhibition is accompanied by a striking relocalization of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and this effect persists for at least three days after drug addition. DNA synthesis is transiently inhibited by sanguinarine, but cells recover their ability to synthesize DNA within 24 hours. Taking advantage of the fluorescence characteristics of sanguinarine to follow its uptake and distribution suggests that these effects arise from a window of activity of a few hours immediately after drug addition, when sanguinarine is concentrated in the nucleus. These effects occur in morphologically healthy-looking cells, and thus do not simply represent part of an apoptotic response. CONCLUSION It appears that sub-apoptotic concentrations of sanguinarine can suppress breast cancer cell proliferation for extended lengths of time, and that this effect results from a relatively brief period of activity when the drug is concentrated in the nucleus. Sanguinarine transiently inhibits DNA synthesis, but a novel mechanism of action appears to involve disrupting the trafficking of a number of molecules involved in cell cycle regulation and progression. The ability of sub-apoptotic concentrations of sanguinarine to inhibit cell growth may be a useful feature for potential chemotherapeutic applications; however, a narrow effective range for these effects may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Holy
- Department of Anatomy, Microbiology, and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Avenue, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Genelle Lamont
- Department of Anatomy, Microbiology, and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Avenue, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- Department of Anatomy, Microbiology, and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Avenue, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
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45
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Holy J, Lamont G, Perkins E. Disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II by sanguinarine. BMC Cell Biol 2006. [PMID: 16512916 DOI: 10.1186/147-2121-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid sanguinarine is receiving increasing attention as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. Previous studies have shown that this DNA-binding phytochemical can arrest a number of different types of transformed cells in G0/G1, and upregulate the CKIs p21 and p27 while downregulating multiple cyclins and CDKs. To more closely examine the responses of some of these cell cycle regulatory molecules to sanguinarine, we used immunocytochemical methods to visualize cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II behavior in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RESULTS 5-10 microM sanguinarine effectively inhibits MCF-7 proliferation after a single application of drug. This growth inhibition is accompanied by a striking relocalization of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase II from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and this effect persists for at least three days after drug addition. DNA synthesis is transiently inhibited by sanguinarine, but cells recover their ability to synthesize DNA within 24 hours. Taking advantage of the fluorescence characteristics of sanguinarine to follow its uptake and distribution suggests that these effects arise from a window of activity of a few hours immediately after drug addition, when sanguinarine is concentrated in the nucleus. These effects occur in morphologically healthy-looking cells, and thus do not simply represent part of an apoptotic response. CONCLUSION It appears that sub-apoptotic concentrations of sanguinarine can suppress breast cancer cell proliferation for extended lengths of time, and that this effect results from a relatively brief period of activity when the drug is concentrated in the nucleus. Sanguinarine transiently inhibits DNA synthesis, but a novel mechanism of action appears to involve disrupting the trafficking of a number of molecules involved in cell cycle regulation and progression. The ability of sub-apoptotic concentrations of sanguinarine to inhibit cell growth may be a useful feature for potential chemotherapeutic applications; however, a narrow effective range for these effects may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Holy
- Department of Anatomy, Microbiology, and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA.
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46
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of quaternary ammonium alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry coupled with a selective precipitation reaction using Reinecke salt. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Hrbáč J, Broncová G, Matějka P, Bystroň T, Vrba J, Volf R, Vičar J. Electrochemistry of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids. Formation and Characterization of Redox Active Films from Products of Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine Oxidation. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Basoah A, Matthews PM, Morten KJ. Rapid rates of newly synthesized mitochondrial protein degradation are significantly affected by the generation of mitochondrial free radicals. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6511-7. [PMID: 16289094 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of biological material to high levels of free radicals causes extensive cellular damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria have been associated with a variety of diseases and aging. We investigated the effect of low-level mitochondrial ROS production on newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins which are potentially vulnerable to mitochondrial ROS due to their location and unfolded state. We show that elevated mitochondrial ROS increases the degradation of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins with some proteins more sensitive than others. In the long term reduced assembly of mitochondrial complexes would affect mitochondrial function and may trigger a vicious cycle of mitochondrial ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basoah
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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49
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Vespalec R, Vlcková M, Kubán V. Effects of the limited analyte solubility on its mobility and zone shape: Electrophoretic behavior of sanguinarine and chelerythrine around pH 7. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3265-72. [PMID: 16143979 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic mobilities and shapes of zones of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in aqueous media around pH 7 are affected by limited solubility of their uncharged forms and by the pH-dependent chemical equilibrium between cationic and uncharged forms of these alkaloids. The sanguinarine solubility in sodium MOPS of pH 7.4 was estimated at 50 micromol x L(-1). Sanguinarine zones in this buffer have the shape of tailed peak with concentration-independent mobility if the injected sanguinarine concentration exceeds this solubility limit only slightly. The chelerythrine solubility is higher because of lower dissociation constants of its cations. Precipitation of sanguinarine and chelerythrine with the phosphate anions decelerates their electrophoretic transport in phosphate buffer. Sanguinarine solubility is 5 micromol x L(-1) at the most in 13 mmol x L(-1) sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Acidifying of the sample up to pH 3 decreases the tailing of the peaks of sanguinarine and chelerythrine and contributes to the rise of sharp maxima of their migrating zones. Any capillary coating deteriorates the peak shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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50
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Vlcková M, Kubán V, Vicar J, Simánek V. Capillary zone electrophoretic studies of interactions of some quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids with DNA constituents and DNA. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1673-9. [PMID: 15812846 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis was applied for the investigation of interactions of some quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, namely sanguinarine, chelerythrine, berberine, and jatrorrhizine, with DNA constituents and with DNA. None of these alkaloids attach covalently to nucleotides or to the whole DNA under physiological conditions. The interaction with DNA constituents is a noncovalent complexation based on weak intermolecular forces. Electrostatic attraction participates in the interaction but other types of intermolecular forces are involved as well. Cations were identified as the most probable interacting forms of the alkaloids. The interaction with compounds derived from purine was always stronger than those derived from pyrimidine. All alkaloids behaved analogously and similarly to ethidium bromide, the classic DNA intercalator. Stability constants K (in l.mol(-1)) for sanguinarine and chelerythrine in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 (I(S) = 30 mM) ranged from tens to hundreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Vlcková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemĕdĕlská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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