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Karampiperi M, Tsirliganis NC, Kazakis NA. Use of commercial pharmaceutical drug (Daktarin®) for retrospective/accidental/forensic thermoluminescence dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109364. [PMID: 32829145 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective/accidental dosimetry seeks for materials that can be used as probes for the dose assessment by means of several methods when there is no dose data available (e.g. from personal dosimeters). In the same respect, researchers also seek materials appropriate for forensic purposes, which would allow to identify the prior presence of radioactive materials at buildings, sites or even vehicles. To this direction, several solid-state drugs, which are ubiquitous, have also been studied as probes for the dose estimation in emergency situations. However, due to their heat-sensitive character, measurements were possible only with OSL. The scope of the present work is to identify a heat-resistant drug (Daktarin) and conduct, for the first time, a detailed study of the thermoluminescence properties of it along with computerized curve deconvolution analysis which would shed light on the traps involved. Results indicate that the glow curve of Daktarin has at least three peaks that can be used for dosimetric purposes, since they exhibit linear dose response for doses up to 20 Gy, do not exhibit any sensitization, have high lifetime and their stability with time is good, since an appreciable signal remains unaffected even 3 months post irradiation. All the above were validated conducting dose recovery tests and successfully calculating the unknown delivered dose for various periods after the irradiation of the samples. The new findings are very supportive and point towards the efficient use of commercial pharmaceuticals as probes for retrospective/accidental/forensic dosimetry using thermoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karampiperi
- Laboratory of Archaeometry and Physicochemical Measurements, R.C. 'Athena', P.O. Box 159, Kimmeria University Campus, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Nestor C Tsirliganis
- Laboratory of Archaeometry and Physicochemical Measurements, R.C. 'Athena', P.O. Box 159, Kimmeria University Campus, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Nikolaos A Kazakis
- Laboratory of Archaeometry and Physicochemical Measurements, R.C. 'Athena', P.O. Box 159, Kimmeria University Campus, 67100, Xanthi, Greece.
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2
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Zhang YN, Zhou Y, Qu J, Chen J, Zhao J, Lu Y, Li C, Xie Q, Peijnenburg WJGM. Unveiling the important roles of coexisting contaminants on photochemical transformations of pharmaceuticals: Fibrate drugs as a case study. J Hazard Mater 2018; 358:216-221. [PMID: 29990809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a group of ubiquitous emerging pollutants, many of which have been shown to undergo efficient photolysis in the environment. Photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) sensitized by the pharmaceuticals in sunlit natural waters may induce photodegradation of coexisting compounds. In this study, the roles of coexisting contaminants on the phototransformation of pharmaceuticals were unveiled with the fibrate drugs gemfibrozil (GMF), fenofibrate (FNF), and fenofibric acid (FNFA) as model compounds. GMF undergoes initial concentration dependent photodegradation due to the involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) initiated self-sensitized photolysis, and undergoes pH dependent photodegradation due to dissociation and hydroxyl radical (OH) generation. The decarboxylated intermediates of GMF and coexisting FNFA significantly accelerated the photodegradation of GMF. The promotional effects of the decarboxylated intermediates are attributed to generation of PPRIs, e.g. 1O2, superoxide (O2-), that subsequently react with GMF. Besides, FNFA can also promote the photodegradation of GMF through the electron transfer reaction from ground state GMF to excited state FNFA, leading to the formation of decarboxylated intermediates. The formed intermediates can subsequently also facilitate GMF photodegradation. The results presented here provided valuable novel insights into the effects of coexisting contaminants on the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in polluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianchen Zhao
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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He Y, Sutton NB, Lei Y, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM. Fate and distribution of pharmaceutically active compounds in mesocosm constructed wetlands. J Hazard Mater 2018; 357:198-206. [PMID: 29886365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is a complex interplay of different processes. We studied fate and distribution of seven PhACs (caffeine, CAF; naproxen, NAP; metoprolol, MET; propranolol, PRO; ibuprofen, IBP; carbamazepine, CBZ; diclofenac, DFC) in mesocosm CWs and effects of irradiation via pre-photocatalysis, substrate composition (mainly sediment) through addition of litter (dead plant biomass), and plants. CWs showed high removal of CAF, NAP, MET, PRO, and IBP (79-99%). All seven PhACs were detected in substrate and plant tissues as well as IBP intermediates. Estimated PhAC mass balance showed that sorption dominated PRO removal in CWs while other PhACs were mainly removed by biodegradation and/or phytodegradation. Pre-photocatalysis significantly increased removal of PhACs except for CAF and IBP, and decreased accumulation of PhACs in substrate and plant tissues of the following wetland compartment. Litter addition in CW significantly enhanced removal of PRO and CBZ via biodegradation and/or phytodegradation. Plants played an essential and positive role in removing PhACs, resulting from direct phytoremediation and indirectly enhancing sorption and biodegradation. Our study provides knowledge to understand removal mechanisms of PhACs in CWs and to potentially enhance PhAC removal by developing pre-photocatalysis, adding dead plant biomass, and optimizing vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie He
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nora B Sutton
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yao W, Ur Rehman SW, Wang H, Yang H, Yu G, Wang Y. Pilot-scale evaluation of micropollutant abatements by conventional ozonation, UV/O 3, and an electro-peroxone process. Water Res 2018; 138:106-117. [PMID: 29574198 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) process is an emerging ozone-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) that has shown large potential for micropollutant abatement in water treatment. To evaluate its performance under more realistic conditions of water treatment, a continuous-flow pilot E-peroxone system was developed and compared with conventional ozonation and a UV/O3 process for micropollutant abatements in various water matrices (groundwater, surface water, and secondary wastewater effluent) in this study. With a specific ozone dose of 1.5 mg O3/mg DOC, micropollutants that have high and moderate reactivity with ozone (O3) (diclofenac, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and bezafibrate) could be sufficiently abated (>90% abatement) in the various waters by all three processes. However, ozone-resistant micropollutants (ibuprofen, clofibric acid, and chloramphenicol) were abated only by ∼32-68%, 68-91%, and 73-90% during conventional ozonation of the selected groundwater, surface water, and secondary wastewater effluent, respectively. By electro-generating H2O2 or applying UV irradiation to enhance O3 transformation to •OH during ozonation, the E-peroxone and UV/O3 processes similarly enhanced the abatement efficiencies of ozone-resistant micropollutants by ∼15-43%, ∼5-15%, and ∼5-10% in the groundwater, surface water, and secondary wastewater effluent, respectively. In addition, the E-peroxone and UV/O3 processes significantly reduced bromate formation during the treatment of the three waters compared to conventional ozonation. Due to its higher efficiency, the E-peroxone process reduced ∼10-53% of the energy consumption required to abate the concentration of chloramphenicol (the most ozone-resistant micropollutant spiked in the waters) by 1 order of magnitude in the three waters compared to conventional ozonation. In contrast, the UV/O3 process consumed approximately 4-10 times higher energy than conventional ozonation. This pilot-scale study demonstrates that the E-peroxone process can provide a feasible, effective, and energy-efficient alternative for micropollutant abatement and bromate control in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Yao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Syed Waqi Ur Rehman
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Markic M, Cvetnic M, Ukic S, Kusic H, Bolanca T, Bozic AL. Influence of process parameters on the effectiveness of photooxidative treatment of pharmaceuticals. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2018; 53:338-351. [PMID: 29173087 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1401394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/[Formula: see text] processes as photooxidative Advanced oxidation processes were applied for the treatment of seven pharmaceuticals, either already included in the Directive 2013/39/EU "watch list" (17α- ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol) or with potential to be added in the near future due to environmental properties and increasing consumption (azithromycin, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, erythromycin and oxytetracycline). The influence of process parameters (pH, oxidant concentration and type) on the pharmaceuticals degradation was studied through employed response surface modelling approach. It was established that degradation obeys first-order kinetic regime regardless structural differences and over entire range of studied process parameters. The results revealed that the effectiveness of UV-C/H2O2 process is highly dependent on both initial pH and oxidant concentration. It was found that UV-C/[Formula: see text] process, exhibiting several times faster degradation of studied pharmaceuticals, is less sensitive to pH changes providing practical benefit to its utilization. The influence of water matrix on degradation kinetics of studied pharmaceuticals was studied through natural organic matter effects on single component and mixture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinko Markic
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Matija Cvetnic
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Sime Ukic
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kusic
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Bolanca
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ana Loncaric Bozic
- a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Blum KM, Norström SH, Golovko O, Grabic R, Järhult JD, Koba O, Söderström Lindström H. Removal of 30 active pharmaceutical ingredients in surface water under long-term artificial UV irradiation. Chemosphere 2017; 176:175-182. [PMID: 28260657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the i) kinetics, and ii) proportion of photolysis of 30 relatively stable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during artificial UV irradiation for 28 d in ammonium acetate buffer, filtered and unfiltered river water. Buffer was included to control removal kinetics under stable pH conditions and without particulate matter. Dark controls were used to determine removal due to other processes than photolysis and calculate the proportion of photolysis of the total removal. The removal of each API in each matrix was determined using online solid phase extraction/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE/LC-MS/MS). Most APIs transformed during the 28 d of UV irradiation and the dark controls showed that photolysis was the major removal process for the majority of the APIs studied. The half-lives ranged from 6 h (amitriptyline) in unfiltered river water to 884 h (37 d, carbamazepine) in buffer. In unfiltered river water, the proportion of APIs with short half-lives (<48 h) was much higher (29%) than in the other matrices (4%), probably due to additional organic carbon, which could have promoted indirect photolysis. Furthermore, two APIs, memantine and fluconazole, were stable in all three matrices, while alprazolam was stable in buffer and unfiltered river water and four additional APIs were stable in buffer. Considering the relatively long-term UV-exposure, this study enabled the investigation of environmentally relevant half-lives in natural waters. Many APIs showed high persistence, which is environmentally concerning and emphasizes the importance of further studies on their environmental fate and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara H Norström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Söderström Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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7
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Duan X, He X, Wang D, Mezyk SP, Otto SC, Marfil-Vega R, Mills MA, Dionysiou DD. Decomposition of Iodinated Pharmaceuticals by UV-254 nm-assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes. J Hazard Mater 2017; 323:489-499. [PMID: 27267651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated pharmaceuticals, thyroxine (a thyroid hormone) and diatrizoate (an iodinated X-ray contrast medium), are among the most prescribed active pharmaceutical ingredients. Both of them have been reported to potentially disrupt thyroid homeostasis even at very low concentrations. In this study, UV-254 nm-based photolysis and photochemical processes, i.e., UV only, UV/H2O2, and UV/S2O82-, were evaluated for the destruction of these two pharmaceuticals. Approximately 40% of 0.5μM thyroxine or diatrizoate was degraded through direct photolysis at UV fluence of 160mJcm-2, probably resulting from the photosensitive cleavage of C-I bonds. While the addition of H2O2 only accelerated the degradation efficiency to a low degree, the destruction rates of both chemicals were significantly enhanced in the UV/S2O82- system, suggesting the potential vulnerability of the iodinated chemicals toward UV/S2O82- treatment. Such efficient destruction also occurred in the presence of radical scavengers when biologically treated wastewater samples were used as reaction matrices. The effects of initial oxidant concentrations, solution pH, as well as the presence of natural organic matter (humic acid or fulvic acid) and alkalinity were also investigated in this study. These results provide insights for the removal of iodinated pharmaceuticals in water and/or wastewater using UV-based photochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Xuexiang He
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Stephen P Mezyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Shauna C Otto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States
| | - Ruth Marfil-Vega
- Innovation and Environmental Stewardship, American Water, Belleville, IL 62220, United States
| | - Marc A Mills
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
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8
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Mehta P, Bhayani D. Impact of space environment on stability of medicines: Challenges and prospects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 136:111-119. [PMID: 28068518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To upkeep health of astronauts in a unique, isolated, and extreme environment of space is the primary goal for a successful space mission, hence, safe and efficacious medications are essential for the wellness of astronauts. Space medication has been challenged with problems related to efficacy. Along with altered physiology, one of the possible reasons could be instability of space medications in the presence of harsh spaceflight environmental conditions. Altered physical and chemical stability can result in reduced potency which can result in reduced efficacy. Right now, medicines from the International Space Station are replaced before their expiration. But, for longer duration missions to Mars or any other asteroid, there will not be any chance of replacement of medicines. Hence, it is desired that medicines maintain the shelf-life throughout the space mission. Stability of medicines used for short term or long term space missions cannot be judged by drug stability guidelines based on terrestrial environmental factors. Unique environmental conditions related to spaceflight include microgravity, excessive vibration, hard vacuum, humidity variation, temperature differences and excessive radiation, which may cause instability of medicines. This write-up provides a review of the problem and countermeasure approaches for pharmaceuticals exposed to the space environment. The first part of the article discusses thought processes behind outlining of International Conference on Harmonization drug stability guidelines, Q1A (R2) and Q1B, and its acceptance limits for accelerated stability study. The second part of the article describes the difference in the radiation environment of deep space compared to radiation environment inside the space shuttle based on penetration power of different types of radiation. In the third part of the article, various promising approaches are listed which can be used for assurance of space medicine stability. One of the approaches is the use of ground-based space simulation analogues and statistical treatment to data to calculate failure rate of drugs and probabilistic risk assessment. Another approach is to innovate storage and packaging technology using radiation harden polymer or using cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
| | - Dhara Bhayani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
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Romão J, Barata D, Ribeiro N, Habibovic P, Fernandes H, Mul G. High throughput screening of photocatalytic conversion of pharmaceutical contaminants in water. Environ Pollut 2017; 220:1199-1207. [PMID: 27839992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility for photon-induced degradation of over 800 pharmaceutical compounds present in the LOPAC1280 library, was analyzed by UV/Vis spectroscopy in the absence or presence of TiO2 P25 in water. In general, few compounds were effectively degraded in the absence of the TiO2 photocatalyst (3% of all compounds tested), while in the presence of TiO2, the majority of compounds was converted, often to a large degree. Differences in degree of degradation are evaluated on the basis of molecular weight, as well as the chemical nature of the drug compounds (functional groups and pharmacological classes). In general, if the molecular weight increases, the degradation efficacy decreases. Relatively high degrees of conversion can be achieved for (relatively small) molecules with functional groups such as aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and nitriles. A low degree of conversion was observed for compounds composed of conjugated aromatic systems. Trends in degradation efficacy on the basis of pharmacological class, e.g. comparing hormones and opioids, are not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Romão
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Barata
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nelson Ribeiro
- LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands; Stem Cells and Drug Screening Lab, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Meander 229, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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10
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Vasquez MI, Tarapoulouzi M, Lambrianides N, Hapeshi E, Felekkis K, Saile M, Sticht C, Gretz N, Fatta-Kassinos D. Assessing the potential of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products to cause mutagenic effects: Implications for gene expression profiling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2753-2764. [PMID: 27043355 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The selection and prioritization of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products for evaluating effects on the environment and human health is a challenging task. One common approach is based on compounds (e.g., mixture composition, concentrations), and another on biology (e.g., relevant endpoint, biological organizational level). Both of these approaches often resemble a Lernaean Hydra-they can create more questions than answers. The present study embraces this complexity, providing an integrated approach toward assessing the potential effects of transformation products of pharmaceuticals by means of mutagenicity, estrogenicity, and differences in the gene expression profiles. Mutagenicity using the tk kinase assay was applied to assess a list of 11 priority pharmaceuticals, namely, atenolol, azithromycin, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, erythromycin, metoprolol, ofloxacin, propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. The most mutagenic compounds were found to be β-blockers. In parallel, the photolabile pharmaceuticals were assessed for their mixture effects on mutagenicity (tk assay), estrogenicity (T47D- KBluc assay), and gene expression (microarrays). Interestingly, the mixtures were mutagenic at the µg/L level, indicating a synergistic effect. None of the photolysed mixtures were statistically significantly estrogenic. Gene expression profiling revealed effects related mainly to certain pathways, those of the p53 gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and translation-related (spliceosome). Fourteen phototransformation products are proposed based on the m/z values found through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The transformation routes of the photolysed mixtures indicate a strong similarity with those obtained for each pharmaceutical separately. This finding reinforces the view that transformation products are to be expected in naturally occurring mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2753-2764. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen I Vasquez
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nancy Lambrianides
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriakos Felekkis
- Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Saile
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Expósito AJ, Durán A, Monteagudo JM, Acevedo A. Solar photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater effluent in a semi-industrial autonomous plant. Chemosphere 2016; 150:254-257. [PMID: 26907593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An industrial wastewater effluent coming from a pharmaceutical laboratory has been treated in a semi-industrial autonomous solar compound parabolic collector (CPC) plant. A photo-Fenton process assisted with ferrioxalate has been used. Up to 79% of TOC can be removed in 2 h depending on initial conditions when treating an aqueous effluent containing up to 400 ppm of initial organic carbon concentration (TOC). An initial ratio of Fe(II)/TOC higher than 0.5 guarantees a high removal. It can be seen that most of TOC removal occurs early in the first hour of reaction. After this time, mineralization was very slow, although H2O2 was still present in solution. Indeed it decomposed to form oxygen in inefficient reactions. It is clear that remaining TOC was mainly due to the presence of acetates which are difficult to degrade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Expósito
- IMAES Group, INEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSII, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Durán
- IMAES Group, INEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSII, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José M Monteagudo
- IMAES Group, INEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSII, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alba Acevedo
- IMAES Group, INEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSII, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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12
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de Wilt A, Butkovskyi A, Tuantet K, Leal LH, Fernandes TV, Langenhoff A, Zeeman G. Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with source separated wastewater streams. J Hazard Mater 2016; 304:84-92. [PMID: 26546707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutant removal in an algal treatment system fed with source separated wastewater streams was studied. Batch experiments with the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana grown on urine, anaerobically treated black water and synthetic urine were performed to assess the removal of six spiked pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, carbamazepine and trimethoprim). Additionally, incorporation of these pharmaceuticals and three estrogens (estrone, 17β-estradiol and ethinylestradiol) into algal biomass was studied. Biodegradation and photolysis led to 60-100% removal of diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol and metoprolol. Removal of carbamazepine and trimethoprim was incomplete and did not exceed 30% and 60%, respectively. Sorption to algal biomass accounted for less than 20% of the micropollutant removal. Furthermore, the presence of micropollutants did not inhibit C. sorokiniana growth at applied concentrations. Algal treatment systems allow simultaneous removal of micropollutants and recovery of nutrients from source separated wastewater. Nutrient rich algal biomass can be harvested and applied as fertilizer in agriculture, as lower input of micropollutants to soil is achieved when algal biomass is applied as fertilizer instead of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud de Wilt
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrii Butkovskyi
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Kanjana Tuantet
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Hernandez Leal
- Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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An Y, de Ridder DJ, Zhao C, Schoutteten K, Bussche JV, Zheng H, Chen G, Vanhaecke L. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides by carbon doped-TiO2 coated on zeolites under solar light irradiation. Water Sci Technol 2016; 73:2868-2881. [PMID: 27332831 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the performance of zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO(2) composite catalysts toward target pollutants under solar light irradiation, the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of 18 pharmaceuticals and pesticides with distinguishing features (molecular size and volume, and photolysis) were investigated using mordenite zeolites with SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratios of 18 and 240. Different quantities of carbon-doped TiO(2) were coated on the zeolites, and then the finished composite catalysts were tested in demineralized, surface, and hospital wastewater samples, respectively. The composite photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and surface area and porosity analyses. Results showed that a dispersed layer of carbon-doped TiO(2) is formed on the zeolite surface; this layer blocks the micropores of zeolites and reduces their surface area. However, these reductions did not significantly affect adsorption onto the zeolites. Our results demonstrated that zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO(2) systems can effectively degrade 18 pharmaceuticals and pesticides in demineralized water under natural and simulated solar light irradiation. In surface and hospital wastewaters, zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO(2) systems present excellent anti-interference capability against radical scavengers and competitive organics for pollutants removal, and higher pollutants adsorption on zeolites evidently enhances the removal rate of target pollutants in surface and hospital wastewater samples with a complicated matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye An
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: ; ; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; These authors contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors
| | - David Johannes de Ridder
- Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; These authors contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors
| | - Chun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: ; ; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Klaas Schoutteten
- Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; These authors also contributed equally to this work
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; These authors also contributed equally to this work
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: ; ; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; These authors also contributed equally to this work
| | - Gang Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; These authors also contributed equally to this work
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; These authors also contributed equally to this work
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14
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Li SW, Lin AYC. Increased acute toxicity to fish caused by pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents in a pharmaceutical mixture and after solar irradiation. Chemosphere 2015; 139:190-6. [PMID: 26121604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hospital effluents are an important source of residual drugs and other classes of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. The raw wastewater from the studied hospital exhibited acute toxicity to vertebrate organisms, and Cyprinus carpio was the most sensitive organism tested. A mixture of 19 commonly used pharmaceuticals caused acute toxicity to C. carpio with an LC50 value of 60.68mgL(-1) after 96h. This study demonstrated that irradiation for 1-5days significantly increased the acute toxicity of the pharmaceuticals to fish, leading to increased mortality after a 2-h exposure and approximately 40% of the surviving fish died within 28days. The pre-irradiated pharmaceutical mixture also induced strange behaviors in the fish that survived the test. The synergistic increase in toxicity caused by the photolysis and mixing of pharmaceuticals cannot be ignored and warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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15
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Naddeo V, Uyguner-Demirel CS, Prado M, Cesaro A, Belgiorno V, Ballesteros F. Enhanced ozonation of selected pharmaceutical compounds by sonolysis. Environ Technol 2015; 36:1876-1883. [PMID: 25655135 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1014864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In search of new options to achieve removal of pharmaceuticals in the environment, combined ultrasound and ozonation has become a focus of intense investigation for wastewater treatment. In this study, three pharmaceuticals were selected as model compounds for degradation experiments: diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Comparison of the degradation rates for both ozonation and combined ultrasound/ozonation treatments was performed on single synthetic solutions as well as on a mixture of the selected pharmaceuticals, under different experimental conditions. For single synthetic solutions, the efficiency removal for ozonation reached 73%, 51% and 59% after 40 min for DCF, SMX and CBZ, respectively. Comparable results were obtained for pharmaceuticals in mixture. However, the combined ultrasound/ozone treatment was found to increase degradation efficiencies for both DCF and SMX single solutions up to 94% and 61%, respectively, whereas lower removal yields, up to 56%, was noted for CBZ. Likewise, when the combined treatment was applied to the mixture, relatively low removal efficiencies was found for CBZ (44%) and 90% degradation yield was achieved for DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Naddeo
- a Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano , SA , Italy
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16
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Wols BA, Harmsen DJH, Wanders-Dijk J, Beerendonk EF, Hofman-Caris CHM. Degradation of pharmaceuticals in UV (LP)/H₂O₂ reactors simulated by means of kinetic modeling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Water Res 2015; 75:11-24. [PMID: 25746958 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UV/H2O2 treatment is a well-established technique to degrade organic micropollutants. A CFD model in combination with an advanced kinetic model is presented to predict the degradation of organic micropollutants in UV (LP)/H2O2 reactors, accounting for the hydraulics, fluence rate, complex (photo)chemical reactions in the water matrix and the interactions between these processes. The model incorporates compound degradation by means of direct UV photolysis, OH radical and carbonate radical reactions. Measurements of pharmaceutical degradations in pilot-scale UV/H2O2 reactors are presented under different operating conditions. A comparison between measured and modeled degradation for a group of 35 pharmaceuticals resulted in good model predictions for most of the compounds. The research also shows that the degradation of organic micropollutants can be dependent on temperature, which is relevant for full-scale installations that are operated at different temperatures over the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wols
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; Wetsus, Centre for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 113, Leeuwarden 8900 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - D J H Harmsen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - E F Beerendonk
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C H M Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhang R, Sun P, Boyer TH, Zhao L, Huang CH. Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3056-66. [PMID: 25625668 DOI: 10.1021/es504799n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Oller I, Pérez JAS, Malato S. Application of solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH to nanofiltration concentrates for removal of pharmaceuticals in MWTP effluents. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:846-855. [PMID: 24756680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In view of the inefficient elimination of micro-pollutants by today's conventional biological treatments and new legislation requiring elimination of at least 80 % of their concentration, the application of an advanced tertiary treatment must be studied. A good option would be advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which have very often been combined with physicochemical pre-treatSments to increase efficiency or reduce operating costs. This study focused on the combination of membrane nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton for the main purpose of removing five pharmaceuticals (sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, carbamazepine and flumequine) from real MWTP effluents under realistic conditions (μg L(-1)). This research also included tests performed with modified photo-Fenton using a low iron concentration at circumneutral pH and a low hydrogen peroxide dose, in an attempt to reduce major treatment costs. Over 80 % of dissolved organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were also retained during nanofiltration, making pharmaceutical removal less efficient in terms of concentrate treatment time than direct treatment, i.e. the concentrate illumination time was around 150 min while direct treatment was around 40 min. Nevertheless, it should be highlighted that, although no savings in installation costs was observed for the combined system (nanofiltration/solar photo-Fenton), the reaction rate improved and so, there was a savings in reagent costs (mainly hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miralles-Cuevas
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senés km 4, Tabernas, 04200, Almería, Spain
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Miralles-Cuevas S, Oller I, Pérez JAS, Malato S. Removal of pharmaceuticals from MWTP effluent by nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton using two different iron complexes at neutral pH. Water Res 2014; 64:23-31. [PMID: 25025178 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, membrane technologies (nanofiltration (NF)/reverse osmosis (RO)) have received much attention for micropollutant separation from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) effluents. Practically all micropollutants are retained in the concentrate stream, which must be treated. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to be a good option for the removal of microcontaminants from water systems. However, these processes are expensive, and therefore, are usually combined with other techniques (such as membrane systems) in an attempt at cost reduction. One of the main costs in solar photo-Fenton comes from reagent consumption, mainly hydrogen peroxide and chemicals for pH adjustment. Thus, in this study, solar photo-Fenton was used to treat a real MWTP effluent with low initial iron (less than 0.2 mM) and hydrogen peroxide (less than 2 mM) concentrations. In order to work at neutral pH, iron complexing agents (EDDS and citrate) were used in the two cases studied: direct treatment of the MWTP effluent and treatment of the concentrate stream generated by NF. The degradation of five pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, flumequine, ibuprofen, ofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) spiked in the effluent at low initial concentrations (μg L(-1)) was monitored as the main variable in the pilot-plant-scale photo-Fenton experiments. In both effluents, pharmaceuticals were efficiently removed (>90%), requiring low accumulated solar energy (2 kJUV L(-1), key parameter in scaling up the CPC photoreactor) and low iron and hydrogen peroxide concentrations (reagent costs, 0.1 and 1.5 mM, respectively). NF provided a clean effluent, and the concentrate was positively treated by solar photo-Fenton with no significant differences between the direct MWTP effluent and NF concentrate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miralles-Cuevas
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - I Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - J A Sánchez Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad de Almería. Carretera Sacramento S/N, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - S Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT. Carretera Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain.
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20
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Yu X, Zhou M, Hu Y, Groenen Serrano K, Yu F. Recent updates on electrochemical degradation of bio-refractory organic pollutants using BDD anode: a mini review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:8417-8431. [PMID: 24777320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is playing an important role in environmental electrochemistry and has been successfully applied to the degradation of various bio-refractory organic pollutants. However, the review concerning recent progress in this research area is still very limited. This mini-review updated recent advances on the removal of three kinds of bio-refractory wastewaters including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes using BDD electrode. It summarized the important parameters in three electrochemical oxidation processes, i.e., anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) and compared their different degradation mechanisms and behaviors. As an attractive improvement of PEF, solar photoelectro-Fenton using sunlight as UV/vis source presented cost-effectiveness, in which the energy consumption for enrofloxacin removal was 0.246 kWh/(g TOC), which was much lower than that of 0.743 and 0.467 kWh/(g TOC) by AO and EF under similar conditions. Finally the existing problems and future prospects in research were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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21
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Hasanain F, Guenther K, Mullett WM, Craven E. Gamma sterilization of pharmaceuticals--a review of the irradiation of excipients, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and final drug product formulations. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2014; 68:113-37. [PMID: 24668600 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2014.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sterilization by gamma irradiation has shown a strong applicability for a wide range of pharmaceutical products. Due to the requirement for terminal sterilization where possible in the pharmaceutical industry, gamma sterilization has proven itself to be an effective method as indicated by its acceptance in the European Pharmacopeia and the United States Pharmacopeia ( ). Some of the advantages of gamma over competitive procedures include high penetration power, isothermal character (small temperature rise), and no residues. It also provides a better assurance of product sterility than aseptic processing, as well as lower validation demands. Gamma irradiation is capable of killing microorganisms by breaking their chemical bonds, producing free radicals that attack the nucleic acid of the microorganism. Sterility by gamma irradiation is achieved mainly by the alteration of nucleic acid and preventing the cellular division. This review focuses on the extensive application of gamma sterilization to a wide range of pharmaceutical components including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, final drug products, and combination drug-medical devices. A summary of the published literature for each class of pharmaceutical compound or product is presented. The irradiation conditions and various quality control characterization methodologies that were used to determine final product quality are included, in addition to a summary of the investigational outcomes. Based on this extensive literature review and in combination with regulatory guidelines and other published best practices, a decision tree for implementation of gamma irradiation for pharmaceutical products is established. This flow chart further facilitates the implementation of gamma irradiation in the pharmaceutical development process. The summary therefore provides a useful reference to the application and versatility of gamma irradiation for pharmaceutical sterilization. LAY ABSTRACT Many pharmaceutical products require sterilization to ensure their safe and effective use. Sterility is therefore a critical quality attribute and is essential for direct injection products. Due to the requirement for terminal sterilization, where possible in the pharmaceutical industry sterilization by gamma irradiation has been commonly used as an effective method to sterilize pharmaceutical products as indicated by its acceptance in the European Pharmacopeia. Gamma sterilization is a very attractive terminal sterilization method in view of its ability to attain 10(-6) probability of microbial survival without excessive heating of the product or exposure to toxic chemicals. However, radiation compatibility of a product is one of the first aspects to evaluate when considering gamma sterilization. Gamma radiation consists of high-energy photons that result in the generation of free radicals and the subsequent ionization of chemical bonds, leading to cleavage of DNA in microorganisms and their subsequent inactivation. This can result in a loss of active pharmaceutical ingredient potency, the creation of radiolysis by-products, a reduction of the molecular weight of polymer excipients, and influence drug release from the final product. There are several strategies for mitigating degradation effects, including optimization of the irradiation dose and conditions. This review will serve to highlight the extensive application of gamma sterilization to a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical components including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, final drug products, and combination drug-medical devices.
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Secondes MFN, Naddeo V, Belgiorno V, Ballesteros F. Removal of emerging contaminants by simultaneous application of membrane ultrafiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and ultrasound irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2014; 264:342-349. [PMID: 24316806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced wastewater treatment is necessary to effectively remove emerging contaminants (ECs) with chronic toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, and the capability to induce the proliferation of highly resistant microbial strains in the environment from before wastewater disposal or reuse. This paper investigates the efficiency of a novel hybrid process that applies membrane ultrafiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and ultrasound irradiation simultaneously to remove ECs. Diclofenac, carbamazepine, and amoxicillin are chosen for this investigation because of their assessed significant environmental risks. Removal mechanisms and enhancement effects are analysed in single and combined processes. The influence of adsorbent dose and ultrasonic frequency to EC removal are also investigated. Results suggest that adsorption is probably the main removal mechanism and is affected by the nature of ECs and the presence of other components in the mixture. Almost complete removals are achieved in the hybrid process for all ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Freda N Secondes
- Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano 84084 (SA), Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano 84084 (SA), Italy
| | - Florencio Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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23
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Abstract
Oxidation of aromatic compounds of phenolic (paracetamol, beta-oestradiol and salicylic acid) and carboxylic (indomethacin and ibuprofen) structure used in pharmaceutics was studied. Aqueous solutions were treated with pulsed corona discharge (PCD) as a means for advanced oxidation. Pulse repetition frequency, delivered energy dose and oxidation media were the main parameters studied for their influence on the process energy efficiency. The PCD treatment appeared to be effective in oxidation of the target compounds: complete degradation of pollutant together with partial mineralization was achieved at moderate energy consumption; oxidation proceeds faster in alkaline media. Low-molecular carboxylic acids were identified as ultimate oxidation by-products formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Panorel
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland.
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24
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Köhler C, Venditti S, Igos E, Klepiszewski K, Benetto E, Cornelissen A. Elimination of pharmaceutical residues in biologically pre-treated hospital wastewater using advanced UV irradiation technology: a comparative assessment. J Hazard Mater 2012; 239-240:70-7. [PMID: 22748974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation technology as a membrane bioreactor (MBR) post-treatment was investigated and assessed. Both UV low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) lamps were examined. The technology was installed in a pilot plant treating hospital wastewater to provide the study with adequate field data. The effect of the UV irradiation was enhanced with varying dosages of H2O2 to establish an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The efficiency of the pharmaceutical removal process was assessed by examining 14 micropollutants (antibiotics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, cytostatics and X-ray contrast media) which are typically released by hospitals and detected with liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). While the MBR treatment generally showed only a low degradation capacity for persistent pharmaceuticals, much better degradation was obtained by applying UV irradiation and H2O2 as AOP. The "conventional" cost-benefit analysis of the different technology options taking into account both electrical energy consumption and pharmaceutical removal efficiency, revealed clearly better performance of low pressure UV lamps as AOP. However, a holistic comparison between the different scenarios was carried out by evaluating their environmental impacts using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Decisive advantages were highlighted to include this approach in the decision making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Köhler
- Public Research Centre Henri Tudor/Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies, 66 rue de Luxembourg, BP 144, L-4002 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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25
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Calcagnini G, Censi F, Maffia M, Mainetti L, Mattei E, Patrono L, Urso E. Evaluation of thermal and non-thermal effects of UHF RFID exposure on biological drugs. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2012; 16:1051-57. [PMID: 22717524 DOI: 10.1109/titb.2012.2204895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology promises to improve several processes in the healthcare scenario, especially those related to traceability of people and things. Unfortunately, there are still some barriers limiting the large-scale deployment of these innovative technologies in the healthcare field. Among these, the evaluation of potential thermal and non-thermal effects due to the exposure of biopharmaceutical products to electromagnetic fields is very challenging, but still slightly investigated. This paper aims to setup a controlled RF exposure environment, in order to reproduce a worst-case exposure of pharmaceutical products to the electromagnetic fields generated by the UHF RFID devices placed along the supply chain. Radiated powers several times higher than recommended by current normative limits were applied (10 W and 20 W). The electric field strength at the exposed sample location, used in tests, was as high as 100 V/m. Non-thermal effects were evaluated by chromatography techniques and in vitro assays. The results obtained for a particular case study, the ActrapidTM human insulin preparation, showed temperature increases lower than 0.5 °C and no significant changes in the structure and performance of the considered drug.
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26
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Abstract
We describe a new temperature and electric field dual-stimulus responsive nanoparticle system for programmed drug delivery. Nanoparticles of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) are loaded with therapeutic pharmaceuticals and are subcutaneously localized in vivo with the assistance of a temperature-sensitive hydrogel (PLGA-PEG-PLGA). We have shown that drug release from the conductive nanoparticles is controlled by the application of a weak, external DC electric field. This approach represents a novel interactive drug delivery system that can show an externally tailored release profile with an excellent spatial, temporal, and dosage control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
| | - Evgenios Neofytou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5407 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
| | - Ramin E. Beygui
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5407 (USA)
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
- Corresponding author: Richard N. Zare, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA), Tel: (+1) 650-723-3062, Fax: (+1) 650-725-0259,
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27
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An J, Zhou Q. Degradation of some typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products with copper-plating iron doped Cu2O under visible light irradiation. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:827-833. [PMID: 22893958 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of five commonly used pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was degraded using a new combined catalyst under visible light irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the combined catalyst was composed of copper-plating iron doped Cu2O (FeCu/Cu2O). Compared with the Fe/C inner micro-circuit, the electric currents flowing between Cu and Fe increase the speed of anodic Fe dissolution. Moreover, due to the photochemical properties, Cu2O can accelerate the PPCPs degradation processes under the irradiation of visible light. In addition, shaking increased the dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution, which not only preconditioned the photo-catalysis reaction, but also set the stage for Fe reduction. According to the experimental results, we propose the possible reaction mechanism of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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28
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if coexisting compounds could affect the fate of pharmaceuticals in surface water under solar irradiation. The degradation of metronidazole (MET) in the presence of different coexisting pharmaceuticals was investigated in batch experiments with exposure to sunlight. Tinidazole, which has a similar structure to MET, was employed as an analogue. The results indicated that the presence of an analogue with a similar photosensitive group to MET could inhibit the photodegradation of MET. In addition, the effect of coexisting pharmaceuticals with different absorption spectra on the degradation of MET was investigated. The results showed that the effect depended on the degree of overlapping absorption spectra between MET and the coexisting pharmaceuticals. The relationship between the degree of the influence and the ultraviolet absorption spectra of coexisting pharmaceuticals found in this study could give guidance in assessing the fate of pharmaceuticals in environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Calisto V, Domingues MRM, Esteves VI. Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments--kinetics and photodegradation products. Water Res 2011; 45:6097-106. [PMID: 21943883 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and alprazolam) was investigated. Benzodiazepines were irradiated under simulated solar irradiation and direct and indirect (together with three different fractions of humic substances) photodegradation kinetics were determined. Lorazepam was shown to be quickly photodegradated by direct solar radiation, with a half-life time lower than one summer sunny day. On the contrary, oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed to be highly resistant to photodegradation with half-life times of 4, 7 and 228 summer sunny days, respectively. Apparent indirect and direct photodegradation rates are of the same order of magnitude. However, humic acids were consistently responsible for a decrease in the photodegradation rates while fulvic acids and XAD4 fraction caused an enhancement of the photodegradation. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation might not be an efficient pathway to prevent the aquatic environmental accumulation of oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Also, nineteen direct photodegradation products were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry, the majority of which are newly identified photoproducts. This identification is crucial to a more complete understanding of the environmental impact of benzodiazepines in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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30
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Du B, Daniels VR, Vaksman Z, Boyd JL, Crady C, Putcha L. Evaluation of physical and chemical changes in pharmaceuticals flown on space missions. AAPS J 2011; 13:299-308. [PMID: 21479701 PMCID: PMC3085701 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy and safety of medications used for the treatment of astronauts in space may be compromised by altered stability in space. We compared physical and chemical changes with time in 35 formulations contained in identical pharmaceutical kits stowed on the International Space Station (ISS) and on Earth. Active pharmaceutical content (API) was determined by ultra- and high-performance liquid chromatography after returning to Earth. After stowage for 28 months in space, six medications aboard the ISS and two of matching ground controls exhibited changes in physical variables; nine medications from the ISS and 17 from the ground met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) acceptance criteria for API content after 28 months of storage. A higher percentage of medications from each flight kit had lower API content than the respective ground controls. The number of medications failing API requirement increased as a function of time in space, independent of expiration date. The rate of degradation was faster in space than on the ground for many of the medications, and most solid dosage forms met USP standard for dissolution after storage in space. Cumulative radiation dose was higher and increased with time in space, whereas temperature and humidity remained similar to those on the ground. Exposure to the chronic low dose of ionizing radiation aboard the spacecraft as well as repackaging of solid dosage forms in flight-specific dispensers may adversely affect stability of pharmaceuticals. Characterization of degradation profiles of unstable formulations and identification of chemical attributes of stability in space analog environments on Earth will facilitate development of space-hardy medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Du
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Vernie R. Daniels
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- />Texas Medical Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77025 USA
| | - Jason L. Boyd
- />Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas 77058 USA
| | - Camille Crady
- />Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, 1290 Hercules Drive, Suite 120, Houston, Texas 77058–2769 USA
| | - Lakshmi Putcha
- />Pharmacotherapeutics Laboratory, SK/Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058 USA
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31
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Hu A, Zhang X, Oakes KD, Peng P, Zhou YN, Servos MR. Hydrothermal growth of free standing TiO2 nanowire membranes for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals. J Hazard Mater 2011; 189:278-85. [PMID: 21377796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly entangled TiO(2) nanowires were directly synthesized by hydrothermal growth on Ti substrates at 180 °C utilizing various organic solvents to oxidize Ti. The growth mechanism, microstructure and phase transition of TiO(2) nanowire membranes were investigated in detail. TiO(2) nanowires, with diameters of 10-20 nm and lengths up to 100 μm, show a phase transition from Type-B to anatase by annealing at 700 °C. Robust, free standing TiO(2) nanowire membranes with millimeter level thickness can be cleaved from Ti substrates or directly prepared from thin Ti foils. These porous TiO(2) membranes, while effective for mechanical microfiltration, can also photocatalytically degrade pharmaceuticals such as trimethoprim under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Hu
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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32
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Raynal C. [Radiated drugs, the way of health]. Rev Hist Pharm (Paris) 2011; 59:53-70. [PMID: 21797051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the inter-war years, the word "radiated" did not only suggest radioactivity, but it was also used to indicate exposure to others radiations, such as ultraviolets. The actinotherapy, a new therapy in vogue, was applied to many pathologies and tried on many substances. "Radiated drugs" result of those experimentations. Their therapeutical characteristics were found during searches on rickets. Our study relates the story of fight against rickets in France, from the use of cod liver oil to the synthesis of Vitamine D.
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33
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Greulich KO. Photons bring light into DNA repair: the comet assay and laser microbeams for studying photogenotoxicity of drugs and ageing. J Biophotonics 2011; 4:165-171. [PMID: 21287688 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews recent applications of micromanipulation, by UV photons, in DNA repair and ageing research as well as in the evaluation of the phototoxicity of drugs. In some cases, micromanipulation is combined with the comet assay, a technique, which allows a direct view on DNA damages. It is shown that, in humans, the sensitivity of DNA to UV induced damage and its subsequent repair is surprisingly stable up to high age and that drugs which are usually non-toxic induce DNA damage when irradiated in parallel by UV irradiation. Using the immune fluorescent comet assay, IFCA, a variant of the comet assay, direct comparison of the effects of ionizing (137) Cs radiation with those of localized UV radiation is possible. When a laser microbeam is used to damage DNA in a cell nucleus with high temporal and spatial resolution, it can be observed directly how repair molecules accumulate (are recruited) at the site of damage. Comparison of the recruitment speed allows establishing an order of DNA repair events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Otto Greulich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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34
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Kim I, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during UV and UV/H2O2 treatments. Chemosphere 2009; 77:518-25. [PMID: 19712957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the effectiveness of H(2)O(2) addition for PPCPs photodegradation during UV treatment were examined in this study. Average k (1st order rate constant) value for all the PPCPs investigated increased by a factor of 1.3 by H(2)O(2) addition during UV treatment using biologically treated water (TW) spiked with the 30 PPCPs. Therefore, the effectiveness of H(2)O(2) addition for PPCPs removal during UV treatment in real wastewater treatment process was expected. It could be also known that H(2)O(2) addition would improve photodegradation rates of PPCPs highly resistant for UV treatment such as DEET, ethenzamide and theophylline. UV dose required for 90% degradation of each PPCP was calculated from k values obtained in UV and UV/H(2)O(2) treatment experiments using TW spiked with 30 PPCPs. For UV treatment, UV dose required for degrading each PPCP by 90% of initial concentration ranged from 38 mJ cm(-2) to 5644 mJ cm(-2), indicating that most of PPCPs will not be removed sufficiently in UV disinfection process in wastewater treatment plant. For UV/H(2)O(2) treatment, all the PPCPs except seven PPCPs including cyclophosphamide and 2-QCA were degraded by more than 90% by UV irradiation for 30 min (UV dose: 691 mJ cm(-2)), indicating that H(2)O(2) addition during UV treatment will be highly effective for improving the degradation of PPCPs by UV, even though much higher UV dose is still necessary comparing to for UV disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilho Kim
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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35
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Naddeo V, Meriç S, Kassinos D, Belgiorno V, Guida M. Fate of pharmaceuticals in contaminated urban wastewater effluent under ultrasonic irradiation. Water Res 2009; 43:4019-27. [PMID: 19589554 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The application of sonolysis (US) for remediation of wastewater is an area of increasing interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasonic (US) process on the degradation of pharmaceuticals (diclofenac (DCF), amoxicillin (AMX), carbamazepine (CBZ)) in single solutions and also in three mixtures spiked in urban wastewater effluent. Several operating conditions, such as power density (25-100 W L(-1)), initial substrate concentrations (2.5-10 mg L(-1)), initial solution pH (3-11), and air sparging were varied for the evaluation and understanding of the process. The degradation (as assessed by measuring UV absorbance), the generation of hydroxyl radicals (as assessed measuring H(2)O(2) concentration), the mineralization (in terms of TOC and COD removal), and the aerobic biodegradability (as assessed by the BOD(5)/COD ratio) were monitored during sonication. Ecotoxicity to Daphnia magna, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lepidium sativum before and after treatment was also evaluated. It was found that the pharmaceuticals conversion is enhanced at increased applied power densities, acidic conditions and in the presence of dissolved air. The reaction rate increases with increasing initial concentration of single pharmaceuticals but it remains constant in the mixtures, indicating different kinetic regimes (i.e. first and zero order respectively). Mineralization is a slow process as reaction by-products are more stable than pharmaceuticals to total oxidation; nonetheless, they are also more readily biodegradable. The toxicity of the wastewater samples before and after contamination with pharmaceuticals both in mixtures and in single substance-containing solutions was observed more severely on P. subcapitata; a fact that raises concerns in regards to the discharge of such effluents. D. magna displayed less sensitivity compared to P. subcapitata because it belongs in a lower taxonomic species than D. magna. The germination index of L. sativum in the presence of the drugs' mixture was stimulated instead of inducing any toxicity effect and this might be attributed to the fact the sample, laden with very low drug concentrations was able to act as a provider of additional nutrient elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naddeo
- University of Salerno, Department of Civil Engineering, SEED Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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36
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Kim I, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Performance of UV and UV/H2O2 processes for the removal of pharmaceuticals detected in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant in Japan. J Hazard Mater 2009; 166:1134-1140. [PMID: 19147286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UV-based processes (UV and UV/H(2)O(2)) for the removal of pharmaceuticals in real wastewater using bench-scale experiment setup with a treatment capacity of 10 m(3)/day was investigated. Forty-one kinds of pharmaceuticals including 12 antibiotics and 10 analgesics were detected in secondary effluent used for tested water. For UV process a good removal seems to be expected for just a few pharmaceuticals such as ketoprofen, diclofenac and antipyrine. Especially, the removal efficiencies of macrolide antibiotics such as clarithromycin, erythromycin and azithromycin for UV alone process were found to be very low even by the introduction of considerable UV dose of 2768 mJ/cm(2). For UV/H(2)O(2) process, a 90% removal efficiency could be accomplished in 39 pharmaceuticals at UV dose of 923 mJ/cm(2), indicating that it will be possible to reduce UV energy required for the effective pharmaceuticals removal by the combination of H(2)O(2) with UV process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilho Kim
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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37
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Elsellami L, Chartron V, Vocanson F, Conchon P, Felix C, Guillard C, Retailleau L, Houas A. Coupling process between solid-liquid extraction of amino acids by calixarenes and photocatalytic degradation. J Hazard Mater 2009; 166:1195-1200. [PMID: 19150749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The removal of biological or pharmaceutical compounds through the wastewater treatment becomes relevant. These compounds are present as traces in sewage. In this work, we propose a coupling process which combines the pre-concentration of the pollutant by selective extraction and then degradation of these pollutants by photocatalysis in presence of TiO2. This process is efficient at room temperature by activation of a photocatalyst (TiO2) under UV light. Aromatic amino acids were chosen as model of pharmaceutical pollutants. Their extraction from water, ensured by calixarene derivatives, and their photocatalytic degradation were investigated. It was shown that photodegradation follows a first-order kinetic and that the rate constant enhances with amino acid concentration. The effect of the pH on the rate constant will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elsellami
- ICBMS, CNRS, UMR 5246, Université de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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38
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Kim I, Tanaka H. Photodegradation characteristics of PPCPs in water with UV treatment. Environ Int 2009; 35:793-802. [PMID: 19223077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The degradation characteristics of PPCPs commonly found in surface water under UV treatment were examined for 30 kinds of PPCPs using a UV/Lamp1 that emits light at a wavelength of 254 nm and a UV/Lamp2 that emits light at 254 nm and 185 nm in pure water. When a UV dose of some 230 mJ/cm(2) was introduced to the 30 PPCPs, photodegradation rates of about >3% (theophylline) to 100% (diclofenac) and about >15% (clarithromycin) to 100% (diclofenac) were observed for UV/Lamp1 and UV/Lamp2, respectively. This study also showed that UV/Lamp2, which photolyzes water molecules and generates OH radicals, is more effective for PPCP removal than UV/lamp1. It was postulated that the degradation rates of sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimidine, all, including sulfamethoxazole, derived from sulfanilamide, under UV/Lamp1 resulted mainly from the bond-breaking reactions occurring between -SO(2)- and its side atoms, the C-S bond and the N-H bond. Some PPCPs with amide bonds, such as cyclophosphamide and DEET, were highly resistant to photodegradation by UV/Lamp1. AOPs (Advanced oxidation processes) such as the UV/H(2)O(2) or UV/O(3) processes should therefore be considered for their potential to remove these substances effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilho Kim
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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39
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Souza KC, Ardisson JD, Sousa EMB. Study of mesoporous silica/magnetite systems in drug controlled release. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:507-512. [PMID: 18839283 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous materials like SBA-15 have a network of channels and pores with well-defined size in the nanoscale range. This particular silica matrix pore architecture makes them suitable for hosting a broad variety of compounds in very promising materials in a range of applications, including drug release magnetic carriers. In this work, magnetic nanoparticles embedded into mesoporous silica were prepared in two steps: first, magnetite was synthesized by oxidation-precipitation method, and next, the magnetic nanoparticles were coated with mesoporous silica by using nonionic block copolymer surfactants as structure-directing agents. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N(2) adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of magnetic nanoparticles on drug release kinetics was studied with cisplatin, carboplatin, and atenolol under in vitro conditions in the absence and in the presence of an external magnetic field (0.25 T) by using NdFeB permanent magnet. The constant external magnetic field did not affect drug release significantly. The low-frequency alternating magnetic field had a large influence on the cisplatin release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Souza
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear--CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil
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Nakao R, Ito T, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki K. Simultaneous analysis of FDG, ClDG and Kryptofix 2.2.2 in [18F]FDG preparation by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:239-44. [PMID: 18312835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A practical, sensitive and rapid analytical method was established and validated for chemical impurity tests of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG), 2-deoxy-2-chloro-d-glucose (ClDG) and Kryptofix 2.2.2 (K-222) in [18F]FDG. This method was based on precolumn derivatization with ultraviolet (UV) detection. FDG and ClDG were rapidly derivatized with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone in the presence of borate buffer at 40 degrees C, and the labeled derivatives and K-222 were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and monitored by UV absorbance at 210 nm. After optimization of the conditions, FDG, ClDG and K-222 could be determined within 15 min and showed good performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility. This method could be successfully applied to the quality control test of [18F]FDG produced by a commercially available apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Nakao
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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41
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Abstract
Comparative experimental study is performed on purification of yellow wastewaters separated and collected in solarCity, Linz, Austria. Three membrane methods (micro-, ultra-, and nano-filtration), and two advanced oxidations (gamma radiation and electrochemical oxidation) were applied. Best results concerning the removal of pharmaceuticals and hormones from urine by membrane separation were achieved using the membrane NF-200 (FilmTec). Pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen and diclofenac), and hormones (oestrone, beta-oestradiol, ethenyloestradiol, oestriol) were removed completely from urine. NF-separation also has some disadvantages: losses of urea, and lowering the conductivity in the product (permeate). The retentates (concentrates) received have to be treated further by oxidation to destroy the "problem" compounds. The results showed that electrochemical oxidation is more suitable than gamma radiation. Gamma-radiation with intensities higher than 10 kGy has to be applied for efficiently destroying of ibuprofen, and especially diclofenac. A high quantity of intermediate "problem" substances with oestrone structure was formed during the gamma oxidation of hormone containing urine samples. The electrochemical oxidation can be successfully applied for elimination of pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, and hormones (oestrone, beta-oestradiol) from yellow wastewater without loss of urea (nitrogen fertiliser).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lazarova
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH-ARC, Water, Seibersdorf, A-2444, Austria.
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42
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Christen K. Removing emerging contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:6-7. [PMID: 18350867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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43
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DeLuca PP. Characterization of tablet film coatings using a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic technique. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E103. [PMID: 18181524 PMCID: PMC2750356 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was evaluated as an early phase process analytical technology (PAT) tool for the rapid characterization of pharmaceutical tablet coatings. Measurement of coating thickness, uniformity, and photodegradation-predictive potential of the technique were evaluated. Model formulation tablets were coated with varying amounts (2%-4% wt/wt) of red and yellow Opadry II, and a pulsed laser was used to sample at multiple sites across the tablet face. LIBS was able to successfully detect the emissions of Fe and Ti in the coated samples, and a proportional increase in signal with coating thickness was observed. Batch-to-batch variability in the coating procedure was also easily monitored by LIBS. The coating thickness was non-uniform across the tablet surface with higher thickness at the edges, likely due to the concave shape of the tablet. Film coating levels and color of the film had been subjected to photostability studies according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guideline to determine effectiveness of the film coats. LIBS measurements of coating thickness provided a good correlation (R (2) > 0.99) to photodegradation as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Last, the concentration of Fe in the coating was varied and monitored by LIBS. Increasing photostability was observed with increasing levels of ferric oxide, providing a new understanding of the photoprotection mechanism in the coated formulation. Determination of levels of ferric oxide and coating thickness by LIBS demonstrated its utility as a good PAT tool for the determination of photoprotection of the drug, thereby enabling facile optimization of the coating process.
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Maquille A, Jiwan JLH, Tilquin B. Radiosterilization of drugs in aqueous solutions may be achieved by the use of radioprotective excipients. Int J Pharm 2007; 349:74-82. [PMID: 17765417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of radiosterilization of drugs aqueous solutions and to evaluate the effects of some additives, such as mannitol, nicotinamide and pyridoxine, which might protect the drug from degradation. Metoclopramide was selected as a model drug. The structures of the degradation products were determined to gain insight on the radiolysis mechanisms in aqueous solution in order to design strategies to lower the drug degradation. Metoclopramide hydrochloride aqueous solutions with and without excipients were irradiated either with gamma rays or high-energy electrons. HPLC-DAD was used to measure the loss of chemical potency and to quantify the degradation products which were also characterized by LC-APCI-MS-MS. Metoclopramide recovery for gamma and electron beam-irradiated solutions containing either mannitol, pyridoxine or nicotinamide meets the pharmacopoeial specifications for metoclopramide content up to a 15 kGy irradiation so that metoclopramide solutions containing these excipients might be radiosterilized at 15 kGy either with gamma rays or high-energy electrons. Structures are proposed for the majority of radiolysis products. Similar radiolysis products were detected for gamma and electron beam irradiations but the chromatographic profiles were different (differences in the distribution of radiolysis products).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubert Maquille
- Laboratory of Chemical and Physico-chemical Analysis of Drugs (CHAM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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45
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Tilquin B. [Explanation of the radiosterilization process]. J Pharm Belg 2007; 62:10-20. [PMID: 17508662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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46
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Freitas S, Hielscher G, Merkle HP, Gander B. Continuous contact- and contamination-free ultrasonic emulsification-a useful tool for pharmaceutical development and production. Ultrason Sonochem 2006; 13:76-85. [PMID: 16223691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept was developed here for the continuous, contact- and contamination-free treatment of fluid mixtures with ultrasound. It is based on exciting a steel jacket with an ultrasonic transducer, which transmitted the sound waves via pressurised water to a glass tube installed inside the jacket. Thus, no metallic particles can be emitted into the sonicated fluid, which is a common problem when a sonotrode and a fluid are in direct contact. Moreover, contamination of the fluid from the environment can be avoided, making the novel ultrasonic flow-through cell highly suitable for aseptic production of pharmaceutical preparations. As a model system, vegetable oil-in-water emulsions, fed into the cell as coarse pre-emulsions, were studied. The mean droplet diameter was decreased by two orders of magnitude yielding Sauter diameters of 0.5 microm and below with good repeatability. Increasing the residence time in the ultrasonic field and the sonication power both decreased the emulsion mean diameter. Furthermore, the ultrasonic flow-through cell was found to be well suited for the production of nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers by the emulsion-solvent extraction/ evaporation method. Here, perfectly spherical particles of a volume mean diameter of less than 0.5 microm could be prepared. In conclusion, this novel technology offers a pharmaceutically interesting platform for nanodroplet and nanoparticle production and is well suited for aseptic continuous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Freitas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich-Hönggerberg, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Liu KH, Moon JK, Choi HS, Youn YG, Park BS, Lee HS, Kim JH. Photodegradation of bistrifluron in aqueous acetonitrile solution by UV irradiation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2005; 75:451-8. [PMID: 16385949 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-005-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Korea
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48
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Robb-Nicholson C. By the way, doctor. I travel frequently and always carry my estrogen and thyroid pills with me. Could the radiation from airport security alter them or make them less effective? Harv Womens Health Watch 2005; 12:8. [PMID: 16163801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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49
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García MCM, Diez NM, Gil DB, López FS. Determination of sulphathiazole and sulphanilamide by photochemically induced fluorescence and first-derivative fluorescence. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:349-54. [PMID: 15925230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the usefulness of the determination of sulphathiazole (ST) using photochemically induced fluorescence (RTPF) and RTPF coupling with first derivative (D1-RTPF), and the determination of sulphanilamide (SAN) by meaning first derivative of the emission spectrum. By irradiating 5 min, with intense UV radiation, sulphathiazole, in ethanol:water 20:80 (v/v) solutions at pH 4.5-5.0, show fluorescence emission at 342 nm (lambdaex=251 nm). Under these conditions, a linear relation, fluorescence intensity-ST concentration, was found between 0.23 and 3.00 microg mL(-1) of ST. The method was applied for determining ST in a pharmaceutical drug. ST was also determined in honey by using the D1-RTPF signal, applying the standard addition method, and measuring at 324.8 nm. Under the same experimental conditions of pH and solvent, a fluorimetric method for determining SAN in presence of ST is proposed. Calibration graphs for SAN determination were established using the amplitude of the first derivative of the emission spectrum measured at 324.4 nm, as the analytical signal. This method has been applied to determining SAN in a pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Mahedero García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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50
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Doll TE, Frimmel FH. Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine, clofibric acid and iomeprol with P25 and Hombikat UV100 in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and other organic water constituents. Water Res 2005; 39:403-411. [PMID: 15644249 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of natural organic matter (NOM) and organic substance mixtures under simulated solar UV light has been investigated with suspended TiO(2). It could be shown by size-exclusion chromatography that photocatalysis of NOM led to a reduction of the average hydrodynamic radii and presumably of the nominal molecular weight, too. The decrease of the UV/Vis absorption of NOM was faster than the NOM mineralization. This study also focuses on the different abilities of photocatalytic materials (P25 and Hombikat UV100) to decrease persistent substances influenced by the presence of NOM and mixtures of pharmaceuticals or diagnostic agents. In general, the presence of NOM and other organic substances retarded the photocatalysis of a specific persistent substance by the combination of radiation attenuation, competition for active sites and surface deactivation of the catalyst by adsorption. The results of this work prove that photocatalysis is a promising technology to reduce persistent substances like NOM, carbamazepine, clofibric acid, iomeprol and iopromide even if they are present in a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tusnelda E Doll
- Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Universität Karlsruhe, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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