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Hsieh MC, Lee WN, Chu YH, Lin HHH, Lin AYC. Sunlight enhanced the formation of tribromomethane from benzotriazole degradation during the sunlight/free chlorine treatment in the presence of bromide. Chemosphere 2024; 357:142039. [PMID: 38621488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of free chlorine and bromide under sunlight irradiation (sunlight/FC with Br-) is unavoidable in outdoor seawater swimming pools, and the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts could act more harmful than chlorinated disinfection byproducts. In this study, benzotriazole was selected as a model compound to investigate the degradation rate and the subsequent formation of disinfection byproducts via sunlight/FC with Br- process. The rate constants for the degradation of benzotriazole under pseudo first order conditions in sunlight/FC with Br- and sunlight/FC are 2.3 ± 0.07 × 10-1 min-1 and 6.0 ± 0.7 × 10-2 min-1, respectively. The enhanced degradation of benzotriazole can be ascribed to the generation of HO•, bromine species, and reactive halogen species (RHS) during sunlight/FC with Br-. Despite the fact that sunlight/FC with Br- process enhanced benzotriazole degradation, the reaction results in increasing tribromomethane (TBM) formation. A high concentration (37.8 μg/L) of TBM was detected in the sunlight/FC with Br-, which was due to the reaction of RHS. The degradation of benzotriazole was notably influenced by the pH value (pH 4 - 11), the concentration of bromide (0 - 2 mM), and free chlorine (1 - 6 mg/L). Furthermore, the concentration of TBM increased when the free chlorine concentrations increased, implying the formation potential of harmful TBM in chlorinated seawater swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ning Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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2
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Kung WM, Lin HHH, Wang YH, Lin AYC. Solar-driven persulfate degradation of caffeine and cephradine in synthetic human urine. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133031. [PMID: 38008053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Urine source separation, as an innovative concept for the reuse of microlevel nutrients in human urine, has drawn increasing attention recently. Consequently, removing coexisting pharmaceuticals in urine is necessary for further reuse. This study is the first to apply the solar-driven persulfate process (Solar/PS) to the investigation of cephradine (CFD) and caffeine (CAF) degradation in synthetic human urine. The results showed that significantly more degradation of CFD and CAF occurs with the Solar/PS process than with persulfate oxidation and direct sunlight photolysis, respectively. The generated reactive species ·OH, SO4·-, O2·- and 1O2 were identified in the Solar/PS process. While SO4·- played a dominant role at pH 6, it played a minor role at pH 9 due to the lower amount generated under alkaline conditions. The presence of chloride and ammonia negatively impacted the photodegradation of both compounds. In contrast, bicarbonate exhibited no effect on CAF but enhanced CFD degradation owing to its amino-acid-like structure, which has a higher reactivity toward CO3·-. Although total organic carbon (TOC) was partially mineralized after 6 h of operation, no Microtox® toxicity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Kung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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3
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Lin HHH, Lin AYC. Peracetic acid as an alternative disinfectant for micropollutants degradation and disinfection byproducts control in outdoor swimming pools. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132988. [PMID: 37979421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has garnered significant interest as a novel alternative to chlorine-based disinfectants for water treatment due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and its ability of reactive species generation when exposed to UV light. However, limited studies have investigated micropollutant degradation in the presence of PAA under solar irradiation. This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the photodegradation of caffeine (CAF) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and the removal of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the presence of PAA under simulated solar light. The study revealed that the photodegradation of CAF and 4-MBC was significantly enhanced in the presence of PAA, following pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.98) with reaction rates (kobs) of 0.220 and 0.111 h-1, respectively. In addition, substantial reduction of 21 DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles, and no DBPs formation were observed in the presence of PAA and simulated solar irradiation. The proportion of coexisting H2O2 in the PAA solution considerably influenced target compounds degradation. CAF and 4-MBC were degraded faster under acidic conditions than under alkaline conditions. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) dominated the degradation of CAF at different pH values, while direct photolysis and other reactive species played a major role in the degradation of 4-MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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4
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Chen YJ, Wang RD, Shih YL, Chin HY, Lin AYC. Emerging Perfluorobutane Sulfonamido Derivatives as a New Trend of Surfactants Used in the Semiconductor Industry. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1648-1658. [PMID: 38175212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The semiconductor industry has claimed that perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), a persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has been eliminated from semiconductor production; however, information about the use of alternative compounds remains limited. This study aimed to develop a nontarget approach to discovering diverse PFAS substitutions used in semiconductor manufacturing. A distinct fragment-based approach has been established to identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic features of acidic and neutral fluorosurfactants through fragments and neutral losses, including those outside the homologous series. Ten sewage samples from 5 semiconductor plants were analyzed with target and nontarget analysis. Among the 20 identified PFAS spanning 12 subclasses, 15 were reported in semiconductor sewage for the first time. The dominant identified PFAS compounds were C4 sulfonamido derivatives, including perfluorobutane sulfonamido ethanol (FBSE), perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), and perfluorobutane sulfonamido diethanol (FBSEE diol), with maximum concentrations of 482 μg/L, 141 μg/L, and 83.5 μg/L in sewage, respectively. Subsequently, three ultrashort chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were identified in all samples, ranging from 0.004 to 19.9 μg/L. Three effluent samples from the associated industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were further analyzed. This finding, that the C4 sulfonamido acetic acid series constitutes a significant portion (65%-82%) of effluents from WWTP3 and WWTP4, emphasizes the conversion of fluorinated alcohols to fluorinated acids during aerobic treatment. The identification of the intermediate metabolites of FBSEE diol, further supported by our laboratory batch studies, prompts the proposal of a novel metabolic pathway for FBSEE diol. The total amount of perfluorobutane sulfonamido derivatives reached 1934 μg/L (90%), while that of PFAAs, which have typically received attention, was only 205 μg/L (10%). This suggests that perfluorobutane sulfonamido derivatives are emerging as a new trend in fluorosurfactants used in the semiconductor industry, serving as PFAS precursors and contributing to the release of their metabolites into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chen
- National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Ren-De Wang
- National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Shih
- National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yi Chin
- National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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Tan JX, Chen ZY, Chen CH, Hsieh MF, Lin AYC, Chen SS, Wu KCW. Efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of water emerging contaminants through nanoarchitectonics of pore sizes and optical properties of zirconium-based MOFs. J Hazard Mater 2023; 451:131113. [PMID: 36907060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the presence of pharmaceutical emerging contaminants in water bodies is receiving increasing attention due to the high concentration detected from wastewater effluent. Water systems contain a wide range of components coexisting together, which increases the difficulty of removing pollutants from the water. In order to achieve selective photodegradation and to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst on emerging contaminants, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), termed VNU-1 (VNU represents Vietnam National University) constructed with ditopic linker 1,4-bis(2-[4-carboxyphenyl]ethynyl)benzene (H2CPEB), with enlarged pore size and ameliorated optical properties, was synthesized and applied in this study. When compared to UiO-66 MOFs, which only had 30% photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole, VNU-1 had 7.5 times higher adsorption and reached 100% photodegradation in 10 min. The tailored pore size of VNU-1 resulted in size-selective properties between small-molecule antibiotics and big-molecule humic acid, and VNU-1 maintained high photodegradation performance after 5 cycles. Based on the toxicity test and the scavenger test, the products after photodegradation had no toxic effect on V. fischeri bacteria, and the superoxide radical (·O2-) and holes (h+) generated from VNU-1 dominated the photodegradation reaction. These results demonstrate that VNU-1 is a promising photocatalyst and provide a new insight for developing MOF photocatalyst to remove emerging contaminants in the wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Celine H Chen
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Wang YH, Chuang YH, Lin AYC. Evolution of reactive species and their contribution to the removal of ketamine and amine-containing pharmaceuticals during the sunlight/chlorine process. Water Res 2023; 233:119738. [PMID: 36858017 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-induced photoirradiation of chlorine (sunlight/chlorine) can be observed in outdoor swimming pools and open-channel disinfection units for wastewater treatment. In this study, the degradation of ketamine, an environmentally persistent pharmaceutical, under sunlight irradiation in the presence of a low concentration of chlorine (1 mg/L as Cl2) was investigated to elucidate the evolution of reactive species and their contribution to ketamine removal. •OH dominates the initial stage of sunlight/chlorine; however, after chlorine depletion, reactions still progress with an observed rate constant (kobs = 7.6 ± 0.50 × 10-3 min-1) an order of magnitude higher than photolysis alone (kobs = 2.9 ± 0.15 × 10-4 min-1). When chlorine is depleted, O3 becomes the major reactant that degrades ketamine. High O3 yields were found in both sunlight/HOCl (12.5 ± 0.5% at pH 5) and sunlight/ClO- (10 ± 1% at pH 10) systems. At sub-µM levels, O3 resulted in substantial removal of ketamine, and even faster rates were observed in the presence of sunlight. A kinetic model was also established, and evaluate time-dependent concentration levels during sunlight/chlorine. The model simulation showed that the cumulative O3 concentration could reach 0.91 μM, and O3 contributed 31% ketamine removal during the sunlight/chlorine process. Primary and secondary amine functional groups were demonstrated to be the reaction sites of O3; other pharmaceuticals, such as atenolol and metoprolol, underwent similar phenomena. In addition, the experimental and model results further indicated that sunlight/ClO2- or ClO2 also participates in the degradation of ketamine with a minor role; trace amounts (below nM level) of ClO2- and ClO2 were estimated by the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106
| | - Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University. 1001 University Rd., East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan 300.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106.
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Choo ZS, Hsieh MC, Lin HHH, Yang JS, Lin AYC. Reactive chlorine species in the enhanced degradation of UV stabilizers during the sunlight/free chlorine process. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136677. [PMID: 36191762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MeBT) are the most commonly used UV stabilizers and recalcitrant contaminants that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. The novelty of this study was to investigate the role of RCSs in the enhanced degradation of BT and 5-MeBT during the sunlight/free chlorine process. The results showed that sunlight/free chlorine could enhance the degradation of BT and 5-MeBT compared with that obtained with sunlight irradiation and chlorination alone, and this process was well described by pseudo-first-order kinetics. The degradation rate constants of BT and 5-MeBT during sunlight/free chlorine treatment at pH 7 were 0.094 ± 0.001 min-1 and 0.134 ± 0.002 min-1, respectively. The degradation rates further increased with increases in the chlorine dosage and under alkaline conditions (3.818 ± 0.243 min-1 for BT and 7.754 ± 0.716 min-1 for 5-MeBT at pH 9). The enhanced removal obtained during the sunlight/free chlorine process could be attributed to the generation of HO• and reactive chlorine species (RCSs), such as Cl• and ClO•. Under alkaline conditions, RCSs were the dominant reactive species, and their contribution increased from 21.2% to 98.7% with increases in the pH from 7 to 9; this phenomenon was due to changes in free chlorine and BT speciation. Radical scavenging tests further verified that BT was mainly decomposed by ClO•, and ClO• showed high reactivity toward deprotonated BT through second-order rate constant estimation. A byproduct analysis demonstrated that BT underwent hydroxylation and chlorine substitution, and a high yield of 1-chlorobenzotriazole (1-ClBT) formation was observed. Even though the sunlight/free chlorine process resulted in a low level of mineralization, no Microtox® toxicity was detected in the treated solutions. Briefly, the significant contribution of ClO• to BT removal under alkaline conditions implies that sunlight/free chlorine could be utilized in a broader range of treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shuen Choo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Sian Yang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Rocha-Santos T, Rodrigues DF, Atkinson JD, Lin AYC, Blaney L. Emerging contaminants: JHM current and future trends. J Hazard Mater 2022; 438:129496. [PMID: 35780742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D Atkinson
- Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York - University at Buffalo, USA.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA.
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Hsieh MC, Su YH, Hsu MH, Lin AYC. Enhanced MnO 2 oxidation of methotrexate through self-sensitized photolysis. J Hazard Mater 2022; 438:129494. [PMID: 35792433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MnO2, which is ubiquitous in soil and sediment in natural water environments, may play an important role in the photolysis of contaminants by sunlight, but the interactions between MnO2 and contaminants in aqueous environments under sunlight irradiation have not been investigated. In this study, the simultaneous presence of sunlight and MnO2 significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of methotrexate (MTX). Accordingly, we hypothesized that the overall enhancement of this synergistic reaction is due to the additional production of Mn(III) via MTX self-sensitized photolysis. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model for the photoreaction of MTX with MnO2 (Light/MTX+MnO2) during the initial reaction kinetics (0-2 h) revealed a rate constant of 0.43 h1 ([MTX] = 20 μM, [MnO2] = 200 μM, and pH = 7), which is faster than that obtained with sunlight alone (0.14 h1) or MnO2 alone; Mn(II) and Mn(III) were formed at concentrations of 24.3 ± 1.0 μM and 14.8 ± 1.4 μM, respectively. Dissolved Mn(III) species were identified as the main oxidant species responsible for the degradation of MTX. Two reaction pathways for the production of Mn(III) through Light/MTX+MnO2 were proposed; MTX acts as a photosensitizer to produce 3MTX* responsible for the reduction of MnO2 to Mn(III), whereas O2• participates in the oxidation of Mn(Ⅱ) to Mn(Ⅲ). Byproduct analysis demonstrated that the Mn(III) generated in the Light/MTX+MnO2 system enhances C-N bond cleavage, ketonization, and hydrolysis pathways in the MTX transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Su
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Wang HJ, Lin HHH, Hsieh MC, Lin AYC. Photoaged polystyrene microplastics serve as photosensitizers that enhance cimetidine photolysis in an aqueous environment. Chemosphere 2022; 290:133352. [PMID: 34922962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have received much attention in recent years because of their continuous photoaging process in aquatic environments. However, little research has been conducted on the photochemistry of aged microplastics and the associated effects on coexisting pharmaceuticals. This study investigated the photodegradation of cimetidine via aged polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) with different aging times (0-7 d) under simulated sunlight irradiation (700 W/m2). PS-MPs with 5 d of aging time resulted in much faster cimetidine degradation (>99%) after 2 h of irradiation than pristine PS-MPs (<8%). The enhanced photodegradation of cimetidine by aged PS-MPs was related to the increase in chromophoric oxygenated groups (CO, C-O) followed by redshifted absorbance through the photoaging process, which induced the formation of the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) OH, 1O2 and 3PS*. However, only 1O2 and 3PS* contributed to enhanced cimetidine photodegradation, with 1O2 playing a more important role in our case. This work also demonstrated that other compounds that are susceptible to indirect photolysis, such as codeine and morphine, are likewise significantly degraded under irradiation in the presence of aged PS-MPs. Although previous studies have reported how MPs can increase the persistence of contaminants, this study demonstrates that MPs can serve as photosensitizers and alter the fate of coexisting pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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11
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Panyod S, Wu WK, Chen PC, Chong KV, Yang YT, Chuang HL, Chen CC, Chen RA, Liu PY, Chung CH, Huang HS, Lin AYC, Shen TCD, Yang KC, Huang TF, Hsu CC, Ho CT, Kao HL, Orekhov AN, Wu MS, Sheen LY. Atherosclerosis amelioration by allicin in raw garlic through gut microbiota and trimethylamine-N-oxide modulation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:4. [PMID: 35087050 PMCID: PMC8795425 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is strongly associated with the gut microbiota and its metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), formed from metaorganismal metabolism of ʟ-carnitine. Raw garlic juice, with allicin as its primary compound, exhibits considerable effects on the gut microbiota. This study validated the benefits of raw garlic juice against CVD risk via modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Allicin supplementation significantly decreased serum TMAO in ʟ-carnitine-fed C57BL/6 J mice, reduced aortic lesions, and altered the fecal microbiota in carnitine-induced, atherosclerosis-prone, apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. In human subjects exhibiting high-TMAO production, raw garlic juice intake for a week reduced TMAO formation, improved gut microbial diversity, and increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria. In in vitro and ex vivo studies, raw garlic juice and allicin inhibited γ-butyrobetaine (γBB) and trimethylamine production by the gut microbiota. Thus, raw garlic juice and allicin can potentially prevent cardiovascular disease by decreasing TMAO production via gut microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kent-Vui Chong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Yang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rou-An Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hu Chung
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Syuan Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chin David Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tur-Fu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hsien-Li Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Yang JS, Lai WWP, Lin AYC. New insight into PFOS transformation pathways and the associated competitive inhibition with other perfluoroalkyl acids via photoelectrochemical processes using GOTiO 2 film photoelectrodes. Water Res 2021; 207:117805. [PMID: 34736002 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global distribution and environmental persistence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has been considered a critical environmental concern. In this work, we successfully fabricated a graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (GOTiO2) photoelectrode for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) degradation in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system. The results reveal that a 5 wt.% GOTiO2 anode possesses the optimal PEC performance, with a band gap (Eg) of 2.42 eV, specific surface area (SBET) of 72.6 m2 g-1 and specific capacitance (Cs) of 4.63 mF cm-2. In the PEC system, PFOS can be efficiently removed within 4 h of reaction time, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0124 min-1, under the optimized conditions of current density = 20 mA cm-2, electrode distance = 5 mm, solution pH = 5.64, [PFOS]0= 0.5 µM and NaClO4 electrolyte concentration = 50 mM. The electron transfer pathway, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals are all responsible for PFOS decomposition/transformation. New degradation pathways were identified; a total of 25 PFOS byproducts are reported in this work; and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorinated aldehydes (PFALs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were identified for the first time. PFOS degradation involves the desulfonation pathway as the first step, followed by oxidation and subsequent defluorination, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, sulfonation, defluorination and hydroxylation. The results from this work also show that the reactivity of PFAAs is related to their carbon chain length, with shorter-chain PFAAs exhibiting a lower degradation rate. In a PFAA mixture, a decline in the degradation rate was observed for the shorter-chain-length PFAAs, suggesting stronger competitive inhibition and indicating stronger environmental recalcitrance during the treatment process. Novelty statement: Although many efforts have been made to identify perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) degradation byproducts, previous studies were only able to identify byproducts that are related to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). This is the first study to elucidate the new PFOS degradation pathway; furthermore, this is the first report to identify byproducts containing sulfonate groups (perfluoroalkane sulfonates, PFSAs), aldehyde groups (perfluorinated aldehydes, PFALs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This study further systematically explores how perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) degradation may be affected in the mixture system: shorter-chain-length PFAAs suffer stronger competitive inhibition in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) system. By utilizing the graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (GOTiO2) photoelectrode fabricated in this work, PFOS can be successfully decomposed during the PEC process for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Sian Yang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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13
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Shih CY, Wang YH, Chen YJ, Chen HA, Lin AYC. Enhanced sorption of the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor on aged PET microplastics from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32494-32504. [PMID: 35495538 PMCID: PMC9042197 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the morphology and sorption behavior of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics during the aging process are investigated. To clarify the sorption mechanism of aged PET microplastics, the common sunblock 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) was chosen as the target contaminant, and UV irradiation was used for the laboratory aging simulation. The results show that oxygen-containing functional groups (carboxylic, carbonyl, ketone and hydroxyl groups) increase on the surface of aged PET microplastics. Based on density functional theory (DFT) simulations, the camphor part of 4-MBC acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor, whereas the carboxylic group on aged PET microplastics acts as a hydrogen bond donor. The formation of hydrogen bonding causes increased sorption of 4-MBC on aged PET microplastics. The sorption capacity increased from 5 to 11 μg g-1 for 50 ppb 4-MBC with 100 mg PET microplastics after a five-day aging process. Other environmental factors that affect sorption were also identified; a higher pH value and the presence of salinity reduced the amount of sorption. The sorption of virgin PET ranged from 8.0 to 3.4 μg g-1 and the sorption of aged PET ranged from 22 to 5 μg g-1 at pH 4 to 10. In the presence of salinity (10% seawater), the virgin PET sorption dropped to 2.1 μg g-1 while the aged PET sorption dropped to 4 μg g-1. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the sorption behavior under natural sunlight (the sorption of PET increased from 0.4 to 0.8 μg g-1 after 6 months of aging). The potential risk to ecosystems of aged PET microplastics under prolonged sunlight exposure in the natural environment could be greater than that predicted for virgin microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University 71-Chou-Shan Road Taipei 106 Taiwan Republic of China +886-2-3366-4386
| | - Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University 71-Chou-Shan Road Taipei 106 Taiwan Republic of China +886-2-3366-4386
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University 71-Chou-Shan Road Taipei 106 Taiwan Republic of China +886-2-3366-4386
| | - Hsin-An Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology 1, Sec. 3, Zhong-Xiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University 71-Chou-Shan Road Taipei 106 Taiwan Republic of China +886-2-3366-4386
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14
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Hsiao HY, Lin HHH, Yang JS, Hsieh MC, Wu PH, Yu CP, Lin AYC. Intracellular organic matter from Chlorella vulgaris enhances the photodegradation of acetaminophen. Chemosphere 2021; 271:129507. [PMID: 33445022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algae is able to accelerate the photodegradation rate of contaminants under sunlight irradiation, and this process can be attributed to algal substances, namely, intracellular organic matter (IOM) and extracellular organic matter (EOM). This study aimed to investigate the efficiencies and mechanisms of the photodegradation of three pharmaceuticals - acetaminophen (ACE), codeine (COD) and cephradine (CFD) - in the presence of Chlorella vulgaris and its algal substances. The result shows that a much higher photodegradation rate of acetaminophen was obtained in the presence of IOM (kobs = 0.250 hr-1) than in the presence of EOM (kobs = 0.060 hr-1). The photodegradation mechanisms of acetaminophen were demonstrated and verified by scavenger experiments and probe tests. The major reactive species for acetaminophen photodegradation was triplet-state IOM (3IOM∗), which contributed 93.52% of the photodegradation, while ⋅OH was the secondary contributor (5.60%), with 1O2 contributing the least (0.88%). Chlorella vulgaris also effectively enhanced the photodegradation of codeine and cephradine. However, the photodegradation behaviors of codeine and cephradine in the presence of algal substances were different from those of acetaminophen, indicating that the photodegradation mechanisms might depend on the type of compound. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of algal substances in the photodegradation of acetaminophen, codeine and cephradine under sunlight irradiation but also provides a comprehensive study on the photodegradation mechanisms of acetaminophen in the presence of algal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jheng-Sian Yang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Hsieh SC, Lai WWP, Lin AYC. Kinetics and mechanism of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor degradation by UV-activated persulfate oxidation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:18021-18034. [PMID: 33410042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a widely used ultraviolet (UV) filter detected in various aquatic environments, has been shown to evoke estrogenic activity. In this study, the use of UV light-activated persulfate for 4-MBC degradation is evaluated for the first time. Our results showed that the combination of UV and persulfate (UV/persulfate) can significantly remove 4-MBC, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) of 0.1349 min-1 under the conditions of [4-MBC]0 = 0.4 μM, [persulfate]0 = 12.6 μM, and initial pH = 7. The kobs and persulfate dose exhibited a linear proportional relationship in the persulfate dose range of 4.2-42 μM. The kobs remained similar at pH 5 and pH 7 but significantly decreased at pH 9. A radical scavenging test indicated that SO4-• was the dominant species in 4-MBC degradation; the second-order rate constant of SO4-• with 4-MBC was calculated to be (2.82 ± 0.05) × 109 M-1 s-1. During the UV/persulfate reaction, 4-MBC was continuously degraded, while SO4-• was gradually converted to SO42-. 4-MBC degradation involved the hydroxylation and demethylation pathways, resulting in the generation of transformation byproducts P1 (m/z 271) and P2 (m/z 243), respectively. The Microtox® acute toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri) showed increasing toxicity during the UV/persulfate degradation of 4-MBC. The 4-MBC degradation rate was markedly lower in outdoor swimming pool water than in deionized water. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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16
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Chen KY, Lai WWP, Wang HJ, Lin CC, Chen CW, Lin AYC. Clean water generation through a multifunctional activated carbon-TiO 2 interfacial solar distillation system. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23036-23044. [PMID: 35480454 PMCID: PMC9034270 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02185k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar distillation is emerging as an environmentally friendly and energy-effective technology for clean water generation. However, bulk water heating and the possibly complex composition of water matrices of source water could undermine the system efficacy. In this study, an interfacial evaporation device consisting of activated carbon combined with P25 TiO2 as the top layer and polyethylene foam as the bottom layer (AC-P25/foam device) was established. With the excellent optical absorbance of AC and the heat localization effect contributed by the PE foam, the evaporation rate (revp) of the device (revp = 2.1 kg m−2 h−1) was improved by 209% and 71% compared with that of the water-only (revp = 0.68 kg m−2 h−1) and conventional evaporation (i.e., submerged AC-P25) systems (revp = 1.23 kg m−2 h−1), respectively. The reusability test showed the stable evaporation performance of AC-P25/foam within 7 cycles; this interfacial evaporation was also found to be less affected by suspended solids in water due to a reduction in the influence of light scattering. The AC-P25/foam device not only possessed photothermal ability for water distillation but was also able to prevent enrichment of volatile organic compounds (i.e., phenol) with ∼95% removal efficiency through adsorption and photocatalytic reactions under illumination. Additionally, an outdoor solar distillation test performed with synthetic saline water demonstrated the desalination ability of the AC-P25/foam device, with the concentrations of all ions in the distilled water ≤3.5 mg L−1, far below the drinking water guideline value provided by the World Health Organization. The materials of the AC-P25/foam photothermal device are readily available and easily fabricated, showing the practical feasibility of this device for clean water generation. The fabricated AC-P25/foam interfacial system possesses high water productivity, prevention of phenol enrichment and desalination ability in the solar distillation process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
| | - Hui-Ju Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University (NTU-MST)
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology
- National Taiwan University (NTU-MST)
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology
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17
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Wu WK, Panyod S, Liu PY, Chen CC, Kao HL, Chuang HL, Chen YH, Zou HB, Kuo HC, Kuo CH, Liao BY, Chiu THT, Chung CH, Lin AYC, Lee YC, Tang SL, Wang JT, Wu YW, Hsu CC, Sheen LY, Orekhov AN, Wu MS. Characterization of TMAO productivity from carnitine challenge facilitates personalized nutrition and microbiome signatures discovery. Microbiome 2020; 8:162. [PMID: 33213511 PMCID: PMC7676756 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The capability of gut microbiota in degrading foods and drugs administered orally can result in diversified efficacies and toxicity interpersonally and cause significant impact on human health. Production of atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) from carnitine is a gut microbiota-directed pathway and varies widely among individuals. Here, we demonstrated a personalized TMAO formation and carnitine bioavailability from carnitine supplements by differentiating individual TMAO productivities with a recently developed oral carnitine challenge test (OCCT). By exploring gut microbiome in subjects characterized by TMAO producer phenotypes, we identified 39 operational taxonomy units that were highly correlated to TMAO productivity, including Emergencia timonensis, which has been recently discovered to convert γ-butyrobetaine to TMA in vitro. A microbiome-based random forest classifier was therefore constructed to predict the TMAO producer phenotype (AUROC = 0.81) which was then validated with an external cohort (AUROC = 0.80). A novel bacterium called Ihubacter massiliensis was also discovered to be a key microbe for TMA/TMAO production by using an OCCT-based humanized gnotobiotic mice model. Simply combining the presence of E. timonensis and I. massiliensis could account for 43% of high TMAO producers with 97% specificity. Collectively, this human gut microbiota phenotype-directed approach offers potential for developing precision medicine and provides insights into translational research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Li Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bai Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Yang Liao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tina H T Chiu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hu Chung
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Lin Tang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 121609, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, 125315, Russia
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Lai WWP, Chen KL, Lin AYC. Solar photodegradation of the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor in the presence of free chlorine. Sci Total Environ 2020; 722:137860. [PMID: 32197163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV filters are essential ingredients in sunscreens and many personal care products. The coexposure of UV filters to solar photolysis and free chlorine (solar/free chlorine) is inevitable in outdoor swimming pools and many other aquatic matrices, and this study aims to investigate the degradation mechanism of one specific UV filter, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), under solar/free chlorine system. Under solar irradiation alone, 4MBC only undergoes isomerization from (E)- to (Z)-4MBC; however, in the solar/free chlorine system, 4MBC was significantly degraded, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0137 s-1 (pH = 7). The effects of the initial free chlorine concentration, solution pH and water matrix (presence of dissolved organic matter, HCO3- and Cl-) were studied. The results revealed that reactive chlorine species (RCS) are the dominant species influencing 4MBC degradation via solar/free chlorine, while OH and O3 played minor roles. These species would likely react with the 4-methylstyrene moiety of 4MBC and subsequently lead to 4MBC degradation through hydroxylation, chlorine substitution, oxidation and demethylation. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase in acute toxicity (Microtox®) during solar/free chlorine degradation of 4MBC highlights the need to further explore the transformation byproducts as well as their associated risks to humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Lin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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19
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Yang JS, Lai WWP, Panchangam SC, Lin AYC. Photoelectrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with GOP25/FTO anodes: Intermediates and reaction pathways. J Hazard Mater 2020; 391:122247. [PMID: 32062347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been widely studied due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and possible toxic effects. In this work, we investigated a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system consisting of a graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (GOP25) anode coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass for removal of PFOA in an aquatic environment. The GOP25/FTO anode was fabricated and well characterized. Nearly complete decomposition of 0.5 mg/L PFOA was achieved after 4 h of PEC treatment with an initial pH of 5.3 and a current density of 16.7 mA cm-2. The presence of graphene oxide (GO) on the TiO2 anode could enhance its electrochemical performance, thereby leading to increased decomposition efficiency. A total of 18 PFOA transformation products, including short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, are reported in this work, and 13 products were observed for the first time. Four possible routes of PFOA decomposition, namely, decarboxylation followed by oxidation, defluorination, hydroxylation and Cl atom substitution, were determined. The presence of chlorinated byproducts in the system indicated that reactive chlorine species contributed to PFOA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Sian Yang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sri Chandana Panchangam
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampeta, 516126, Kadapa, A.P., India.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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20
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Hsiao TC, Lin AYC, Lien WC, Lin YC. Size distribution, biological characteristics and emerging contaminants of aerosols emitted from an urban wastewater treatment plant. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:121809. [PMID: 31843411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid exchange process could spread pathogens and pharmaceutical emerging pollutants into the air as aerosol particles in an Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs). These particles can later be transported to places where such pollution is unforeseen. In this study, measurements were conducted in the aeration area of a UWTP in northern Taiwan. According to this investigation, nanoparticles are major contributors to both the number and volume concentration of particles. Most fluorescent particles may be bacterial aggregates or fungal species. Moreover, nine common emerging contaminants were analyzed and found in both air and water samples. Among these contaminants, the most abundant chemicals in the air were erythromycin-H2O (191.45 pg/m3) and methamphetamine (39.02 pg/m3). These results imply that UWTPs could be an emission source of emerging contaminants and bioaerosols, and the potential risk of inhalation exposure should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chien Lien
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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21
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Lin YC, Hsiao TC, Lin AYC. Urban wastewater treatment plants as a potential source of ketamine and methamphetamine emissions to air. Water Res 2020; 172:115495. [PMID: 31954935 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be an emission source of aerosol particles to the air and this process has the potential to spread emerging pollutants into the air, where the particles can be widely transported over long distances to areas where this pollution is unexpected. This study demonstrates aeration tanks in WWTPs as a potential source of ketamine, methamphetamine and other emerging contaminant emissions into the air. Ketamine and methamphetamine are frequently detected in high concentrations (maximum of 151.8-162.8 pg/m3) in gaseous and aerosol samples along with 24 other emerging contaminants. Through correlation analysis, the common occurrence of emerging contaminants in air is attributable to their high aqueous concentrations as well as their physicochemical properties. Two simple regression models are developed to provide a practical and convenient way to estimate the steady-state concentrations in air. The gas-phase emission model illustrates the relationship between the solubility, the pKa and the aqueous concentration of compounds in the aeration basin and their gaseous concentrations in air (statistical strength of 74.1%; p value < 0.05), while the partition model establishes the ratio of a compound in the gas and particulate phases in air (statistical strength of 82.6%; p value < 0.05). The results provide a basis for assessing the risk of the inhalation exposure to airborne emerging contaminants; however, in-depth research addressing the impact of aerosols containing persistent pharmaceuticals on human health is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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22
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Tseng YJ, Lai WWP, Tung HH, Lin AYC. Pharmaceutical and anticorrosive substance removal by woodchip column reactor: removal process and effects of operational parameters. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:187-196. [PMID: 31833499 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00470j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater has recently been considered a potential water resource to augment urban water supplies; however, the existence of emerging contaminants limits urban stormwater utilization. This study aims to use woodchip bioreactors, which are natural and inexpensive, to remove emerging contaminants from artificial stormwater, with a focus on the contaminant removal processes in the woodchip bioreactor and on the effects of operational parameters on the system performance. Seven commonly detected emerging contaminants - acetaminophen (ACE), caffeine (CAFF), carbamazepine (CBZ), ibuprofen (IBU), sulfathiazole (SFZ), benzotriazole (BT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MeBT) - were studied. The results showed that the removal efficiency and removal processes are heavily dependent on the compound. ACE and CAFF have the highest removal efficiencies (≥80%), and sorption and biodegradation are both crucial for their removal. However, IBU exhibits very limited sorption and biodegradation and hence has the worst removal (≤15%). The removal efficiencies of the other compounds (SFZ, CBZ, BT and 5-MeBT) range from ∼30 to 60%, and sorption is likely the main removal process. The effects of several operational parameters, including woodchip type, operation time, season and flow rate, on the removal rate of emerging contaminants were also explored. The results of this study showed that the woodchip column system, which is capable of sorption and biodegradation, represents a promising treatment process for removing emerging contaminants from urban stormwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hsin-Hsin Tung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China. and International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 106, Taiwan
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23
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Hsu MH, Tsai CJ, Lin AYC. Mechanism and pathways underlying the self-sensitized photodegradation of methotrexate under simulated solar irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2019; 373:468-475. [PMID: 30939429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate, a chemotherapeutic agent, was found to undergo self-sensitized photodegradation in aqueous environments. As the initial concentration increased, methotrexate was able to enhance its own direct photolysis reaction not only in DI but also in natural waters. The methotrexate degradation rate increased through the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), the triplet excited state of methotrexate (3MTX*), and the triplet excited state of the pteridine structure (3PT*) from the phototransformation byproducts. At low methotrexate concentrations (<20 ppb), 1O2 played an important role, whereas at higher methotrexate concentrations (>2000 ppb), the presence of oxygen decreased the overall methotrexate degradation rate by physically quenching 3MTX* and 3PT*. The cleavage of the CN bond resulted in a significant amount of byproducts: pteridine derivatives and N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-l-glutamic acid (yields: 13.5 ± 0.6% and 32.3 ± 2.2% for 10 ppm and 500 ppb MTX, respectively). The reactivity of the phototransformation byproducts and the substructures of methotrexate were investigated to help elucidate the proposed self-sensitized pathways. The results indicated that methotrexate as well as compounds containing a pteridine structure will generate pteridine byproducts during photodegradation and 3PT* is the primary triplet excited species that can cause self-sensitized photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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24
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Hsu MH, Kuo TH, Wei-Po Lai W, Huang CH, Hsu CC, Chen YE, Lin AYC. Effect of environmental factors on the oxidative transformation of cephalosporin antibiotics by manganese dioxides. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:692-700. [PMID: 30821301 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the oxidation and transformation of the cephalosporins cefotaxime (CTX), cephalexin (CFX), cephradine (CFD), cephapirin (CFP) and cefazolin (CFZ) by δ-MnO2. The results showed that the MnO2 oxidation rate was promoted by environmental factors such as higher MnO2 loading, lower initial cephalosporin concentration and lower solution pH. The inhibitory effect occurred in the presence of dissolved organic matter and dissolved cations (inhibitory capacity: Mn2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Fe3+). Total organic carbon analysis indicated that the transformation byproducts of the cephalosporins are less reactive and persistent under MnO2 oxidation. Twelve transformation byproducts (9 CFP byproducts and 3 CTX byproducts) were identified, and two oxidative transformation pathways were proposed: one occurred in the cephem for CFP, and the other occurred at the substituent at the amine position for CTX. The effect of solar light on the oxidation of the five cephalosporin antibiotics by δ-MnO2 was also investigated, and the results indicated that the initial dissolution rate of δ-MnO2 under sunlight was approximately eight times faster than that in the dark in the presence of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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25
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Lin YC, Panchangam SC, Liu LC, Lin AYC. The design of a sunlight-focusing and solar tracking system: A potential application for the degradation of pharmaceuticals in water. Chemosphere 2019; 214:452-461. [PMID: 30273879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis is considered one of the most important mechanisms for the degradation of pharmaceuticals. Photodecomposition processes to remove pharmaceuticals in water treatment presently use artificial UV light incorporated in advanced oxidation processes. However, UV lighting devices consume a substantial amount of energy and have high operational costs. To develop low energy treatment systems and make good use of abundant sunlight, a natural energy resource as a green technology is needed. As such, a system that combines sunlight focusing, solar tracking and continuous reaction was designed and constructed in the present study, and its application potential as a pharmaceutical water treatment option was tested. Two representative photolabile pharmaceuticals, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, were chosen as the target pollutants. The results indicate that the sunlight-focusing system consisting of a UV-enhancing-coated parabolic receiver can concentrate solar energy effectively and hence result in a more than 40% improvement in the direct photolysis efficiency of easily photoconvertible ciprofloxacin. The sunlight-focusing coupled with a solar tracker (SFST) system can improve the sunlight-focusing efficiency by more than 2-fold, thus leading to the maximization of the efficient use of solar energy. Sulfamethoxazole, which is difficult to photoconvert, was successfully degraded by more than 60% compared to direct photolysis through the designed SFST system in the presence of persulfate. The treatment system exhibited good and consistent performance during clear and cloudy days of summer. It is proven that the UV-enhanced coated SFST system with the addition of persulfate indeed has development potential for application in the degradation of pharmaceuticals in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Chun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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26
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Hsieh MC, Panchangam SC, Lai WWP, Lin AYC. Degradation of methadone by the sunlight/FC process: Kinetics, radical species participation and influence of the water matrix. Chemosphere 2018; 209:104-112. [PMID: 29920408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Free chlorine sunlight photolysis (sunlight/FC) markedly enhances the degradation rate of methadone, a synthetic opioid used medically, over that obtained using sunlight alone. The pseudo-first-order rate constants of methadone degradation under acidic conditions ([methadone] = 0.2 μM, [free chlorine] = 4 μM, and pH = 4) for sunlight/FC and sunlight photolysis are 7.0 ± 1.1 × 10-2 min-1 and 1.4 ± 0.2 × 10-2 min-1, respectively. The improved methadone degradation can be attributed to the production of HO and reactive chlorine species (RCS) during sunlight/FC photolysis. HO and RCS predominantly accounted for degradation during sunlight/FC photolysis under acidic and neutral conditions, while direct photolysis was the major contributor towards methadone degradation in alkaline conditions. The initial pH (pH 4-11) and free chlorine concentration (1-6 μM) significantly influenced the overall degradation efficiency of methadone. The presence of HCO3-, Cl- and dissolved organic matters, which may competitively react with HO and RCS, retard the degradation of methadone in synthetic wastewater. Consequently, a 50% lower methadone degradation rate was observed when deionized (DI) water was replaced with tap water. These results emphasize the need to consider different water matrices when applying sunlight/FC photolysis for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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27
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Hsu MH, Kuo TH, Chen YE, Huang CH, Hsu CC, Lin AYC. Substructure Reactivity Affecting the Manganese Dioxide Oxidation of Cephalosporins. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:9188-9195. [PMID: 30039964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cefotaxime (CTX), cephalexin (CFX), cephradine (CFD), cephapirin (CFP), and cefazolin (CFZ) were selected as target cephalosporin antibiotics to study their oxidative transformation by δ-MnO2. Although they all have the same core structure (7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid), very different MnO2 oxidation rates were observed at pH 4 (the initial reaction rate constant kinit ranged from 0.014 to 2.6 h-1). An extensive investigation of the substructure compounds and byproduct analysis revealed that the oxidation mainly occurred at the following two sites on the core structure: (1) the sulfur atom in the cephem ring and (2) the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) and its proximal carboxylic acid group. In the case of (2), when there is an acetyloxymethyl group at the C-3 position of the core structure, the formation of the keto-sulfone byproducts was inhibited. The overall results indicated that a substituent at the C-3 position could stabilize the core structure, which would result in a decrease in the oxidation rate; however, a substituent at the amine position of the core structure might affect the overall degradation rate of the cephalosporin, depending on its reactivity with MnO2. Thus, the apparent reaction rates varied widely in the trend of CTX > CFP > CFD > core structure ≈ CFX > CFZ. The mechanistic elucidation can also help explain the degradation rates of cephalosporin antibiotics in other oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Taiwan University , 71-Chou-shan Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ting-Hao Kuo
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yung-En Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Taiwan University , 71-Chou-shan Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Taiwan University , 71-Chou-shan Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
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28
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Chung KHY, Lin YC, Lin AYC. The persistence and photostabilizing characteristics of benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole reduce the photochemical behavior of common photosensitizers and organic compounds in aqueous environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:5911-5920. [PMID: 29235031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MeBT) are broadly used in industrial applications, such as anti-icing fluids and dishwashing detergent, and act as the primary building blocks for UV absorbers and photostabilizers. This study examined the occurrence of these two compounds in the environment and their unique photochemical behavior affecting photosensitizers and other micro-organic pollutants in aqueous environments. BT and 5-MeBT were detected in all river water samples from the major rivers in Taipei City in the concentration ranges of 147 to 1560 ng/L and 22 to 235 ng/L, respectively, and both compounds persisted through a conventional wastewater treatment plant. The direct photolysis half-lives of BT and 5-MeBT were 56.9 and 14.0 h, respectively. The half-life of photolysis in river water for BT was 44.2 h, whereas the half-life of 5-MeBT was 24.7 h. The long half-lives in real-water matrices resulted in their prevalence in water bodies, and these compounds were also found to minimize the photosensitizing ability of nitrate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increase the persistence of other micro-organic pollutant. With BT present, the production of ·OH in nitrate photolysis was reduced, the degradation of DOM under sunlight was hindered, and the photodegradation of pharmaceutical residues in surface water, such as methotrexate, was completely impeded. This study suggests that in cases in which BT and 5-MeBT are highly concentrated, the effectiveness of natural attenuation process, i.e., photodegradation, in the aqueous environment is diminished, which increases the persistence of the pollutants as well as the risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsien-Yung Chung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Lin YC, Hsiao KW, Lin AYC. Photolytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in solid and aqueous environments: kinetics, phototransformation pathways, and byproducts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2303-2312. [PMID: 29119496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many lipophilic pharmaceuticals may be sorbed in solid phases, leading to different photochemical behaviors. This study investigated the photochemistry of ciprofloxacin in a solid-phase system and compared it to that in a water-phase system. Kaolinite was used as the model solid matrix. The photolysis of ciprofloxacin in kaolinite fits pseudo-first-order kinetics for thicknesses less than 199 μm, and the rate constants k p decreased from 0.0154 to 0.0016 min-1 as the thickness of the layer increased. Unlike the aqueous phase, two-step degradation processes were observed for all kaolinite layer thicknesses (14-199 μm), and the pseudo-first-order constant at the surface of the kaolinite layer was smaller than that in the water phase. Comparatively , a similar photolysis rate constant of ciprofloxacin in a kaolinite suspension was also observed, and it was an order of magnitude smaller than that of the direct photodegradation (0.035 min-1) in water. The results indicate that ciprofloxacin is likely more stable when it is adsorbed on kaolinite and that the half-lives of ciprofloxacin in kaolinite and a kaolinite suspension are 2-25 times longer than that in deionized water (20 min) under simulated sunlight. Direct photolysis is proposed to be the main photodegradation mechanism for ciprofloxacin in kaolinite, and the cleavage of a piperazine ring is the main degradation pathway. However, the interaction between ciprofloxacin and kaolinite reduces the direct photolysis and leads to a higher light stability. In association with the reduction in photolysis, the yields of norfloxacin and defluorinated byproduct decreased significantly. Consequently, the interaction increases the persistence of ciprofloxacin and thus the ecological risk to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wen Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Li SW, Wang YH, Lin AYC. Ecotoxicological effect of ketamine: Evidence of acute, chronic and photolysis toxicity to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 143:173-179. [PMID: 28549301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has been increasingly used in medicine and has the potential for abuse or illicit use around the world. Ketamine cannot be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants. Although ketamine and its metabolite norketamine have been detected to a significant degree in effluents and aquatic environments, their ecotoxicity effects in aquatic organisms remain undefined. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of ketamine and its metabolite, along with the chronic reproductive toxicity of ketamine (5-100μg/L) to Daphnia magna. Multiple environmental scenarios were also evaluated, including drug mixtures and sunlight irradiation toxicity. Ketamine and norketamine caused acute toxicity to D. magna, with half lethal concentration (LC50) values of 30.93 and 25.35mg/L, respectively, after 48h of exposure. Irradiated solutions of ketamine (20mg/L) significantly increased the mortality of D. magna; pre-irradiation durations up to 2h rapidly increased the death rate to 100%. A new photolysis byproduct (M.W. 241) of norketamine that accumulates during irradiation was identified for the first time. The relevant environmental concentration of ketamine produced significant reproductive toxicity effects in D. magna, as revealed by the reduction of the number of total live offspring by 33.6-49.8% (p < 0.05). The toxicity results indicate that the environmental hazardous risks of the relevant ketamine concentration cannot be ignored and warrant further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Lai WWP, Chuang YC, Lin AYC. The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate, chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO 2 degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:14595-14604. [PMID: 28452030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influences of HCO3-, Cl-, and other components on the UV/TiO2 degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3-7.3 and 3.2-6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO2 loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO3- in the UV/TiO2/HCO3- system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of •CO3- in the system. The results also showed that •CO3- likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO3- or Cl- during UV/TiO2 treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Lai WWP, Hsu MH, Lin AYC. The role of bicarbonate anions in methotrexate degradation via UV/TiO 2: Mechanisms, reactivity and increased toxicity. Water Res 2017; 112:157-166. [PMID: 28157604 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) is a major constituent in wastewater and natural water matrices, and the aim of this study was to investigate its roles in the degradation of the antineoplastic agent methotrexate via UV/TiO2. A comprehensive investigation of reaction mechanisms was performed by conducting scavenger experiments and substructure reactivity and Microtox® toxicity tests. In the presence of HCO3-, the methotrexate degradation rate substantially increased, indicating the involvement of CO3-. The estimated second-order rate constants of methotrexate with CO3- and OH were 1.4 × 107 M-1 s-1 and 8.7 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. Both the valence hole (hvb+) and OH resulted in the generation of CO3-. Initial transformation pathways of methotrexate were proposed, including the addition of atomic oxygen, hydroxylation, deamination, CC cleavage and CN cleavage. CN cleavage at the aniline moiety (the N(13) position) is the primary decomposition pathway, leading to an aminopterin yield of 43%. CO3- preferentially reacted with the 4-aminobenzamide (ABZ) moiety and generated toxic byproducts during the later stages of decomposition, which was not observed in the UV/TiO2 system. The reactivity of the three methotrexate substructures decreased in the following order in the presence of HCO3-: ABZ ≫ DHP ≫ LG∼0; however, without HCO3-, the following order was observed: ABZ ∼ DHP > LG. The results of this work suggest that the increase in toxicity induced by the presence of HCO3- likely occurs in many other OH-based advanced oxidation processes in wastewater containing pharmaceutical cocktails with ABZ moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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Gong H, Chu W, Lam SH, Lin AYC. Ibuprofen degradation and toxicity evolution during Fe 2+/Oxone/UV process. Chemosphere 2017; 167:415-421. [PMID: 27750164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using oxone process mediated by Fe2+ with UV irradiation (FOU). Fe2+/Oxone (FO), Fe2+/UV (FU), Oxone/UV (OU) processes were investigated separately to elucidate the role of different conditions in the processes. The effects of UV wavelength, the dosage of Fe2+, the dosage of oxone, initial target compound concentration, solution pH and anions on the degradation efficiency were studied. In general the FOU is best performed among the processes. About 97% of 0.05 mM ibuprofen was removed in 10 min, under the optimal conditions of FOU (wavelength = 300 nm, [Fe2+]0 = 0.25 mM, [Oxone]0 = 0.25 mM, and pH = 3.68). Subsequent tests like the mineralization efficiency and toxicity evolution were also conducted to ensure the FOU is a safe and comprehensive treatment process after the ibuprofen is removed. However, the above optimal conditions for IBP degradation were found inadequate in the TOC and toxicity tests. After cross examining the test results and intermediates, it was found that the low TOC and toxicity removal was mainly due to the accumulation of toxic intermediates in the solution. It is therefore suggested that a stepwise introduction of Fe2+and oxone (to control the radical concentration at a lower level, so as to minimize the futile consumption of radicals) with an elevated dosage of [IBP]0:[Fe2+]0:[Oxone]0 to 1:25:25 (to effectively degrade the unwanted intermediates at the later stage of reaction) is an efficient approach to ensure the TOC removal and toxicity elimination in FOU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - So Hiu Lam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li SW, Lin AYC. Increased acute toxicity to fish caused by pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents in a pharmaceutical mixture and after solar irradiation. Chemosphere 2015; 139:190-6. [PMID: 26121604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hospital effluents are an important source of residual drugs and other classes of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. The raw wastewater from the studied hospital exhibited acute toxicity to vertebrate organisms, and Cyprinus carpio was the most sensitive organism tested. A mixture of 19 commonly used pharmaceuticals caused acute toxicity to C. carpio with an LC50 value of 60.68mgL(-1) after 96h. This study demonstrated that irradiation for 1-5days significantly increased the acute toxicity of the pharmaceuticals to fish, leading to increased mortality after a 2-h exposure and approximately 40% of the surviving fish died within 28days. The pre-irradiated pharmaceutical mixture also induced strange behaviors in the fish that survived the test. The synergistic increase in toxicity caused by the photolysis and mixing of pharmaceuticals cannot be ignored and warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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35
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Lin YC, Lai WWP, Tung HH, Lin AYC. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and perfluorinated compounds in groundwater in Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:256. [PMID: 25877647 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the emerging pollutants in Taiwanese groundwater for the first time and correlated their presence with possible contamination sources. Fifty target pharmaceuticals and perfluorinated chemicals in groundwater were mostly present at ng L(-1) concentrations, except for 17α-ethynylestradiol, sulfamethoxazole, and acetaminophen (maximums of 1822, 1820, and 1036 ng L(-1), respectively). Perfluorinated compounds were detected with the highest frequencies in groundwater at almost all of the sample sites, especially short-chained perfluorinated carboxylates, which were easily transferred to the groundwater. The results indicate that the compounds found to have high detection frequencies and concentrations in groundwater are similar to those found in other countries around the world. Most common pharmaceuticals that contain hydrophilic groups, such as sulfonamide antibiotics and caffeine, are easily transported through surface waters to groundwater. The results also indicated that the persistent natures of emerging contaminants with high detection frequencies in surface water and groundwater, such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (risk quotient >1), caffeine, and carbamazepine, should be further studied and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Lai WWP, Lin HHH, Lin AYC. TiO2 photocatalytic degradation and transformation of oxazaphosphorine drugs in an aqueous environment. J Hazard Mater 2015; 287:133-141. [PMID: 25644030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the TiO2 photocatalytic degradation and transformation of the oxazaphosphorines ifosfamide (IFO), cyclophosphamide (CP) and trofosfamide (TRO). Under the optimum conditions of TiO2=100mg/L, IFO=100μg/L and solution pH=5.5, IFO was completely removed within 10min (k=0.433min(-1)). The results indicated that OHfree radicals generated by valence holes in the bulk solution were the predominant species for the degradation of IFO. At higher initial concentrations of oxazaphosphorines (20mg/L), >50% of TOC remained after 6h of reaction time, indicating that parent compounds were transformed to byproducts, which exhibit higher Microtox acute toxicities; chlorinated byproducts were likely the source of toxicity. Photocatalytic degradation pathways of the three oxazaphosphorines were proposed. IFO, CP and TRO follow very similar pathways and bond-breaking processes: ketonization and breaking of the CCl bond, the PN bond and the CN bond (N-dechloroethylation). Chloride (Cl(-)) release is likely the first and primary step in the decomposition process. Several of the identified byproducts were also metabolites, which implies that photocatalytic oxidation proceeds through pathways that are similar to metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lin AYC, Hsueh JHF, Hong PKA. Removal of antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and 5-fluorouracil and a vasodilator drug pentoxifylline from wastewaters by ozonation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:508-515. [PMID: 25087496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ozonation of the antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and of the vasodilator pentoxifylline (PEN) in distilled water, in pharmaceutical wastewater, and in hospital effluent at pH 5-11. Under an alkaline pH of 11, all of the target compounds rapidly degraded through the attack of hydroxyl radicals, which resulted in their complete removal within 5 min at an ozone supply rate of 3 g O3/h. Under acidic pH conditions, such as pH 5.6, CP and IF exhibited slower removal rates; however, compounds with unsaturated C-C bonds, such as 5-FU and PEN, were still removed at rapid rates under acidic conditions. Although the parent compounds were removed within minutes, the resulting ozonation byproducts were resistant to further ozonation and possessed increased Microtox acute toxicity. In distilled water, the resulting ozonation products exhibited minimal mineralization but high acute toxicity, whereas in naturally buffered pharmaceutical and hospital effluents, the byproducts were more amenable to removal and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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Dutta K, Lee MY, Lai WWP, Lee CH, Lin AYC, Lin CF, Lin JG. Removal of pharmaceuticals and organic matter from municipal wastewater using two-stage anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 2014; 165:42-49. [PMID: 24745898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to treat municipal wastewater in two-stage anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) (anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) followed by AFMBR) using granular activated carbon (GAC) as carrier medium in both stages. Approximately 95% COD removal efficiency could be obtained when the two-stage AFMBR was operated at total HRT of 5h (2h for AFBR and 3h for AFMBR) and influent COD concentration of 250mg/L. About 67% COD and 99% TSS removal efficiency could be achieved by the system treating the effluent from primary clarifier of municipal wastewater treatment plant, at HRT of 1.28h and OLR of 5.65kg COD/m(3)d. The system could also effectively remove twenty detected pharmaceuticals in raw wastewaters with removal efficiency in the range of 86-100% except for diclofenac (78%). No other membrane fouling control was required except scouring effect of GAC for flux of 16LMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Dutta
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lee
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chien Hsien Lee
- Sewer System Office, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of Interior, Room 403, No. 342, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., Songshan District, Taipei City 10556, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Gaw Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan.
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Liao PH, Chu SH, Tu TY, Wang XH, Lin AYC, Chen PJ. Persistent endocrine disruption effects in medaka fish with early life-stage exposure to a triazole-containing aromatase inhibitor (letrozole). J Hazard Mater 2014; 277:141-149. [PMID: 24613401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Letrozole (LET) is a triazole-containing drug that can inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase. It is an environmentally emerging pollutant because of its broad use in medicine and frequent occurrence in aquifers receiving the effluent of municipal or hospital wastewater. However, the toxic impact of LET on fish populations remains unclear. We exposed medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) at an early stage of sexual development to a continuous chronic LET at environmentally relevant concentrations and assessed the endocrine disruption effects in adulthood and the next generation. LET exposure at an early life stage persistently altered phenotypic sex development and reproduction in adults and skewed the sex ratio in progeny. As well, LET exposure led to a gender-different endocrine disruption as seen by the interruption in gene expression responsible for estrogen synthesis and metabolism and fish reproduction. LET interfering with the aromatase system in early life stages of medaka can disrupt hormone homeostasis and reproduction. This potent aromatase inhibitor has potential ecotoxicological impact on fish populations in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Liao
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hung Chu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Tu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Huan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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40
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Lin AYC, Panchangam SC, Tsai YT, Yu TH. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in the aquatic environment as found in science park effluent, river water, rainwater, sediments, and biotissues. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:3265-3275. [PMID: 24464397 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current article maps perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) contamination in the largest Science Park of Taiwan. The occurrence of ten target PFAAs in the effluent of an industrial wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP), its receiving rivers, rainwater, sediment, and the muscles and livers of fish was investigated. All target PFAAs were found in effluent of IWWTP, in which perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (6,930 ng/L), perfluorohexyl sulfonate (PFHxS) (2,662 ng/L) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (3,298 ng/L) were the major constituents. Concentrations of PFBS and PFOS in the IWWTP downstream areas have exceeded safe concentration levels of avian and aquatic life, indicating a potential risk to wildlife in those areas. In sediment samples, predominant contaminants were PFOS (1.5-78 ng/g), PFOA (0.5-5.6 ng/g), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) (nd-5.4 ng/g). In biological tissue samples, concentrations as high as 28,933 ng/g of PFOS were detected in tilapia and catfish liver samples. A positive correlation for log (C sediment/C water) and log (C tissue/C water) was found. The concentration and proportion (percentage of all PFAAs) of PFOS found in biotissue samples from the Keya River (which receives industrial wastewater) were found to be much greater (200 times) than those of samples from the Keelung River (which receives mainly domestic wastewater). These findings suggest that the receiving aquatic environments and, in turn, the human food chain can be significantly influenced by industrial discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan,
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41
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Lin AYC, Lee WN, Wang XH. Ketamine and the metabolite norketamine: persistence and phototransformation toxicity in hospital wastewater and surface water. Water Res 2014; 53:351-360. [PMID: 24531031 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has been increasingly used both recreationally and medicinally around the world. Although the metabolic pathways to form its metabolite norketamine have been carefully investigated in humans and animals, knowledge of their environmental occurrence and fate is limited. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of ketamine and norketamine in 20 natural bodies of water, effluents from 13 hospitals, two wastewater treatment plants and one water supply plant. Ketamine was found at concentrations as high as 10 μg/L. Ketamine and norketamine were consistently found in similar concentrations (ketamine/norketamine ratio: 0.3-4.6) in the collected water samples, and this ratio similar to that found in urine samples. Dark incubation experiments have shown that ketamine is not susceptible to microbial degradation or hydrolysis. Phototransformation was demonstrated to significantly reduce the concentration of ketamine and norketamine in river waters (t(1/2) = 12.6 ± 0.4 and 10.1 ± 0.4 h, respectively) and resulted in byproducts that are similar to human metabolites. Both direct and indirect photolysis led to the N-demethylation of ketamine to form norketamine and other byproducts, including hydroxy-norketamine (HNK), dehydronorketamine (DNK), hydroxy-ketamine (HK) and isomer forms of ketamine and norketamine. Irradiated solutions exhibited higher toxicity (via the Microtox test). Although a final risk assessment could not be made due to a lack of studies on the chronic effects on aquatic organisms, the high and persistent environmental occurrences of ketamine and norketamine as well as the increasingly acute toxicity of the photo byproducts demonstrate the importance of including metabolites in evaluation of the overall risk of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ning Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Huan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Lin AYC, Lin YC, Lee WN. Prevalence and sunlight photolysis of controlled and chemotherapeutic drugs in aqueous environments. Environ Pollut 2014; 187:170-181. [PMID: 24508644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the occurrences and natural fates of chemotherapeutics and controlled drugs when found together in hospital effluents and surface waters. The results revealed the presence of 11 out of 16 drugs in hospital effluents, and the maximum detected concentrations were at the μg L(-1) level in the hospital effluents and the ng L(-1) level in surface waters. The highest concentrations corresponded to meperidine, morphine, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. The sunlight photolysis of the target compounds was investigated, and the results indicated that morphine and codeine can be significantly attenuated, with half-lives of 0.27 and 2.5 h, respectively, in natural waters. Photolysis can lower the detected environmental concentrations, also lowering the estimated environmental risks of the target drugs to human health. Nevertheless, 5-fluorouracil and codeine were found to have a high risk quotient (RQ), demonstrating the high risks of directly releasing hospital wastewater into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ning Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
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43
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Wang XH, Lin AYC. Is the phototransformation of pharmaceuticals a natural purification process that decreases ecological and human health risks? Environ Pollut 2014; 186:203-215. [PMID: 24388870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight photodegradation has long been considered a significant process in lowering the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and thus decreasing the ecological risk. For the first time, this study identified the significance of investigating the environmental photodegradation of a pharmaceutical residue mixture (rather than a single compound) and the associated toxicity of transformation byproducts in environmental waters, including rivers, hospital wastewaters, and effluents from wastewater treatment plants and pharmaceutical production facilities. Pharmaceuticals undergo phototransformation rather than mineralization (11-23% in 34 h). Pharmaceutical mixtures could possibly act as dissolved organic matter for each individual compound and subsequently affect the photolysis rates. The increased toxicity of irradiated pharmaceutical mixtures challenges the validity of the current understanding of sunlight photolysis. The implications of this work suggest that current knowledge concerning the occurrence, natural attenuation, ecotoxicity, and human health risks of pharmaceuticals is far from complete; photolysis is not necessarily a purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Lin HHH, Lin AYC. Photocatalytic oxidation of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide via UV/TiO2 in an aqueous environment. Water Res 2014; 48:559-68. [PMID: 24200004 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatic drugs are a class of pharmaceuticals that are increasingly used in cancer therapies; 5-fluorouracil is one of the most commonly used cytostatic (antineoplastic) drugs in the world. This study applied photocatalytic oxidation to remove 5-fluorouracil. Degussa P25 showed a higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency for 5-fluorouracil removal than Aldrich TiO2 and ZnO. Under optimal conditions (20 mg L(-1) TiO2 at pH 5.8), 200 μg L(-1) 5-fluorouracil can be removed within 2 h (k = 0.0375 min(-1)). 5-fluorouracil was found to be decomposed by near-surface OH free radicals produced from valence holes (hvb(+)). At a relatively high concentration, 5-fluorouracil (27.6 mg L(-1)) is >99.9% removed within 4 h by 300 mg L(-1) Degussa P25, while 24 h is required to reach complete mineralization with 96.7% fluoride recovery. Cyclophosphamide is another widely used cancer drug that follows a similar decomposition pathway. Cyclophosphamide (27.6 mg L(-1)) was also >99.9% eliminated within 4 h, but dechlorination and mineralization reached only 79.9% and 55.1%, respectively, after 16 h of irradiation. Together with the results for Microtox(®), it is suggested that the oxidation products of cyclophosphamide are even more recalcitrant and toxic. For engineering practices, despite the fact that photocatalytic oxidation can rapidly remove target antineoplastic, it is also important to further evaluate the treatment efficiency of the photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Lin CF, Shiu YJ, Kuo CS, Lin AYC, Wu CH, Hong PKA. Photocatalytic degradation of morphine, methamphetamine, and ketamine by illuminated TiO2 and ZnO. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-013-0621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Lin AYC, Wang XH, Lee WN. Phototransformation determines the fate of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide in natural surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4104-4112. [PMID: 23600792 DOI: 10.1021/es304976q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of cytotoxic substances, such as 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide, is carefully controlled; however, these medications may still enter bodies of water through wastewater discharge. These substances may pose risks to stream and river life, as well as to humans via drinking water. In this study, the photochemical fate of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide was investigated in synthetic waters and four river waters and was found to be the most important attenuation process for each entity in natural surface waters. Bicarbonate alone was found to react with the excited states of 5-fluorouracil, thus enhancing direct photolysis rates. In the presence of nitrate and significant amounts of bicarbonate (close to 2 mM), 5-fluorouracil was rapidly removed (within 1 day) through indirect photolysis. In contrast, natural attenuation was of low importance for cyclophosphamide in most surface waters studied. A long, shallow river or lake with a long residence time (>7 days), very low alkalinity, and significant nitrate levels (>5 mg-N L(-1)) may be an exception. The phototransformation product of 5-fluorouracil was also identified. However, the total organic carbon experiments yielded important results: photolysis resulted in quick transformation of 5-fluorouracil but minimal mineralization. Additional studies of the toxicity of photobyproducts of 5-fluorouracil are needed to determine the true risk to human health of 5-fluorouracil contamination of surface water, given its near-total photodegradation and resultant, deceptively low detection rate in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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47
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Chuang YH, Lin AYC, Wang XH, Tung HH. The contribution of dissolved organic nitrogen and chloramines to nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation from natural organic matter. Water Res 2013; 47:1308-16. [PMID: 23286987 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct incorporation of chloramines and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) may provide the nitrogen for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs). This study explores the contributions of natural DON and chloramine incorporation to the formation of N-DBPs during chloramination. This study also evaluates the relationship between N-DBPs and carbonaceous DBPs by investigating four sources of dissolved organic matter with different DON-to-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios. During chloramination, dihaloacetonitrile (DXAN) formation is correlated with the summation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and dichloroacetic acids (DXAAs) yield in molar basis at pH > 6. This study tests the formation kinetics of THMs, DXAAs, and DXANs during chloramination, explores the changes in DBP formation potential before and after a sequence of ozonation and chloramination, and tracks the nitrogen source of dichloroacetonitrile. The results support the hypothesis that THMs, DXAAs, and DXANs mainly derive from similar precursors upon chloramination. In addition, the precursor of HANs was approximately 10% (on a molar basis) of that of THMs and HAAs combined. The N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential is correlated with DON/DOC in hydrophilic and transphilic fractions. Isotope (15)N-labeled monochloramine coupled with LC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to explore the nitrogen source of NDMA formed in chloraminated organic fractions. The results indicate that the nitroso group of the formed NDMA originates mainly from chloramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei City 10673, Taiwan
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Lin AYC, Panchangam SC, Chang CY, Hong PKA, Hsueh HF. Removal of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate via ozonation under alkaline condition. J Hazard Mater 2012; 243:272-277. [PMID: 23131499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of recalcitrant, ubiquitous perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is desirable for reducing potential human health and environmental risks. We here report the degradation of PFOA and PFOS by 85-100% via ozonation under alkaline condition being studied at environmentally relevant contaminant concentrations of 50 μg L(-1) to 5 mg L(-1), with enhanced removal rates by addition of hydrogen peroxide. Enhanced removal is achieved by ozonation pretreatment for 15 min at the ambient pH (i.e. 4-5), followed by elevation of pH to 11 and continued ozonation treatment for 4h. The ozonation pretreatment resulted in increased degradation of PFOA by 56% and PFOS by 42%. The results indicated hydroxyl radical-driven degradation of PFOA and PFOS in both treatments by ozone and peroxone under alkaline conditions. Wastewaters from electronics and semiconductor fabrication plants in the Science Park of Hsinchu city, Taiwan containing PFOA and PFOS have been readily treated by ozonation under alkaline condition. Treatment of PFAAs by ozone or peroxone proves to be efficient in terms of energy requirement, contact time, and removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Wang XH, Lin AYC. Phototransformation of cephalosporin antibiotics in an aqueous environment results in higher toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:12417-12426. [PMID: 23062112 DOI: 10.1021/es301929e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation may be the most important elimination process for cephalosporin antibiotics in surface water. Cefazolin (CFZ) and cephapirin (CFP) underwent mainly direct photolysis (t(1/2) = 0.7, 3.9 h), while cephalexin (CFX) and cephradine (CFD) were mainly transformed by indirect photolysis, which during the process a bicarbonate-enhanced nitrate system contributed most to the loss rate of CFX, CFD, and cefotaxime (CTX) (t(1/2) = 4.5, 5.3, and 1.3 h, respectively). Laboratory data suggested that bicarbonate enhanced the phototransformation of CFD and CFX in natural water environments. When used together, NO(3)(-), HCO(3)(-), and DOM closely simulated the photolysis behavior in the Jingmei River and were the strongest determinants in the fate of cephalosporins. TOC and byproducts were investigated and identified. Direct photolysis led to decarboxylation of CFD, CFX, and CFP. Transformation only (no mineralization) of all cephalosporins was observed through direct photolysis; byproducts were found to be even less photolabile and more toxic (via the Microtox test). CFZ exhibited the strongest acute toxicity after just a few hours, which may be largely attributed to its 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol moiety. Many pharmaceuticals were previously known to undergo direct sunlight photolysis and transformation in surface waters; however, the synergistic increase in toxicity caused by this cocktail (via pharmaceutical photobyproducts) cannot be ignored and warrants future research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Wang YC, Lin AYC, Wang SL, Ding WH. Determination of Perfluorochemicals in Human Milk Using Isotope-dilution Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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