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Harley JJ, Tracey R, Stanley CR, Banks L. Management of intraspecific aggression in two bull giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. rothschildi). Zoo Biol 2024. [PMID: 38808498 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining nonbreeding individuals in zoological collections may sometimes necessitate housing bachelor groups. In turn, intact cohabiting males may express increased intraspecific agonistic behaviors, and management intervention may be indicated. Where castration is deemed inappropriate (e.g., future breeding, or anesthesia and surgery-related risk), the immune contraceptive gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is increasingly used as an alternative. When intraspecific aggression (sparring) in two bull giraffes housed as a bachelor pair at Knowsley Safari, UK, escalated in frequency and intensity (despite management interventions), further mediation was warranted to moderate sparring behaviors. The Ex situ Program recommendation was for one giraffe, the (slightly) older, outwardly mature (darker, strong musth) individual, to be treated with the GnRH vaccine Improvac® (Zoetis). To gauge the efficacy of vaccination, behavioral observations were conducted during each vaccination phase to identify changes in the frequency of sparring behaviors. In addition, fecal samples were collected by keepers and sent to Chester Zoo's Endocrine Diagnostic Laboratory for analysis to compare androgen levels between the pre- and postvaccination phases. Testicular atrophy was investigated using both visual inspection and photographic images. The GnRH vaccine Improvac® initially appeared to be associated with reduced aggressive behaviors in the two bull giraffes. Sparring behaviors decreased in frequency after each vaccination phase, although these did not significantly diminish until phase 4. Physiological markers were inconclusive as testosterone concentrations varied throughout the phases, although levels remained low after the fourth vaccination phase. Approximately 8 months following the initial vaccination with Improvac®, the unvaccinated bull exhibited heightened aggression, resulting in physical aggression and injury to the vaccinated bull. As a result, both bulls are now on an Improvac® vaccination schedule, which has enabled them to remain housed together as a bachelor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Harley
- Knowsley Safari, Prescot, UK
- University Centre Reaseheath, Nantwich, UK
| | - Roann Tracey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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Comin M, Pesenti Rossi G, Lanzoni L, Prasinou P, Lopez A, Vignola G, Barbieri S, Dalla Costa E. Heavy Pigs Reared for Italian Dry-Cured Products: Does Immunocastration Influence the Fatty Acid Profile of Loins and Backfat? Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1284. [PMID: 38731288 PMCID: PMC11083403 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Italian pig sector requires heavy pigs (raised for at least nine months and slaughtered at >160 kg). In order to avoid boar taint and lower the impact on welfare, immunocastration provides an alternative to surgical castration. This study investigated the effects of immunocastration compared to surgical castration on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of loins (longissimus dorsi muscle) and adipose tissue in Italian heavy pigs raised for dry-cured ham. Twenty-four male pigs were subjected to surgical castration (n = 12) or immunocastration (n = 12). Carcass parameters were monitored at slaughter, and samples of longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were analysed. This study showed no significant differences in carcass characteristics and proximate composition of fresh meat. However, variations were observed in the fatty acid profiles of meat and adipose tissue between groups. Notably, saturated fatty acids, particularly stearic acid (18:0), were higher in the intramuscular fat (IMF) of the immunocastrated pigs compared to the surgically castrated pigs. Conversely, monounsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid (18:1n-9), were higher in the IMF from the surgically castrated pigs compared to the immunocastrated pigs. While immunocastration may offer benefits in terms of animal growth and carcass composition, it could lead to unfavourable lipid changes in fresh loin meat for Italian heavy pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Comin
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.R.); (S.B.); (E.D.C.)
| | - Gaia Pesenti Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.R.); (S.B.); (E.D.C.)
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (L.L.); (P.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Paraskevi Prasinou
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (L.L.); (P.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Annalaura Lopez
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.R.); (S.B.); (E.D.C.)
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (L.L.); (P.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.R.); (S.B.); (E.D.C.)
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.R.); (S.B.); (E.D.C.)
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Gautier C, Aurich J, Melchert M, Wagner LH, Kaps M, Okada CTC, Ertl R, Walter I, Aurich C. Endocrine changes induced by GnRH immunisation and subsequent early re-stimulation of testicular function with a GnRH agonist in stallions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD23185. [PMID: 38237640 DOI: 10.1071/rd23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Resumption of testicular function after gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunisation varies among individual animals and some stallions regain fertility only after a prolonged time. AIMS This study evaluated endocrine effects of GnRH immunisation and early subsequent re-stimulation with a GnRH agonist. We hypothesised that GnRH agonist treatment advances resumption of normal endocrine function in GnRH-vaccinated stallions. METHODS Shetland stallions were assigned to an experimental and a control group (n =6 each). Experimental stallions were GnRH-immunised twice, 4weeks apart. Each experimental stallion was hemicastrated together with an age-matched control animal when testosterone concentration decreased below 0.3ng/mL. Three weeks later, daily treatment with the GnRH agonist buserelin was initiated (4μg/day for 4weeks followed by 8μg/day). The remaining testicle was removed when testosterone concentration exceeded 0.5ng/mL in vaccinated stallions. Blood was collected for LH, FSH, oestradiol and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) analyses, and testicular and epididymal tissue were conserved for real-time qPCR and histology. KEY RESULTS GnRH vaccination reduced blood concentrations of LH and FSH, with a structural deterioration of testicular tissue and disruption of spermatogenesis. Daily buserelin treatment for approximately 60days partially restored gonadotropin secretion and induced a recovery of the functional organisation of the testicular tissue with effective spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Endocrine testicular function can be restored in GnRH-vaccinated stallions by daily low-dose buserelin treatment. The buserelin treatment protocol may potentially be improved regarding the dose, interval and duration. IMPLICATIONS Daily buserelin treatment can be recommended for treatment of GnRH-vaccinated stallions with prolonged inhibition of testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Maria Melchert
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Lisa-Hélène Wagner
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Martim Kaps
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Carolina T C Okada
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria; and Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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Prévot V, Duittoz A. A role for GnRH in olfaction and cognition: Implications for veterinary medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:109-124. [PMID: 37329313 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential for the activation and maintenance of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which controls the onset of puberty and fertility. Two provocative recent studies suggest that, in addition to control reproduction, the neurons in the brain that produce GnRH are also involved in the control postnatal brain maturation, odour discrimination and adult cognition. Long-acting GnRH antagonists and agonists are commonly used to control fertility and behaviour in veterinary medicine, primarily in males. This review puts into perspective the potential risks of these androgen deprivation therapies and immunization on olfactory and cognitive performances and well-aging in domestic animals, including pets. We will also discuss the results reporting beneficial effects of pharmacological interventions restoring physiological GnRH levels on olfactory and cognitive alterations in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease, which shares many pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks with canine cognitive dysfunction. These novel findings raise the intriguing possibility that pulsatile GnRH therapy holds therapeutic potential for the management of this behavioural syndrome affecting older dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR_S1172, Lille, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA, CNRS, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Jing H, Ding Y, Jiang X, Liu G, Sha Y. RNA-Seq reveals ACTH-induced steroid hormone pathway participating in goat adrenal gland response to castration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14025. [PMID: 37640763 PMCID: PMC10462686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of androgen from adrenal is elevated under castration, and the mechanisms of compensatory secretion of adrenal androgen remain unknown. This study was designed to compare the transcript profiles between adrenals from noncastrated, orchiectomized and immunocastrated Yiling goats. Fifteen goats were randomly divided into three groups: pVAX-asd injection (control) group, pVAX-B2L-(G4S)3-kisspeptin-54-asd immunization (PBK-asd) group, and surgical castration (SC) group. Subsequently, serum was collected every two weeks after the initial immunization for hormone assays. At week 14 after immunization, adrenal glands were collected for transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. Serum testosterone concentration was significantly reduced in PBK-asd and SC group, demonstrating the effectiveness of castration. Both surgical and immunized castration resulted in adrenal hyperplasia, and thickness of adrenal cortex elevated. The specific genes involving castration were enriched in many pathways, including Steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which promotes the production of adrenal steroids, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a steroid hormone secreted by adrenal glands, both increased after castration. Further construction of co-expression network for transcription genes and traits (including adrenal weight and cortex thickness, ACTH and DHEA concentration) showed that the trait-related genes were enriched in multiple steroid-related pathways. These results showed that adrenal compensatory hyperplasia and androgen secretion caused by castration may involve in ACTH-induced steroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiyu Sha
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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6
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New trends in immunocastration and its potential to improve animal welfare: a mini review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:369. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gautier C, Aurich J, Kaps M, Okada CTC, Wagner LH, Melchert M, Aurich C. Re-stimulation of testicular function in GnRH-vaccinated stallions by daily GnRH agonist treatment. Theriogenology 2022; 194:27-34. [PMID: 36193591 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In stallions temporarily not intended for breeding, reversible suppression of testicular function by vaccination against GnRH can be of interest. In the present study, effects of GnRH agonist treatment on the resumption of testicular function after GnRH vaccination were investigated. Testis size, testosterone release, semen characteristics and behavior were evaluated. We hypothesized that GnRH agonist treatment would restore testicular function. Shetland stallions were assigned to an experimental and a control group (n = 6 each). Experimental stallions were GnRH-immunized twice, four weeks apart. Ejaculates for semen analysis and blood for analysis of testosterone concentration and GnRH antibody titers were collected. Each experimental stallion was hemicastrated together with an age-matched control animal when testosterone concentration decreased below 0.3 ng/mL. Three weeks thereafter, daily treatment with the GnRH agonist buserelin was initiated (4 μg/day for 4 weeks followed by 8 μg/day). The remaining testicle was removed when testosterone concentration exceeded 0.5 ng/mL in vaccinated stallions. Time from exposure to a mare until mounting increased in GnRH-vaccinated stallions and decreased with buserelin treatment. Total sperm count decreased after vaccination but increased only slightly in response to buserelin. Sperm motility and percentage of membrane-intact spermatozoa decreased after vaccination and returned to pre-vaccination values with buserelin treatment. Testosterone concentration and testis volume decreased after GnRH vaccination and started to increase with buserelin treatment. In conclusion, the downregulation of testicular function by GnRH vaccination can be counteracted with buserelin. This approach may be useful in GnRH-vaccinated stallions with prolonged suppression of testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martim Kaps
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina T C Okada
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Hélène Wagner
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Melchert
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Pesenti Rossi G, Dalla Costa E, Filipe JFS, Mazzola SM, Motta A, Borciani M, Gastaldo A, Canali E, Pilia F, Argenton M, Caniatti M, Pecile A, Minero M, Barbieri S. Does Immunocastration Affect Behaviour and Body Lesions in Heavy Pigs? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080410. [PMID: 36006325 PMCID: PMC9414783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Castration of piglets is routinely practiced to prevent the presence of boar taint. In Europe, around 61% of pigs are surgically castrated, 54% of which do not receive any pain-relief therapy. The increasing public awareness towards animal welfare and the ethical characteristics of animal-derived products has led to the necessity of finding more animal-friendly alternatives. Among them, immunocastration, a process of active immunisation leading to the suppression of testicular function, has shown promising results in light pig production, both in terms of animal welfare and productivity. Besides, no study has yet investigated animal welfare in immunocastrated males intended for Italian heavy pig production. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of immunocastration on the welfare of heavy pigs by monitoring behaviour and body lesions in immunocastrated and surgically castrated pigs. Salivary testosterone levels and productive traits were also evaluated. Our results confirmed that immunocastration is a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performance, whereas the higher activity of animals and the higher presence of body lesions before the effective immunisation caused an impairment of animal welfare, which should be further investigated as a critical aspect in heavy pig production. Abstract Immunocastration has been pointed out as an alternative to surgical castration; though, most of the scientific studies were performed in light pig production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunocastration on animal welfare in heavy pig production through the evaluation of behaviour and body lesions. A total of 188 commercial-hybrid pigs were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: surgical castration (SC) and immunocastration with Improvac® (IC). Data on behaviour, body lesions, and salivary testosterone levels were collected the day before each vaccination at 15, 22, 32, and 36 weeks of age. IC and SC pigs were slaughtered at 40 and 41 weeks of age, respectively; productive and carcass traits data were also collected. Considering productive performance, our results confirmed that IC pigs grew faster and presented a higher weight at slaughter. A critical period for pig welfare was observed before 32 weeks: testosterone concentration and body lesion score were significantly higher in IC pigs compared to SC pigs; active behaviours were significantly more frequent in IC at 15 weeks. Immunocastration may represent a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performances, whereas the impairment of welfare during the period before the effective vaccination should be further investigated as a potential critical aspect in heavy pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pesenti Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Ambra Motta
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Borciani
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Pilia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Argenton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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9
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Botha AE, Schulman ML, Birrell J, du Plessis L, Laver PN, Soley J, Colenbrander B, Bertschinger HJ. Effects of an anti-gonadoliberin releasing hormone vaccine on testicular, epididymal and spermatogenic development in the horse. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:919-927. [PMID: 35500167 PMCID: PMC9543562 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the GnRH vaccine Improvac® on testicular and epididymal morphometrics, histology and spermatogenesis were measured in 19 young (15–20 months) colts randomly assigned to one control (saline, castration at 57 days, n = 6) or either of two GnRH vaccine‐treatment groups, T‐57 (castration at 57 days, n = 7) or T‐100 (castration at 100 days, n = 6), respectively. All were immunized on Day 0 with a single booster on Day 28. Excised testes and epididymides were weighed and processed for histology to measure tubule, epithelial and muscle dimensions, the ratio of interstitial tissue to seminiferous tubules and determine the stage of spermatogenesis. Testis volume, unchanged within controls, decreased in T‐57 and T‐100 groups by 50% and 70%, respectively. Treated colts' testes were significantly lighter than controls (64% relative difference); however, epididymal mass showed no significant differences between groups. Proportionally less seminiferous tubule relative to interstitial tissue was observed in both treatment groups (5%) versus controls (22%) with a mean tubule size 28% smaller than controls. Controls exhibited a high proportion of seminiferous tubules with advanced stages of spermatogenesis, whereas treated colts showed a high proportion of tubules in the early stages of spermatogenesis. In conclusion, immunization against GnRH in prepubertal colts was effective at reducing the development of their intra‐scrotal reproductive organs and preventing normal spermatogenesis. GnRH vaccination of young colts effectively and consistently reduced testis mass, tubule size and relative proportion of seminiferous tubule tissue while retarding spermatogenesis. The epididymis showed changes with a smaller tubule diameter, lower epithelial height and thicker muscle layer recorded in treated compared to control colts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Botha
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
| | - M L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria.,Veterinary Population Management Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
| | - J Birrell
- Veterinary Division, South African Police Services
| | - L du Plessis
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
| | - P N Laver
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
| | - J Soley
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
| | - B Colenbrander
- Equine Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht
| | - H J Bertschinger
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria.,Veterinary Population Management Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria
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10
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Han X, Xia X, Zhuo Y, Hua L, Yu G, Bu G, Cao X, Du X, Liang Q, Zeng X, Meng F. RNA-seq coupling two different methods of castration reveals new insights into androgen deficiency-caused degeneration of submaxillary gland in male Sprague Dawley rats. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:279. [PMID: 35392803 PMCID: PMC8991617 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary gland (SMG) degeneration and dysfunction are common symptoms that occur after sex hormone deprivation, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Additionally, immunocastration, which causes drop of sex hormones, has been developed as an alternative to surgical castration, however whether it exerts similar effects as surgical castration on the salivary glands is unknown. Through histological and RNA-seq analysis, we assessed changes in morphology and transcriptome of SMG in response to immunocastration (IM) versus surgical castration (bilateral orchiectomy, ORC). Results Compared to entire males (EM), ORC caused severe degeneration of SMG in rats, as evidenced by both decreased (P < 0.01) SMG weight and organ index, and by decreased (P < 0.01) quantity of SMG acini and ducts. IM had minimal effects (P > 0.05) on SMG weight and organ index, but it still caused degeneration (P < 0.05) of the acini and ducts. Even though, the quantity of both SMG acini and ducts was much higher (P < 0.001) in IM than in ORC. Functional enrichment analysis of the common regulated genes by ORC/IM revealed disrupted epithelial cell development, angiogenesis, anatomical structure morphogenesis and enhanced cell death are associated with SMG degeneration in deprivation of androgens. Integrated data analysis shown that there existed a selective hyperfunction of SMG ribosome and mitochondrion in ORC but not in IM, which might be associated with more severe degeneration of SMG in ORC than in IM. Conclusions Our findings suggested that both surgical castration and immunocastration caused SMG degeneration by disrupting epithelial cell development, angiogenesis, anatomical structure morphogenesis and enhancing cell death. But, surgical castration selectively induced hyperfunction of SMG ribosome and mitochondrion, thus causing more severe degeneration of SMG than immunocastration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08521-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Han
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xue Xia
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guozhi Yu
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - XiaoGang Du
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qiuxia Liang
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Rocha LF, Santana ALA, Souza RS, Machado-Neves M, Oliveira Filho JC, Santos ESCD, Araujo MLD, Cruz TBD, Barbosa LP. Testicular morphometry as a tool to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs. Anim Reprod 2022; 19:e20210041. [PMID: 35712444 PMCID: PMC9169990 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs using testicular morphometry. Thirty lambs were randomly divided into two treatments (subcutaneous administration of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL of an anti-GnRH vaccine) and a control group (1.0 mL saline solution). The animals were vaccinated at four months of age, received a second dose 30 days later, and were slaughtered 90 days after the first vaccine dose. After slaughter, testicles were collected, and samples were removed for histological processing and evaluation of testicular morphometric parameters. Analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Kruskal–Wallis test were performed, with a 5% level of significance. There was a reduction in testicular weight, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, leydigosomatic index, and total tubule length. The total length per testicular gram increased in the immunocastrated group. Intrinsic spermatogenesis yield, Sertoli cell indices, and estimates of sperm and Sertoli cell production were reduced in the immunized groups (P < 0.05). The anti-GnRH vaccine in lambs at doses of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL is sufficient to promote immunocastration, verified through severe changes in testicular morphometry from animals.
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Schwarzenberger F, Krawinkel P, Jeserschek SM, Schauerte N, Geiger C, Balfanz F, Knauf-Witzens T, Sicks F, Martinez Nevado E, Anfray G, Hein A, Kaandorp-Huber C, Marcordes S, Venshøj B. Immunocontraception of male and female giraffes using the GnRH vaccine Improvac®. Zoo Biol 2021; 41:50-64. [PMID: 34478196 PMCID: PMC9292419 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop protocols for contraception in both sexes of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) by using the GnRH vaccine Improvac®. We evaluated the success of immunization by analyzing fecal reproductive hormone metabolites in female (n = 20) and male (n = 9) giraffes. Endocrine analysis provided the basis for the successful immunization protocol, as well as for assessing long-term effects. Reliable reduction of fecal steroid metabolites to baseline levels in female giraffes was achieved with three, and in males with four or five injections at 4-week intervals. Effective booster injections were administered at 2-month intervals in the first year of treatment and at three to 4-month intervals in the following years. In addition to endocrine analysis, we determined vaccination efficacy in bulls by assessing testicular atrophy. Long-term (>2 years) use in females was often accompanied by prolonged periods of persistent corpus luteum activity, although normal cycles were not observed. Problems might occur with reversibility, because in a few males and females, even after more than 2 years since treatment had been stopped, fecal hormone metabolites have not returned to pretreatment levels. The results are somewhat ambiguous, as reproduction can be suppressed by use of Improvac®, but the question of reversibility remains unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Schwarzenberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology-Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sophia-Maria Jeserschek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology-Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Schütz J, Rudolph J, Steiner A, Rothenanger E, Hüsler J, Hirsbrunner G. Immunization against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Female Beef Calves to Avoid Pregnancy at Time of Slaughter. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072071. [PMID: 34359199 PMCID: PMC8300343 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precocious puberty in beef heifers can result in unwanted pregnancies due to accidental breeding by farm bulls. Inbreeding, premature calving followed by dystocia and a high stillbirth rate or slaughtering of pregnant heifers are the consequences of this behaviour. The aim of the study was to postpone puberty by using Improvac®, an anti-GnRH vaccine. Therefore, n = 25 calves were twice vaccinated, once at the age of 5 and then at 6.5 months. n = 24 calves served as unvaccinated case controls. The onset of puberty was assigned if progesterone analysis in the blood exceeded 1 ng/mL. Progesterone values were excluded if the corresponding serum cortisol levels were ≥60 nmol/L. Our target was met, as in the vaccinated group none of the calves exceeded a progesterone value >1 ng/mL until the scheduled age of slaughter at 11 months and only 12.5% of the animals exceeded a progesterone value of 1 ng/mL over the whole measuring period (>400 days) compared with 56.5% of the calves in the control group. In conclusion, the favourable results from our study using the vaccine Improvac® represent an animal-friendly, non-invasive and reliable way to avoid early pregnancy in heifers as well as the slaughter of pregnant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schütz
- Nutztierpraxis Rudolph AG, CH-6280 Hochdorf, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jürn Rudolph
- Nutztierpraxis Rudolph AG, CH-6280 Hochdorf, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109 a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | | | - Jürg Hüsler
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Gaby Hirsbrunner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109 a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31684-2344
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14
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Ahn HS, Park BJ, Go HJ, Lyoo EL, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Jung HJ, Kim HM, Choi IS. Induction of immunocontraceptive effects in both male and female mice immunized with GnRH vaccine. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1999-2007. [PMID: 34236748 PMCID: PMC8464238 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a pivotal role in regulating the reproductive endocrine system. Objective An immunocontraception vaccine aimed at inhibiting the functions of GnRH is tested as a potential tool for controlling animal populations. Methods We developed a recombinant immunocontraceptive vaccine composed of GnRH‐I and GnRH‐II (GnRH I+II), which was conjugated with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin. Forty‐eight BALB/c mice aged 4 weeks were divided into four groups (each group had n = 12): non‐vaccinated male (NVM), non‐vaccinated female (NVF), vaccinated male (VM), and vaccinated female (VF). Mice in the vaccinated groups were vaccinated twice by intramuscular injection at 0 and 2 weeks with 300 μg of the recombinant GnRH protein complex per mouse. Mice in the non‐vaccinated groups were injected with saline and served as the unimmunized controls. Twenty‐four pairs of male and female mice were mated for 10–12 weeks after initial immunization in four groups: 6 NVF × 6 NVM, 6 VF × 6 NVM, 6 NVF × 6 VM, and 6 VF × 6 VM. Results: An increase (p < 0.001) in antibody titers in VM and VF mice was observed. The testosterone levels and the number of spermatocytes were lower (p < 0.001) in VM mice than those in the control mice. The progesterone levels and the number of corpora lutea were lower (p < 0.001) than those in the control mice. Mating results in both VM and VF mice confirmed a 60% reduction in pregnancy rates and offspring numbers. Conclusions The recombinant GnRH vaccine can be used for birth control in both male and female animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eu-Lim Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Department of Applied Statistics, College of Social Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Moon Kim
- Department of Applied Statistics, College of Social Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Rocha LF, Souza RS, Santana ALA, Macedo DS, Santana AMS, da Silva RC, Bezerra PA, de Jesus RDL, Barbosa LP. Reproductive parameters of lambs immunocastrated with anti-GnRH vaccine. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20200237. [PMID: 34221143 PMCID: PMC8241210 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the testicular biometric, seminal, and plasma testosterone levels in lambs subjected to an anti-GnRH vaccine as a method of castration. Thirty entire, crossbred Santa Inês male lambs were randomly distributed into three treatment (T): T1 was the control group, with the administration of 1 mL of saline solution subcutaneously (SC); 1.0 and 0.5 mL of an anti-GnRH vaccine were administered SC in T2 and T3, respectively. Testicular biometric variables, physical and morphological variables of semen, and plasma testosterone concentrations were evaluated. At D60, there was a reduction in testicular length, width, thickness, and scrotal circumference of the immunocastrated animals regardless of the vaccine dose used (P < 0.05). A reduction in semen physical variables at both dosages (P < 0.05) was observed, with azoospermia, in 80% and 70% of animals in the T2 and T3 groups, respectively. At D60, the immunocastrated animals also showed an increase in spermatozoa defects (P < 0.05), whereas plasma testosterone concentration decreased (P < 0.05). Immunocastration of lambs using the Bopriva vaccine at doses of 1.0 and 0.5 mL is efficient in inducing azoospermia in up to 80% of animals, although two doses in a 30-day interval are necessary for it to be an effective and safe method. Efficacy was demonstrated through a reduction in serum testosterone levels, testicular biometry, and seminal fluid analysis. Considering the efficacy of both doses in this study, we recommend using the lower dose (0.5 mL), which will allow for a 50% reduction in vaccine costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiara Fernandes Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Rosileia Silva Souza
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Almeida Santana
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Diego Silva Macedo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Ariadne Marques Silva Santana
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Roberta Carvalho da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Poliana Almeida Bezerra
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Ronival Dias Lima de Jesus
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - Larissa Pires Barbosa
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil
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16
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Doroteu EM, Viana JHM, Ferreira Junior JA, Macedo JTA, Oliveira RA, Pedroso PMO. Effect of a single or two doses of an anti-GnRH vaccine on testicle morpho-functional characteristics in Nelore bulls. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:153. [PMID: 33547980 PMCID: PMC7867542 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls undergoing a single or two immunizations against GnRH. Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) bulls were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: G1 (n=12), a single 400 μg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0; G2 (n=11), a first 400 μg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0 followed by a second (boost) dose 30 days later; and control group (CG, n=12), 1 mL saline 0.9% at day 0. Every 30 days, from day 0 until slaughter at day 90, the bulls were weighed and underwent testicular biometry, semen collection and analysis, and blood sample collection for testosterone measurement. Immediately after slaughter, the testicles were removed and transport at 15°C to the laboratory for histopathological analysis. There was a decrease in testicular height (P=0.0476), width (P=0.0021), and in scrotal circumference (P=0.0001), after either a single (G1) or two (G2) immunizations against GnRH. Both G1 and G2 had lower testosterone concentrations than CG from day 60 on (P<0.01), but in G2, it was also lower than in G1 at day 90 (P=0.0006). All sperm parameters were affected by active immunization against GnRH (P<0.05), and in G2, averages were lesser (P<0.05) than in G1 from day 60 on. No signs of seminiferous tubule degeneration were found in any sample from the CG, contrasting with 75.0% and 100.0% of the samples from G1 and G2, respectively. In summary, immunocastration affected testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls in a time- and dose-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M Doroteu
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70636-200, Brazil.
- Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darci Ribeiro, ICC, Ala Sul, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil.
| | - Joao H M Viana
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-190, Brazil
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17
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Birrell JR, Schulman ML, Botha AE, Ganswindt A, Fosgate GT, Bertschinger HJ. Vaccination against GnRH as a prelude to surgical castration of horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1141-1149. [PMID: 33354803 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical castration is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in horses and is associated with various post-surgical complications ranging in severity. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of administering an anti-GnRH vaccine to colts for reduction of testis size on the incidence of complications associated with their subsequent surgical castration. STUDY DESIGN Randomised open controlled trial. METHODS Nineteen colts were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Treatment Groups V1-57 and V2-100 received two treatments of Improvac® (Zoetis, South Africa) before their castration in the field on either Day 57 or Day 100 following first treatment, respectively. Controls similarly received placebo treatments followed by castration on Day 57. Serial measurements of testicular dimensions and serum samples for measuring serum testosterone concentrations (STCs) and anti-GnRH antibody titres (ABTs) were obtained pre- and post-vaccination and on the day of castration. Clinical data recorded for 10 days determined post-surgical complications. RESULTS All vaccinated colts showed a baseline STC concentration at castration with a strong ABT response. Mean testicular volume of Groups V1-57 and V2-100 reduced by 49.7% and 30.8%, respectively, on Day 57 and this further reduced in Group V2-100 by 63.9% at castration on Day 100. Testis size was significantly correlated with post-surgical preputial (P = 0.001) and scrotal (P = 0.025) swelling. MAIN LIMITATIONS A study population of young light horse breed colts and a relatively small sample size limited this pilot study. CONCLUSIONS Administering two doses of Improvac® in colts 28 days apart prior to castration effectively reduced their testicular volumes with associated significant post-surgical improvement in both the incidence and degree of local swelling. These results may inform mitigation of potential post-surgical complications associated with castration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Birrell
- Division Visible Policing, Veterinary Science Services, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Martin L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alma E Botha
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Henk J Bertschinger
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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18
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Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) immunization on the gonadal transcriptome and proteome of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 37:100780. [PMID: 33296765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the regulation of vertebrate reproduction. Studies have shown that immunization against GnRHa can induce sexually sterile tilapia. To explore the mechanism behind this, in this study, RNA-seq and data-independent acquisition (DIA) techniques were used to study the transcriptome and proteome of the gonad of tilapia immunized with GnRHa. 644 differentially expressed genes (80 upregulated and 564 downregulated) and 1150 differentially expressed proteins (351 upregulated and 799 downregulated) were identified. There were 209 genes with consistent differential expression patterns in the transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, of which 9 were upregulated and 200 downregulated, indicating that the gonad gene expression was inhibited by GnRHa immunization. The downregulated genes were particularly involved in the functions of single-organism process, binding, cellular process, metabolic process and catalytic activity, and associated with the pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cardiac muscle contraction and oxidative phosphorylation. The expression of six differentially expressed genes involved in the GnRH signaling pathway was all downregulated. In addition, several important functional genes related to gonadal development after GnRHa immunization were screened. This study confirmed the expression of corresponding genes was affected by GnRHa on the gonad development in tilapia at the molecular level, and laid a foundation for elucidating the mechanism of GnRHa immunization.
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Carcass Characteristics and Primal Pork Cuts of Gilts, Boars, Immunocastrates and Barrows Using AutoFOM III Data of a Commercial Abattoir. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101912. [PMID: 33086496 PMCID: PMC7603092 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Male piglets designated for pork production have been surgically castrated for centuries. The fattening of intact boars is more environmentally friendly due to anabolic effects, but entails a higher risk of aggressive and sexual behavior, and some boar carcasses may exhibit boar taint, which reduces pork quality. Immunocastration as a further alternative to surgical castration is considered as a reliable and animal welfare-friendly method, but currently still has a very small market share. A crucial factor for the period following surgical castration is that pork production, either with boars or immunocastrates, is competitive and produces valuable carcasses with regard to lean meat content and the respective amounts of primal pork cuts. In this study, we therefore evaluated AutoFOM III data from a commercial abattoir. The results show that carcasses from immunocastrates were of similar quality to those of barrows, with carcass characteristics that lay between the values of gilts and barrows. Boar carcasses are leaner in comparison to barrows, but produce the same amount of valuable pork per carcass. Boars and immunocastrates are therefore suitable for the processing industry and both techniques are able to compete with pork production with barrows in terms of carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts. Abstract The surgical castration of male piglets as a routine procedure in modern pig production is facing increasing societal criticism. Pork production with boars and immunocastrates are available alternatives, but both have low market shares as it is so far uncertain how the carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts of boars and immunocastrates will be estimated in comparison to barrows and gilts. This article therefore evaluates the impact of sex group (gilts, boars, immunocastrates and barrows) on carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts using AutoFOM III data from a commercial abattoir. In our study, weekly slaughter data from a total of n = 36,994 pigs between 2018 and 2019 were analyzed. The results show that gilts had the highest amount of pork per carcass of all sex groups, whereas non-significant differences between boars, immunocastrates and barrows could be observed. Boars had the highest lean meat content, followed by gilts, immunocastrates and finally barrows with the lowest lean meat content. These results suggest that both immunocastration and pork production with boars are sustainable techniques that can replace pork production with barrows without affecting carcass quality.
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On the Road to End Pig Pain: Knowledge and Attitudes of Brazilian Citizens Regarding Castration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101826. [PMID: 33049950 PMCID: PMC7650544 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the attitudes of Brazilians towards different methods to deal with boar taint in pork (surgical castration without pain control, SC; surgical castration with pain control, SC+PC; immunocastration, IC; raising entire males, EM). Two surveys (Sv1, n = 441 and Sv2, n = 768) containing closed and open questions were conducted. Nearly 70% of Sv1 and Sv2 participants were unaware that meat of entire males may have boar taint and that SC is widely used in pig production in Brazil. In Sv1, acceptability of SC+PC (63%) and IC (53%) was greater than of SC (15%). In Sv2, acceptability of IC (55%) and EM (52%) was greater than of SC (18%). Open-ended responses indicated that participants objected to inflicting pain to pigs to attain a production goal, and were concerned with organoleptic traits and risks of exogenous residues in pork. Participants' views regarding the potential increases in the cost of meat due to adoption of alternative methods varied; some argued that avoiding pain justifies an increase in the price of pork and others that this would impact especially lower income citizens. Our findings indicate that participants opposed surgical castration without pain control, and supported alternative methods. However, the concern with potential risks of presence of residues in meat, expressed by a few participants, may need to be addressed among consumers.
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21
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Giriboni J, Lacuesta L, Santiago-Moreno J, Ungerfeld R. Chronic use of a GnRH agonist (deslorelin) or immunization against GnRH: effects on testicular function and sperm quality of bucks. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 71:106395. [PMID: 31731252 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of GnRH agonists and immunization against GnRH have been used as reversible contraceptive methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both treatments to inhibit reproductive function of adult bucks, in terms of strength and duration of the effects. We used 9 control untreated bucks (CON), 7 bucks treated chronically with a GnRH agonist (subcutaneous implants with 7.4 mg of deslorelin, Suprelorin, Virbac) (AGO), and another 7 bucks were immunized against GnRH (dose of 2 mL of Improvac-Zoetis with 300 μg of a synthetic incomplete analog of natural GnRH; 300 mg of diethylaminoethyl-dextran; and 2.0 mg of chlorocresol) (IMM). Testicular and sperm evaluations, testosterone concentrations, and male odor were determined from 4 wk before applying the treatments until 17 mo of their application. Scrotal circumference of CON (21.0 ± 0.1 cm) and IMM (21.2 ± 0.2 cm) was greater than that of AGO bucks (19.9 ± 0.2 cm) (P < 0.05 for each), without difference between CON and IMM bucks. Pixels' color intensity of testicular ultrasound images was not affected by treatment (general mean ± SEM: 116.0 ± 1.8). Testosterone concentration was greater in CON than AGO and IMM in months 3 and 4, greater in CON and IMM than AGO bucks in months 15 and 16, and greater in IMM than CON and AGO bucks in month 17 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Male odor was greater in CON (1.5 ± 0.0) than IMM bucks (1.3 ± 0.0) and greater in IMM than AGO (1.1 ± 0.0) bucks (P < 0.05 for each). Treatment negatively affected all the sperm variables: the total number of sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility, sperm with normal morphology and sperm with integral membrane function. It was concluded that both treatments were effective in inhibiting the reproductive axis; however, neither of them produced azoospermia or decreased testosterone concentrations to undetectable levels. With both treatments, there were individual males exhibiting characteristics of fertility in all periods of the study. However, chronic use of a GnRH agonist seemed to be the most effective treatment in terms of duration and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giriboni
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - L Lacuesta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J Santiago-Moreno
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Reproductive and Behavioral Evaluation of a New Immunocastration Dog Vaccine. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020226. [PMID: 32023851 PMCID: PMC7070807 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Population control of free-roaming dogs is a topic of great interest worldwide. Immunocastration (immune blockade of GnRH-I, the hormone that commands reproductive ability) has emerged as a complementary alternative to surgical castration. In this work, the effectiveness of an immunocastration vaccine for dogs was evaluated, as were the reproductive and behavioral characteristics of vaccinated animals. Two consecutive trials were carried out for this purpose. A first trial was conducted under experimental conditions, observing an immune response against the vaccine over a nine-month period that was associated with changes in the testicular function of the animals (decrease in testosterone and alteration of the characteristics of the ejaculate). The second trial was conducted on dogs who had owners, and vaccinated animals showed an immune response against the five-month vaccine and a decrease in unwanted behaviors associated with the presence of sex hormones. While more studies are needed, this vaccine is emerging as a promising tool for the reproductive and behavioral management of male dogs. Abstract Canine immunocastration development has been of interest for many years as a complementary strategy to surgical castration. The purpose of this paper was to verify the effect of a recombinant vaccine for dog immunocastration. Two tests were done, one under controlled conditions and a second under field conditions. Animals were injected with 1 mL of 500 µg GnRXG/Q recombinant protein; 500 µg of low molecular weight chitosan as adjuvant; 1 mL NaCl 0.9% q.s. In the first trial, eight Beagle male dogs between the ages of 1 and 3 comprised the sample, randomly divided into two groups: vaccinated group (n = 7) and control group (n = 2). The second trial had 32 dogs with owners. In the first controlled conditions trial, the vaccine produced specific antibodies that remained until the end of the trial (day 270), inducing reduced testosterone and spermiogram changes in the immunized animals. In a second trial, on the field, specific immunity was induced, which remained high up to day 150. The vaccine also reduced sexual agonistic and marking behaviors. This new vaccine proved to be safe, immunogenic, capable of reducing gonadal functionality, and had a positive effect on inducing reduced sexual, agonistic, and marking behavior of the animals.
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Kress K, Weiler U, Schmucker S, Čandek-Potokar M, Vrecl M, Fazarinc G, Škrlep M, Batorek-Lukač N, Stefanski V. Influence of Housing Conditions on Reliability of Immunocastration and Consequences for Growth Performance of Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010027. [PMID: 31877705 PMCID: PMC7022942 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Surgical castration of male piglets is societally criticized as it is painful and violates the integrity of the animals. Pork production with boars and immunocastrates are possible alternatives. Even if immunocastration is an animal-welfare-friendly alternative, its market share is low and the reliability of this technique is discussed controversially within the pork chain. Currently, the number and the reason for non-responders to vaccination are not clear. Various factors may contribute to impaired immune response including adverse and stressful housing conditions. This study, therefore, examines the influence of different housing conditions on the immune response after two Improvac® vaccinations. To determine vaccination success, testosterone concentrations, GnRH-binding, and boar taint compounds were evaluated. Furthermore, the growth performance of male pigs was compared. The results show that immunocastration is reliable under different housing systems and prevents boar taint. Moreover, the growth performance of immunocastrates is high and even superior to that of boars and barrows after the 2nd vaccination. Accordingly, immunocastration is not only animal-welfare-friendly but also economically attractive and suitable for different housing systems. Abstract Immunocastration is a sustainable alternative to piglet castration but faces limited market acceptance. The phenomenon of non-responders has not to date been examined in detail, but adverse and stressful housing conditions (e.g., mixing of groups) might impair the success of vaccinations. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of housing conditions on the immune response after two Improvac® vaccinations at an age of 12 and 22 weeks, respectively. Boars, immunocastrates and barrows (n = 48 each) were assigned to three different housing conditions (n = 36 enriched, n = 36 standard n = 72 repeated social mixing). Immune response was quantified by measuring GnRH-binding and its consequences for testosterone concentrations, development of the genital tract and boar taint. Growth performance was evaluated via average daily gain (ADG). GnRH-binding and testosterone levels revealed that immunocastration reliably suppressed testicular functions after the 2nd vaccination. Housing conditions did not modify testicular function but influenced ADG as animals under mixing grew slower than those under enriched conditions. Gonadal status had only a slight impact on ADG except in immunocastrates, which showed a temporarily higher ADG after the 2nd vaccination. The results show that immunocastration is a reliable procedure under different housing conditions and competitive in terms of growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-22536
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Martin Škrlep
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Nina Batorek-Lukač
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
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24
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Lee YJ, Jo EJ, Lee HW, Hwang BR, Kim YH, Park BJ, Cho YJ, Lee YA, Choi IS, Han JS. Evaluation of infertility efficacy of the E. coli expressed STF2-GnRH vaccine in male cats. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e30. [PMID: 31161748 PMCID: PMC6538513 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted from the hypothalamus and anti-GnRH antibodies are not formed under normal conditions. However, administration an excess of recombinant GnRH protein results in the formation of anti-GnRH. We evaluated the efficacy of the recombinant Salmonella typhimurium flagellin fljB (STF2)-GnRH vaccine in inducing infertility in 17 intact male cats. The first vaccination and a boosting vaccine was injected for examination. Serum was obtained from blood collected at monthly intervals and anti-GnRH antibodies and testosterone concentrations were determined. Six months after the vaccination, testicular samples are obtained and used for histological examination. Compared with sham control group, the injection groups showed an increase in anti-GnRH antibody titers and testosterone concentrations tended to be reduced in the injection groups and increased in the control group. Histological evaluations and Johnsen's testicular biopsy scores revealed testicular hypoplasia in the 2 injection groups. Consequently, normal sexual maturation with sperm production was observed in the control group. In contrast, the cats that received the GnRH vaccine showed weak (2 of 7 cats) or moderate (4 out of 7 cats) dose-dependent infertility effects. On the basis of the results, the STF2-GnRH vaccine was identified to be effective in inducing infertility in male cats. The results of this study thus indicate the possibility of immunological castration targeting feral cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Jo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byoung Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yoon Ju Cho
- Department of Pet Science, Seojeong College University, Yangju 11429, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - In Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Han
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Yunes MC, Teixeira DL, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hötzel MJ. Is gene editing an acceptable alternative to castration in pigs? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218176. [PMID: 31233520 PMCID: PMC6590801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male piglets are commonly castrated to eliminate the risk of boar taint. Surgical castration is the commonly used procedure and is known to induce pain. Gene modification targeted at eliminating boar taint in male pigs has been proposed as a possible alternative to surgical castration. The aims of this study were to explore public acceptability of this biotechnology using a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data to assess acceptability of 570 participants from southern Brazil were analysed with multinomial logistic regression models and Spearman correlations; qualitative responses of the reasons provided in support of their position were coded into themes. Just over half of the participants (56%) considered gene modification of male pigs acceptable. Acceptability was lower among participants who grew up in an agricultural environment (ρ = 0.02), but was not influenced by sex, age, religion, urban or rural living, or level of education. Acceptability of gene modification of male pigs as an alternative to surgical castration was positively related to the perception of benefits (r = -0.56, ρ<0.0001) and negatively related to the participant’s perception of risks (r = -0.35, ρ<0.0001). Acceptability was not related to knowledge of basic concepts of genetic biotechnologies (r = 0.06, ρ<0.14), or to awareness of issues related to pig castration or boar taint (r = 0.03, ρ<0.44), both of which were low among participants. Participants that considered gene modification of pigs acceptable justified their position using arguments that it improved animal welfare. In contrast, those that were not in favour were generally opposed to genetic modification. Unforeseen downstream consequences of using genetic modification in this manner was a major concern raised by over 80% of participants. Our findings suggest that perceived animal welfare may encourage public support of gene editing of food animals. However, potential risks of the technology need to be addressed and conveyed to the public, as many participants requested clarification of such risks as a condition for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Yunes
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Dayane L. Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria J. Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Immunocastration, a technique to replace surgical castration of piglets, consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which transiently suppress testicular functions and avoid boar taint. It is a method to ensure both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively. While all aspects of sustainability have been studied separately, however, a contemporary global overview of different aspects is missing. In immunocastrates, performance results are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After second vaccination, immunocastrates switch from a boar- to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with environmental and economic benefits against increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both synergic and conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products.
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27
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Extending the interval between second vaccination and slaughter: II. Changes in the reproductive capacity of immunocastrated ram lambs. Animal 2019; 13:1962-1971. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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28
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Carvalho RMS, Boari CA, Villela SDJ, Pires AV, Mourthé MHF, Oliveira FR, Dumont MA, Gontijo RP, Lobo-Jr AR, Martins PGMA. Differences between sexes, muscles and aging times on the quality of meat from Wagyu × Angus cattle finished in feedlot. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to assess quality parameters and chemical composition, and to evaluate the effects of sex, muscle and aging time on the quality of meats from Wagyu × Angus cross cattle reared under tropical conditions. Analyses were performed on the longissimus thoracis, semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles obtained from chilled carcasses of a total of 30, 24-month-old, male (immunocastrated) and female animals (15 each sex). An effect of sex (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for subcutaneous fat thickness, marbling score, and ribeye area. The longissimus thoracis muscle from males was less (P < 0.0001) marbled than that from females, but males had greater subcutaneous fat thickness (P = 0.0001) and greater ribeye area (P = 0.0411) compared with females. No effect of sex (P ≥ 0.05) was observed for fat colour measures. An interaction effect of sex and muscle (P < 0.03) was detected for cooking loss, yellow intensity (b*), ash, and fat. Main effect of sex was not observed (P > 0.07) only for the ultimate pH and water-holding capacity. Greater shear force and moisture values were observed (P < 0.01) in meat from males than that from females, but a greater value of luminance (L*), red intensity (a*), chroma (C), hue (Ho), dry matter and protein was observed (P < 0.001) in meat from females than that from males. Main effect of muscle was not observed only for water-holding capacity (P = 0.13). Ultimate pH and shear force values were lesser (P < 0.001) in the longissimus thoracis muscle compared with other muscles. The triceps brachii muscle had the least (P ≤ 0.001) L* and Ho values among muscles, whereas the semitendinosus muscle had the greatest values of a* and C (P < 0.001). The semitendinosus muscle presented the greatest (P < 0.01) protein content compared with other muscles, although not differing in moisture and dry matter content from the triceps brachii muscle. An interaction effect of sex × aging time was observed for ultimate pH (P = 0.0110), meat colour parameters (except for Ho; P ≤ 0.01), and fat L* (P = 0.0025). Greater cooking loss, shear force, and fat a* values were observed (P < 0.01) in meat from males than that from females, but greater values of meat Ho, fat a* and Ho, dry matter, and protein were observed (P ≤ 0.03) in meat from females than that from males. Meat aging of longissimus thoracis reduced shear force. Based on these findings, we recommend that meat from Wagyu × Angus cross cattle should be aged during 7 days because, although differences between 7 and 14 days were observed in either aging times, meat subjected to this process is considered as very tender, based on shear force values. In addition, aging in a shorter period of time can reflect on costs by reducing particularly those related with energy, due to less refrigeration time.
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29
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Hirsbrunner G, Rigert S, Janett F, Hüsler J, Schnydrig P, Lopez E, Amatayakul-Chantler S, Steiner A. Immunization against GnRF in adult cattle: a prospective field study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:208. [PMID: 28666431 PMCID: PMC5493852 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppression of cyclic activity in cattle is often desired in alpine farming and for feedlot cattle, not intended for breeding. A cattle specific anti-GnRF vaccine (Bopriva™) is registered for use in heifers and bulls in different countries. In adult cows vaccinated with Bopriva™, the median period until recurrence of class III follicles was 78 days from the day of the 2nd vaccination and reversibility could be proven, as out of 11 experimental cows 10 cows became pregnant at first, and one cow at second insemination. In the present study, 76 healthy, cyclic Eringer heifers and cows were vaccinated twice with Bopriva™ 3-7 weeks apart, to prevent estrus during alpine pasturing. Blood samples were taken for progesterone and GnRF antibody titer analysis on the day of inclusion (7-9 d before the first vaccination) and at the first vaccination. At the same time, gynaecological examinations were performed. When estrus occurred in the course of the alpine pasturing season, a gynaecological examination was done including analysis of a blood sample (progesterone, anti-GnRF antibody titer). Cows were followed for fertility out to 26 months post second vaccination. RESULTS Median duration of estrus suppression was 191 days after the second vaccination (when the 2 vaccinations were given 28-35 days apart). From n = 13 cows showing signs of estrus on the alpine pasture, n = 7 could not be confirmed in estrus (serum progesterone value >2 ng/ml, no class III follicles seen using ultrasonography). Median duration between second vaccination and next calving was 496 days (25%/75% quartiles: 478/532 days). CONCLUSION Bopriva™ induced a reliable and reversible suppression of estrus for more than 3 months in over 90% of the cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Hirsbrunner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Rigert
- Tierarztpraxis Arche, CH-3952, Susten, Switzerland
| | - Fredi Janett
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hüsler
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schnydrig
- Institut for Veterinary Bacteriology, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ester Lopez
- Zoetis Research and Manufacturing, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville, VIC, A-3052, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
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Han XF, Li JL, Zhou YQ, Ren XH, Liu GC, Cao XH, Du XG, Zeng XY. Active immunization with GnRH-tandem-dimer peptide in young male rats reduces serum reproductive hormone concentrations, testicular development and spermatogenesis. Asian J Androl 2017. [PMID: 26208395 PMCID: PMC4854110 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.156856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
GnRH sterilization vaccines have been developed for various practical and clinical reasons. However, conjugation of GnRH peptide to carrier protein has many drawbacks, hampering the further commercialization of GnRH vaccines. In this study, a new nonconjugated GnRH vaccine, D-Lys6-GnRH-tandem-dimer peptide (TDK), emulsified in Specol adjuvant was investigated for its immunocastration efficacy in young male rats. Prepubertal male rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 12): control (no treatment), surgically castrated or immunized against 100 μg TDK in Specol adjuvant at 6 weeks of age (with a booster 8 weeks later). Blood samples (for antibody titers and hormone concentrations) were collected at 2-week intervals until rats were killed (18 weeks of age). Compared to intact controls, active immunization against TDK reduced (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of testosterone, inhibin B, LH and FSH, prevented the onset of spermatogenesis at puberty. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of GnRH receptor, LH-β and FSH-β in the pituitary, LH receptor, FSH receptor, inhibin α, βA and βB subunit in the testes were decreased in immunocastrated rats compared to intact controls (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate for the first time that GnRH-tandem-dimer peptide emulsified in Specol is a promising veterinary sterilization medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian-Yin Zeng
- Isotope Research Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, People's Republic of China
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Oliveira FC, Ferreira CER, Haas CS, Oliveira LG, Mondadori RG, Schneider A, Rovani MT, Gonçalves PBD, Vieira AD, Gasperin BG, Lucia T. Chemical castration in cattle with intratesticular injection of sodium chloride: Effects on stress and inflammatory markers. Theriogenology 2016; 90:114-119. [PMID: 28166957 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intratesticular injection (ITI) of sodium chloride (NaCl) is efficient for chemical castration of young calves, but its effects on calves welfare are unknown. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of ITI of 20% NaCl on stress and inflammatory markers in calves less than 20 days old and to assess the efficiency of ITI of 30% NaCl in 5 months old calves. In Experiment 1, control calves were only restrained and compared to calves submitted to castration through surgery (SC) and ITI with 20% NaCl (n = 9/group). No differences were observed for the eye corner temperature measured by thermography from 60 s before to 60 s after the procedures (P > 0.05). In the SC group, acute serum cortisol levels increased at 30 and 60 min after the procedure, but increased levels in the ITI group occurred only at 30 min (P < 0.05). Chronic discomfort markers were measured at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the procedures (D0, D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively). The serum levels of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme and cortisol did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Scrotal temperature was higher at D1 in the SC group than for the other groups, but lowest at D4 compared to the control (both P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, histological sections of testes were compared after ITI with either 30% NaCl or 30% calcium chloride (CaCl2), to intact calves (control). After 60 days, intact seminiferous tubules and mediastinum were observed after ITI with 30% NaCl, whereas coagulative necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and calcification occurred after ITI with 30% CaCl2. Efficient chemical castration through ITI of 20% NaCl in young calves was followed by slight stress and inflammatory responses compared to surgical castration. However, ITI of 30% NaCl was ineffective for chemical castration of 5 months old calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Oliveira
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos E R Ferreira
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina S Haas
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo G Oliveira
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Mondadori
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Monique T Rovani
- Biorep, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo B D Gonçalves
- Biorep, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo D Vieira
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo G Gasperin
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Physiological interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and spleen in rams actively immunized against GnRH. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Han X, Li J, Cao X, Du X, Meng F, Zeng X. Surgical castration but not immuncastration is associated with reduced hypothalamic GnIH and GHRH/GH/IGF-I axis function in male rats. Theriogenology 2016; 86:657-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mihsler L, Wagner H, Wehrend A. [Suppression of sexual activity and reproduction in male small ruminants]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:171-8. [PMID: 27189125 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-151145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Handling and husbandry of male small ruminants after sexual maturity often become difficult. Castration is currently the most reliable solution to this problem. Medicinal procedures for temporary inhibition of the gonad function could provide an alternative. Following a short overview of surgical castration, the current knowledge on the application of vaccines against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH agonist in rams and billy goats is presented in a literature overview. In rams, GnRH vaccination has been used successfully for temporary suppression of the reproduction function, regardless of an animal's age at the time of therapy initiation. Fewer investigations are available for the billy goat. A complete suppression of spermatogenesis was not achieved in all cases. Currently, treatment with GnRH agonists does not represent a relible method for the suppression of gonad function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel Wehrend
- Prof. Dr. Axel Wehrend, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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Bishop CC, Fleming PA, Barnes AL, Collins T, Miller DW. Immunisation against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) reduces agonistic behaviours in male rangeland goats. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rangeland goat bucks were used to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available anti-gonadotrophin-releasing hormone vaccine, Improvac (Zoetis Australia, West Ryde, NSW, Australia). The hypothesis tested was that immunisation would suppress testosterone secretion by the testis and agonistic behaviour between male goats. We also compared intervals of 2 and 4 weeks between primary and booster immunisations and monitored responses over a 2-month period. The 45 goats were split into three groups (n = 15): one group receiving the vaccination booster on Day 14, one group receiving the vaccination booster on Day 28, and the Control group receiving sterile saline injections. Body mass, body condition score and scrotal circumference were measured fortnightly, and blood was collected at 2-week intervals and analysed for testosterone concentration. Behavioural interaction tests of 2-min duration were also conducted fortnightly. There was a significant decrease in paired testicular circumference (P < 0.05) and testosterone concentration (P < 0.01) in both vaccination groups by the end of the experiment at Day 60, compared with the Control group. Agonistic interactions measured at Day 60 were significantly reduced in both vaccination groups (P < 0.05) compared with the Control group. These results support the efficacy of Improvac in reducing agonistic behaviours in rangeland goat bucks and suggest that the use of the vaccine may assist in reducing social stress and possible injury in groups of confined male goats.
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Humoral immune responses against gonadotropin releasing hormone elicited by immunization with phage-peptide constructs obtained via phage display. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:20-8. [PMID: 26456116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is based on genetic engineering of phage coat proteins resulting in fusion peptides displayed on the surface of phage particles. The technology is widely used for generation of phages with novel characteristics for numerous applications in biomedicine and far beyond. The focus of this study was on development of phage-peptide constructs that stimulate production of antibodies against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Phage-peptide constructs that elicit production of neutralizing GnRH antibodies can be used for anti-fertility and anti-cancer applications. Phage-GnRH constructs were generated via selection from a phage display library using several types of GnRH antibodies as selection targets. Such phage constructs were characterized for sequence similarities to GnRH peptide and frequency of their occurrence in the selection rounds. Five of the constructs with suitable characteristics were tested in mice as a single dose 5×10(11) virions (vir) vaccine and were found to be able to stimulate production of GnRH-specific antibodies, but not to suppress testosterone (indirect indicator of GnRH antibody neutralizing properties). Next, one of the constructs was tested at a higher dose of 2×10(12) vir per mouse in combination with a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based adjuvant. This resulted in multifold increase in GnRH antibody production and significant reduction of serum testosterone, indicating that antibodies produced in response to the phage-GnRH immunization possess neutralizing properties. To achieve optimal immune responses for desired applications, phage-GnRH constructs can be modified with respect to flanking sequences of GnRH-like peptides displayed on phage. Anticipated therapeutic effects also might be attained using optimized phage doses, a combination of several constructs in a single treatment, or application of adjuvants and advanced phage delivery systems.
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Freeman CE, Lyle SK. Chronic intermittent colic in a mare attributed to uterine marbles. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Freeman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - S. K. Lyle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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Goodwin D, Varamini P, Simerska P, D'Occhio MJ, Toth I. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-based subunit vaccine in rams (Ovis aries). Vaccine 2015; 33:1453-8. [PMID: 25678242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based vaccines has been investigated in rams to reduce aggressive and sexual behaviour and to control meat quality. Despite considerable efforts, a practical GnRH vaccine has yet to be developed for rams. In the present study, a A GnRH-lipopeptide vaccine (GnRH-LP) including two copies of GnRH, 2-amino-d,l-hexadecanoic acid (C16), and a unique T helper epitope, was examined in rams. Rams received a primary and secondary vaccination of GnRH-LP without additional adjuvant (Group 1) or with the adjuvant AdjuVac™ (Group 2). In both Group 1 and 2 anti-GnRH antibody titres increased after secondary vaccination, however, the antibody titres were higher (p<0.01) for rams in Group 2. The latter rams showed a marked decrease in testicular size. The marked and sustained reduction in testicular size in rams treated with GnRH-LP+AdjuVac™ provides the basis for an effective immunocastration vaccine in rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryn Goodwin
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pegah Varamini
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J D'Occhio
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden Campus, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woollongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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Jiang S, Hong M, Su S, Song M, Tian Y, Cui P, Song S, Wang Y, Li F, Fang F. Effect of active immunization against GnRH-I on the reproductive function in cat. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:747-54. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Meizhen Hong
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shiping Su
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Min Song
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Pei Cui
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shuang Song
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Fubao Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding; Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and breeding in Sheep of Anhui Province; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Fugui Fang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding; College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding; Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and breeding in Sheep of Anhui Province; Hefei Anhui China
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SUPRESSION OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN A MALE ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) TREATED WITH GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE VACCINES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:611-9. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0233r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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41
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Balet L, Janett F, Hüsler J, Piechotta M, Howard R, Amatayakul-Chantler S, Steiner A, Hirsbrunner G. Immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone in dairy cattle: Antibody titers, ovarian function, hormonal levels, and reversibility. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2193-203. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kemppainen RJ. Inoculation of dogs with a recombinant ACTH vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1499-505. [PMID: 24274887 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.12.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether inoculation of healthy dogs with a recombinant peptide containing 3 copies of ACTH would result in the production of antibodies against ACTH and whether this would affect pituitary-adrenocortical function. ANIMALS 8 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES A recombinant peptide consisting of 3 copies of ACTH fused to a T-helper cell epitope was produced in Escherichia coli. The protein was inoculated into 4 dogs at 4-week intervals (total of 3 inoculations/dog). Four control dogs received inoculations of PBS solution mixed with adjuvant. Blood samples were collected for determination of antibody titers against ACTH and for measurement of basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol concentrations. RESULTS Inoculation with the ACTH vaccine resulted in production of anti-ACTH antibodies in all 4 dogs. Titers were initially high but declined by 15 weeks after the initial inoculation. Basal cortisol concentrations were unaffected by inoculation with the ACTH vaccine. Plasma cortisol concentrations in response to ACTH stimulation were reduced at 12 weeks, but not at 15 weeks, after the first inoculation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inoculation of dogs with a recombinant ACTH vaccine resulted in the production of antibodies against the hormone. Anti-ACTH titers were initially high but were not sustained. The only detectable endocrine effect in treated dogs was a reduction in cortisol concentration in response to ACTH stimulation in 2 of 4 dogs at 12 weeks after the first inoculation. The effect of vaccine administration on the pituitary-adrenal system was subtle and transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Wicks N, Crouch S, Pearl CA. Effects of Improvac and Bopriva on the testicular function of boars ten weeks after immunization. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 142:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Hernandez-Medrano JH, Williams RW, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Peters AR, Hannant D, Campbell BK, Webb R. Early postnatal immunisation against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone induces a high but differential immune response in heifer calves. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:472-9. [PMID: 23778305 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate endocrinological and immunological effects of early postnatal immunisation against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in heifer calves, as similar treatment in sheep provokes long-term immunocastration. Heifer calves were injected with either a construct of GnRH - bovine herpes virus 1 glycoprotein D (BHV1 gD; n=9) or saline (n=9) at 2, 6 and 13.5 weeks of age. Antibody (GnRH and carrier) and endocrine responses to immunisation were measured twice monthly (FSH and progesterone) or during intensive sampling regimes (LH). Early postnatal immunisation against GnRH induced a high, but variable, antibody response against both GnRH and carrier. Based on antibody responses, animals were divided into high-titre (HT, n=5) and low-titre (LT, n=4). Occurring mainly in HT, a further peak in anti-GnRH antibodies, stimulated independently of the carrier, was observed at 23 weeks of age, with antibody titres ≥ 10% binding for ≈ 9 weeks post-peak. Conversely immunisation had only temporary, reversible effects on reproductive function, not affecting age at puberty. We hypothesise that the newly generated antibody measured 10 weeks after the final immunisation resulted from antigenic stimulation and immunological memory cell activation to an endogenous GnRH release. This outcome offers an opportunity for further manipulation of reproductive function based on modulation of GnRH secretion and activity where long-term immunological memory may contribute to durable endocrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hernandez-Medrano
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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Karakuş F, Yılmaz A, Hakan B, Stormo K, Ülker H. The Effectiveness of recombinant OL fusion protein (ovalbumin-LHRH-7) in suppressing reproductive functions when injected in single-dose vaccination protocols with different adjuvants. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 138:228-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sharma S, Hinds LA. Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:258-66. [PMID: 23248557 PMCID: PMC3523519 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a commercially successful animal vaccine is not only influenced by various immunological factors, such as type of antigen but also by formulation and delivery aspects. The latter includes the need for a vector or specific delivery system, the choice of route of administration and the nature of the target animal population and their habitat. This review describes the formulation and delivery aspects of various types of antigens such as killed microorganisms, proteins and nucleic acids for the development of efficacious and safe animal vaccines. It also focuses on the challenges associated with the different approaches that might be required for formulating and delivering species specific vaccines, particularly if their intended use is for improved animal management with respect to disease and/or reproductive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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47
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Hernandez-Medrano JH, Williams RW, Peters AR, Hannant D, Campbell BK, Webb R. Neonatal immunisation against a novel gonadotrophin-releasing hormone construct delays the onset of gonadal growth and puberty in bull calves. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:973-82. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the neonatal immunisation of bull calves against a novel gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) construct, comprised of GnRH coupled to the glycoprotein D subunit of the bovine herpes virus-1 (GnRH–BHV1 gD), on endocrine status, reproductive organ development and carcass quality. Eighteen bull calves received either GnRH construct (n = 9) or saline (control; n = 9) at 2, 6 and 13.5 weeks of age. Blood samples were taken to determine antibody titres against GnRH, FSH and testosterone (T) concentrations and LH pulse characteristics, with testicular circumference monitored monthly. Immunisation reduced LH pulse amplitude (P < 0.05) and T concentrations (P < 0.05), particularly at the peak in anti-GnRH titres after the second booster at 16 weeks of age (P < 0.001), but not when titres fell. Despite antibody titres decreasing after 16 weeks, immunisation reduced testicular size between 16 to 57 weeks of age (P < 0.05), provoking an 8-week delay in puberty onset, defined as testicular circumference ≥14 cm. In conclusion, neonatal immunisation induced a significant immune response against GnRH, provoking a temporary endocrine disturbance that had a long-term effect on testicular development, delaying the onset of puberty. These results support the hypothesis that a developmental window exists during testicular development, such that disturbance of the endocrine drive to the gonads during this period results in a longer-term impairment of gonadal function.
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Song YJ, Kim DG, Nam HM, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Seo KH, Kim HM, Choi IS. Evaluation of the efficacy of immunocastration vaccine composed of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone conjugated with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin in rats. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:e47-50. [PMID: 22044754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration is an alternative method to replace surgical castration that is commonly performed in domestic and pet animals. In this study, a new immunocastration vaccine was developed, and its efficacy was evaluated in male rats. Six tandem copies of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide were genetically fused to Salmonella typhimurium flagellin fljB (STF2) that is a ligand of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). The recombinant STF2-GnRH protein expressed in Escherichia coli was used as the immunocastration vaccine. Sixteen male rats were equally assigned to four groups. Excluding the control rats, three groups were immunized with 100, 200 and 400 μg of the STF2-GnRH vaccine, respectively. All of the immunized rats developed significantly higher titres of antibodies to GnRH than the control rats. The size and weight of both testes and epididymides from the immunized rats were significantly smaller than those of the control rats. Testicular tissues in the immunized rats demonstrated atrophy of seminiferous tubules and decreased numbers of both spermatogonia and spermatocytes. These data indicate that the newly developed STF2-GnRH vaccine has a potent immunogenicity to GnRH and efficiently suppresses the development of testes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Fang F, Li H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Tao Y, Li Y, Cao H, Wang S, Wang L, Zhang X. Active immunization with recombinant GnRH fusion protein in boars reduces both testicular development and mRNA expression levels of GnRH receptor in pituitary. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 119:275-81. [PMID: 20129744 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Gonazon implants in the treatment of reproductive pathologies, behavioral problems, and suppression of reproductive function in the male dog. Theriogenology 2010; 73:920-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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