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Padmalaya G, Krishna Kumar K, Senthil Kumar P, Sreeja BS, Bose S. A recent advancement on nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing of sulfamethaoxole and its futuristic approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133115. [PMID: 34952010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) forms the high harmfulness and causing negative health impacts to well-being human and environment that found to be major drastic concern. It is subsequently important to keep in track for monitoring of SMX through convenient detecting devices which include the requirement of being minimal expense and potential for on location environmental applications. Nanomaterials based design has been proposed to determine the SMX antibiotic which in turn provides the solution for this issue. In spite of the critical advancement accomplished in research, further endeavors are yet to foster the progress on electrochemical sensors with the guide of various functional nanomaterials and guarantee the effective transportability for such sensors with improved coherence. Moreover, it has been noticed that, only few reports on electrochemical sensing of SMX detection using nanomaterials was observed. Hence an in-depth evaluation of electrochemical sensing systems using various nanomaterials for SMX detection was summarized in this review. Additionally this current review centers with brief presentation around SMX hazard evaluation followed by study on the current logical techniques to feature the importance for SMX detection. This review will provide the sum up view towards the future ideas of this field which assists in improving the detecting strategies for SMX detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Padmalaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamilnadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamilnadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamilnadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - B S Sreeja
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sanchali Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamilnadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, Tamilnadu, India
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Quantification of Serum Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim by Ultra-fast Solid-Phase Extraction-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 42:724-732. [PMID: 32618880 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is used to treat a number of bacterial infections. TMP/SMX concentrations in serum are conventionally monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. These methods require laborious manual extraction techniques and relatively long sample analysis times, necessitating the development of a simple, high-throughput method. A simple, high-throughput method to measure TMP/SMX using ultra-fast solid-phase extraction (SPE)-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. METHODS Calibration standards, quality control materials, and patient samples were precipitated with acetonitrile containing isotopically labeled internal standards. Samples were vortexed, centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2053g, and the resulting supernatant was diluted in aqueous mobile phase and injected onto the C18 SPE cartridge. MS/MS analysis was performed by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode at a rate of <20 seconds per sample. A 5-point linear 1/x calibration curve was used to calculate sample concentrations. RESULTS The intra-assay precision coefficients of variation were <6% and <7% for SMX and TMP, respectively, and <10% for both interassay precision coefficients of variation. Comparison studies using 50 patient and spiked serum samples showed r values of 0.9890 and 0.9853 and y-intercept values of -1.918 and -1.357, respectively compared with the HPLC reference method. All data points were <±15% of the mean. Linearity [r = 0.9952 (SMX) and 0.9954 (TMP)] was established from 12 to 400 mcg/mL with a detection limit of 0.47 mcg/mL, and 1.2-40 mcg/mL with a detection limit of 0.06 mcg/mL, for SMX and TMP, respectively. For either drug, no significant carryover was observed after samples at the upper limit of quantification. No interference was observed from any of the 77 drugs and respective metabolites tested. CONCLUSIONS A high-throughput SPE-tandem mass spectrometry method for TMP/SMX quantification was developed. The <20 seconds analysis time is a significant improvement compared with traditional HPLC and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods, without sacrificing analytical performance.
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Arvand M, Ansari R, Heydari L. Electrocatalytic oxidation and differential pulse voltammetric determination of sulfamethoxazole using carbon nanotube paste electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Givianrad MH, Saber-Tehrani M, Aberoomand-Azar P, Mohagheghian M. H-point standard additions method for simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids with simultaneous addition of two analytes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:1196-1200. [PMID: 21256795 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of H-point standard additions method (HPSAM) to the resolving of overlapping spectra corresponding to the sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is verified by UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results show that the H-point standard additions method with simultaneous addition of both analytes is suitable for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in aqueous media. The results of applying the H-point standard additions method showed that the two drugs could be determined simultaneously with the concentration ratios of sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim varying from 1:18 to 16:1 in the mixed samples. Also, the limits of detections were 0.58 and 0.37 μmol L(-1) for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, respectively. In addition the means of the calculated RSD (%) were 1.63 and 2.01 for SMX and TMP, respectively in synthetic mixtures. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in some synthetic, pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Givianrad
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Development and validation of an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in human plasma. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 35:41-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-010-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Amini H, Ahmadiani A. Rapid and simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1146-50. [PMID: 17034977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in human plasma. The method entailed injection of the samples after deproteination with perchloric acid and subsequent neutralizing. Primidone was used as internal standard. Chromatography was performed on a C(18) column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) under isocratic elution with 50 mM aqueous sodium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile-triethylamine (100:25:0.5, v/v), pH 5.9. Detection was made at 240 nm and analyses were run at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min at a temperature of 35 degrees C. The recovery was 83.4, 88.5 and 98.2% for TMP, SMX and internal standard, respectively. The precision of the method was 2.6-9.8% over the concentration range of 0.125-2 microg/ml for TMP and 0.39-50 microg/ml for SMX. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in plasma was 0.125 and 0.39 microg/ml for TMP and SMX, respectively. The method was used for a bioequivalence study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amini
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran.
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Hruska MW, Frye RF. Determination of trimethoprim in low-volume human plasma by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 807:301-5. [PMID: 15203044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trimethoprim is an anti-infective agent used in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections and mild to moderate pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Trimethoprim is also a selective in vitro inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C8 and may have utility as an in vivo inhibitor of this enzyme. A simplified high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine trimethoprim in human plasma. Samples are processed by protein precipitation with perchloric acid and chromatographic separation is achieved on a Synergi Polar-RP column (4 micron, 150 mm x 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM ammonium formate-acetonitrile-methanol (pH=3.0; 90:6:4 (v/v/v)). Detection is monitored at 280 nm. Intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 and 0.9 to 4.1%, respectively. The assay is simple, economical, precise, and is directly applicable to human studies involving steady state trimethoprim pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hruska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Lemus Gallego JM, Pérez Arroyo J. Simultaneous determination of dexamethasone and trimethoprim by liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1255-61. [PMID: 12408916 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine dexamethasone phosphate and trimethoprim is described in this paper. The separation was made in a LichrCART(R) C18 column using an acetonitrile-NaH(2)PO(4) (10 mM) (70:30, v/v) (pH 3) buffer solution as mobile phase. The mobile-phase flow rate and the sample volume injected were 1 ml/min and 20 microliter, respectively. The limits of quantification were about 0.25 mg/l for each compound. The method was applied in synthetic mixtures and in pharmaceutical formulations. Analyses were made by preparing test (from the stock solution) method whose results were compared with those obtained by means of the standard addition method. Both methods showed similar results, and then it was proved that some pharmaceuticals claimed levels were in agreement with the obtained results by using our analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemus Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Facultad de Ciencias Qui;micas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Rønn AM, Mutabingwa TK, Kreisby S, Angelo HR, Fuursted K, Bygbjerg IC. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole) in children treated for malaria. Ther Drug Monit 1999; 21:609-14. [PMID: 10604820 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-199912000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of trimethoprim (TMP), sulphamethoxazole (SMX), and acetylsulphamethoxazole (AcSMX) in small amounts of blood. The method involved precipitation with 50 microL trichloracetic acid (1M) to 125 microL plasma or serum sample. 60 microL supernatant was added to 60 microL mobile phase, modified with 50microL 1 M sodium hydroxide/mL. The mobile phase consisted of 20% acetonitrile and 80% phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.15. Using 125 microL of the sample, limits of quantitation were 0.1 microg/mL for TMP, 1.0 microg/mL for SMX, and 1.0 microg/mL for AcSMX. The precision of the method was 2% to 11% over the range of concentrations tested, 0.5-30 microg/mL for TMP, 5-300 microg/mL for SMX, and 2.5-150 microg/mL for AcSMX, respectively. No interference with other commonly used drugs was observed. The method is rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The small amount of blood required makes it suitable for pediatric patients. The method was used to analyze samples from Tanzanian children aged 6-59 months participating in a cotrimoxazole (TMP/SMX)/chloroquine randomized trial for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Venous blood samples from 68 children were collected 2 hours after the first dose of TMP/SMX (4 mg/kg TMP/20 mg/kg SMX at two divided doses for 5 days) and again at treatment day 4. Individual variations in plasma concentrations of TMP, SMX, and AcSMX were considerable. The mean and SEM plasma concentrations (g/mL) of TMP, SMX, and AcSMX 2 hours after the first treatment dose were 2.0 +/- 1.0 (range 0.5-6), 53 +/- 22 (range 24-146), and 13.5 +/- 12 (range 0-65), respectively. On the fourth day the attained plasma concentrations were not significantly different from samples collected after the first dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rønn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet/Centre for Medical Parasitology, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Klinker H, Langmann P, Zilly M, Richter E. Drug monitoring during the treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. J Clin Pharm Ther 1998; 23:149-54. [PMID: 9786102 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.1998.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole plasma levels in patients with AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. METHOD Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole steady-state plasma concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography during 37 episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Initially, 15-23 mg/kg/day trimethoprim and 75-115 mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole were given i.v. Assuming a therapeutic range for trimethoprim from 4 to 10 microg/ml, the doses were adjusted if trimethoprim levels were found to be outside this range. RESULTS Mean concentrations were 6.7+/-3.3 g/ml for trimethoprim and 187+/-56 microg/ml for sulfamethoxazole. A widespread inter-patient range was found and could be decreased after dose adjustment. Enzyme inducing co-medication did not influence plasma concentrations. In patients with coexisting chronic liver disease, significantly increased sulfamethoxazole plasma levels were observed. A correlation could be demonstrated between serum creatinine and trimethoprim plasma levels. Adverse reactions associated with co-trimoxazole occurred during 65% of treatment periods and increased with increasing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole levels, as well as increasing length of treatment. Therapy only had to be prematurely discontinued in one patient. Overall mortality was 2.7% CONCLUSION Monitoring of co-trimoxazole levels during the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia in AIDS may help in reducing the high variability of plasma-concentrations and in avoiding severe side-effects especially associated in patients with chronic liver disease or renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Klinker
- Klinikum der Universität, Medizinische Klinik, Schwerpunkt Hepatologie/Infektiologie, Würzburg, Germany
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Srinivas NR, Knupp CA, Batteiger B, Smith RA, Barbhaiya RH. A pharmacokinetic interaction study of didanosine coadministered with trimethoprim and/or sulphamethoxazole in HIV seropositive asymptomatic male patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 41:207-15. [PMID: 8866920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics of didanosine, trimethoprim, and sulphamethoxazole were evaluated in ten HIV seropositive asymptomatic patients as single agents and upon coadministration of single doses. 2. Using a randomized, balanced incomplete block crossover study with at least a 1-week washout period between successive treatments, each patient under fasting conditions received four of the following five treatments: 200 mg didanosine as a single agent; 200 mg trimethoprim + 1000 mg sulphamethoxazole; 200 mg trimethoprim + 200 mg didanosine; 1000 mg sulphamethoxazole + 200 mg of didanosine and; 200 mg trimethoprim + 1000 mg sulphamethoxazole + 200 mg didanosine. 3. Serial blood and urine samples were collected following the administration of each treatment. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.)/ultraviolet assays specific for unchanged didanosine, trimethoprim and/or sulphamethoxazole. 4. Percent urinary recovery (%UR) and renal clearance (CLR) emerged as consistently affected parameters, being decreased in the case of didanosine (35%, P = 0.016) and trimethoprim (32%, P = 0.019) and increased in the case of sulphamethoxazole (39%, P = 0.079), when all three agents were coadministered. The magnitude of the changes in didanosine CLR and %UR values was no greater when both trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole were coadministered vs when each single agent was given with didanosine, suggesting that any effect was not additive. 5. Other key parameters such as Cmax, AUC, and t1/2 for didanosine (1309.9 ng ml-1, 1796.9 ng ml-1 h, and 1.61 h, respectively), trimethoprim (1.96 micrograms ml-1, 22.86 micrograms ml-1 h, and 9.03 h, respectively) or sulphamethoxazole (58.62 micrograms ml-1, 799.7 micrograms ml-1 h and 9.84 h, respectively) were not affected when didanosine was coadministered with either trimethoprim (didanosine: 1751.9 ng ml-1, 2158.0 ng ml-1 h, and 1.28 h; trimethoprim: 1.81 micrograms ml-1, 28.89 micrograms ml-1 h, and 11.4 h), sulphamethoxazole (didanosine: 1279.3 ng ml-1, 1793.2 ng ml-1 h, and 1.61 h; sulphamethoxazole: 53.57 micrograms ml-1, 732.1 micrograms ml-1 h, and 8.95 h), or the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (didanosine: 1283.7 ng ml-1, 1941.8 ng ml-1 h, and 1.38 h; trimethoprim: 1.59 micrograms ml-1, 26.68 micrograms ml-1 h, and 11.3 h; sulphamethoxazole: 59.48 micrograms ml-1, 760.9 micrograms ml-1 h, and 9.47 h). 6. Because the observed differences in CLR and %UR are small and not considered to be clinically relevant, it is not necessary to alter the dosing regimens of didanosine, trimethoprim or sulphamethoxazole when administered in combination to HIV seropositive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Srinivas
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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Lunn G, Rhodes SW, Sansone EB, Schmuff NR. Photolytic destruction and polymeric resin decontamination of aqueous solutions of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:1289-93. [PMID: 7830245 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amoxicillin, ampicillin, bleomycin, carmustine, cephalothin, dacarbazine, lomustine, metronidazole, norethindrone, streptozocin, sulfamethoxazole, and verapamil were completely degraded in solution, without the production of mutagenic residues, by photolysis using a medium-pressure mercury lamp in an all-quartz apparatus. A stream of air was passed through the solution and for amoxicillin, ampicillin, bleomycin, lomustine, metronidazole, and norethindrone it was necessary to add hydrogen peroxide. Dilute aqueous solutions of ampicillin, bleomycin, carmustine, cephalothin, lomustine, norethindrone, streptozocin, trimethoprim, and verapamil can be decontaminated using polymeric Amberlite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lunn
- Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201
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Stevens RC, Laizure SC, Sanders PL, Stein DS. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 12 milligrams of trimethoprim and 60 milligrams of sulfamethoxazole per kilogram of body weight per day in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:448-52. [PMID: 8460913 PMCID: PMC187691 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.3.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposition of 12 mg of trimethoprim and 60 mg of sulfamethoxazole per kg of body weight in six healthy male volunteers is described. The daily dose was evenly divided and administered orally every 6 h for 13 consecutive doses. Individual drug components were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Steady-state concentrations in serum for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were within the purported therapeutic ranges for treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Co-trimoxazole was well tolerated, and no subject withdrew from the study because of toxicity. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters in this study with those of our previous findings indicates that the elimination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole follows a first-order process within the dose ranges assessed. Administration of 15- to 20-mg/kg trimethoprim and 75- to 100-mg/kg sulfamethoxazole in four evenly divided doses for the first 24 h followed by 12 and 60 mg/kg/day, respectively, for the remainder of therapy rapidly attains concentrations in serum within the proposed P. carinii pneumonia therapeutic range. Clinical trials are indicated to evaluate this dosing scheme, which may decrease exposure to potentially excessive concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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Stein DS, Stevens RC, Terry D, Laizure SC, Palte S, Lancaster DJ, Weems JJ, Williams CL. Use of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole thrice weekly for primary and secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1705-9. [PMID: 1952835 PMCID: PMC245254 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.9.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an open prospective clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as one double-strength tablet thrice weekly for primary and secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) patients. A total of 104 HIV+ patients were evaluated, with 74 being in the primary prophylaxis group and 30 being in the secondary prophylaxis group. All except six patients received concomitant zidovudine; five patients on primary prophylaxis and one patient on secondary prophylaxis refused zidovudine. There were 70 patients evaluated for the efficacy of primary prophylaxis. The mean CD4 count was 124.4 +/- 110.1 cells per microliter. The mean follow-up time was 11.8 +/- 5.8 months (median, 12 months; range, 1 to 32 months). Two noncompliant patients developed PCP after 1 and 3 months of chemoprophylaxis. The failure rate (under the intention to treat principle) was 2 of 70 patients (2.9%; 95% confidence interval, 0.35 to 10%), or 1 per 413 patient-months of observation. There were 27 patients evaluated for the efficacy of secondary prophylaxis. The mean follow-up time was 12.4 +/- 7.2 months (median, 11 months; range, 1 to 29 months). Two patients, one of whom was noncompliant, were treatment failures, developing PCP after 14 and 15 months of chemoprophylaxis; this gave a failure rate of 2 of 27 patients (7.4%; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 24.3%), or 1 per 167 patient-months of observation. Adverse reactions sufficient to permanently terminate therapy occurred in 9 of 104 patients (8.7%; 95% confidence interval, 4 to 15.7%) overall. The serum trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography were uniformly low. One double-strength tablet of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole taken weekly on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday appeared to be well tolerated and efficacious for the prophylaxis of PCP in HIV+ patients at high risk and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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Avgerinos A, Athanasiou G, Malamataris S. Rapid simultaneous determination of trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and acetylsulphamethoxazole in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1991; 9:507-10. [PMID: 1747405 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(91)80254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Avgerinos
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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