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Li Y, Wang Y, Liu R, Shao L, Liu X, Han K, Song P. Variation of mercury fractionation and speciation in municipal sewage treatment plant: effects of mercury on the atmosphere. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:36475-36485. [PMID: 35064483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The speciation of mercury in various processing units of sewage treatment in autumn and winter were studied to understand the conversion and fate of mercury. The results show that the average concentrations of total mercury (THg) in the influent were 130.5 ± 69.8 ng/L and 231.3 ± 107.2 ng/L in autumn and winter, respectively, and the particulate mercury was the main speciation (accounting for 59.3% and 86.9%, respectively). The proportion of dissolved mercury increased after treatment, and the total removal efficiencies of THg were 78.9% and 90.8%, respectively. The release of mercury into the atmosphere during wastewater treatment was studied for the first time. The dissolved gaseous mercury levels in the influent in autumn and winter were 0.60 ± 0.40 ng/L and 0.34 ± 0.21 ng/L, respectively. The average gaseous element mercury concentration in aerobic tank air was 6.34 ± 0.49 ng/m3. The estimated mercury from aeration was 6.4 kg per year in China. The dissolved gaseous mercury will be released to the air if the sewage treatment plant is open-air. Closed sewage treatment and collection of waste gas treatment can reduce the influence of released mercury. Mercury releases into the atmosphere in the process of sewage treatment are one of the fates of mercury in sewage. Closed sewage treatment and collection of waste gas treatment are necessary to reduce the influence of released mercury. The reactive mercury levels in the influents of autumn and winter were 1.28 ± 0.49 ng/L and 1.96 ± 0.43 ng/L, and these levels account for a small proportion of THg, only 1.7% and 0.8%. Hg2+ were released by the degradation of organic matter in the secondary biological treatment. The THg levels in dehydrated sludge were higher than those in biochemical sludge but lower than the maximum limit of THg in agricultural sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ruhai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Long Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Kun Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Peng Song
- Qingdao Bay Water Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266000, China
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Elmansour TE, Mandi L, Hejjaj A, Ouazzani N. Nutrients' behavior and removal in an activated sludge system receiving Olive Mill Wastewater. J Environ Manage 2022; 305:114254. [PMID: 34972048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to monitor inorganic nutrients (phosphorus and ammonium) behavior during the injection of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) in an activated sludge process. The system was fed firstly with urban wastewater (UWW) and was alimented after its stabilization with OMWW (at 0.1% (v/v) and 1%) for 100 days. Total polyphenols, chemical oxygen demand (CODT), nutrients, and biomass behavior against OMWW injection were investigated. The results showed a satisfactory biomass growth of 7.12 gMLVSS.L-1 and a high microbial activity of 21.88 mg O2.gMLVSS-1.h-1. An overall removal reached 90%, 92%, 59% and 93% respectively for, CODT, total polyphenols, PO43- and NH4+. Adding OMWW at 1% seems to improve the nutrients elimination, especially phosphorus by the biological process probably though bringing more biodegradable organics. The chemical processes (precipitation/complexation) could also be involved in phosphorus removal, due to the OMWW wealth on salts elements such as calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Elmansour
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - L Mandi
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - A Hejjaj
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - N Ouazzani
- National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 511, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P. O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Hermes N, Jewell KS, Schulz M, Müller J, Hübner U, Wick A, Drewes JE, Ternes TA. Elucidation of removal processes in sequential biofiltration (SBF) and soil aquifer treatment (SAT) by analysis of a broad range of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) and their transformation products (TPs). Water Res 2019; 163:114857. [PMID: 31336207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals with different physico-chemical properties are present in municipal wastewater. In this study, the removal of a broad range of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) was determined in two biological treatment processes differing in hydraulic retention time: sequential biofiltration (SBF) and soil-aquifer treatment (SAT), operated in Germany and Spain. Occurrence and the degree of removal of more than 150 TOrCs with different physico-chemical properties were analysed, including precursors as well as human metabolites and environmental transformation products (TPs). Ninety TOrCs were detected in the feed water of the SBF system, 40% of these showed removal efficiencies of higher than 30% during biological treatment. In SAT, 70 TOrCs were detected in the feed water, 60% of these could be reduced by more than 30% after approximately 3 days of subsurface treatment. For uncharged and negatively charged TOrCs biological degradation was mainly responsible for the removal, while positively charged TOrCs were most likely also removed by ionic interactions. The detections of TPs confirmed that biodegradation was a major removal process in both systems. The analysis of positively and negatively charged, neutral and zwitterionic TOrCs and the simultaneous analysis of precursors and their biologically formed TPs enabled a detailed understanding of underlying mechanisms of their removal in the two systems. On this basis, criteria for site-specific indicator selection were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - K S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - J Müller
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - U Hübner
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - A Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - J E Drewes
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - T A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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He Y, Sutton NB, Lei Y, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM. Fate and distribution of pharmaceutically active compounds in mesocosm constructed wetlands. J Hazard Mater 2018; 357:198-206. [PMID: 29886365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is a complex interplay of different processes. We studied fate and distribution of seven PhACs (caffeine, CAF; naproxen, NAP; metoprolol, MET; propranolol, PRO; ibuprofen, IBP; carbamazepine, CBZ; diclofenac, DFC) in mesocosm CWs and effects of irradiation via pre-photocatalysis, substrate composition (mainly sediment) through addition of litter (dead plant biomass), and plants. CWs showed high removal of CAF, NAP, MET, PRO, and IBP (79-99%). All seven PhACs were detected in substrate and plant tissues as well as IBP intermediates. Estimated PhAC mass balance showed that sorption dominated PRO removal in CWs while other PhACs were mainly removed by biodegradation and/or phytodegradation. Pre-photocatalysis significantly increased removal of PhACs except for CAF and IBP, and decreased accumulation of PhACs in substrate and plant tissues of the following wetland compartment. Litter addition in CW significantly enhanced removal of PRO and CBZ via biodegradation and/or phytodegradation. Plants played an essential and positive role in removing PhACs, resulting from direct phytoremediation and indirectly enhancing sorption and biodegradation. Our study provides knowledge to understand removal mechanisms of PhACs in CWs and to potentially enhance PhAC removal by developing pre-photocatalysis, adding dead plant biomass, and optimizing vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie He
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nora B Sutton
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang L, Lv T, Zhang Y, Stein OR, Arias CA, Brix H, Carvalho PN. Effects of constructed wetland design on ibuprofen removal - A mesocosm scale study. Sci Total Environ 2017; 609:38-45. [PMID: 28734248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of constructed wetland design (unsaturated, saturated and aerated saturated) and plant species (Juncus, Typha, Berula, Phragmites and Iris) on the mass removal and removal kinetics of the pharmaceutical ibuprofen. Planted systems had higher ibuprofen removal rates (29%-99%) than in the unplanted ones (15%-85%) in all designs. The use of forced aeration improved ibuprofen removal only in the unplanted mesocosms. In general, ibuprofen removal followed an area-based first-order removal kinetics model with removal rate coefficients (kA) varying between 3 and 35cm/d. The ibuprofen removal was mainly attributed to microbial degradation by the fixed bed biofilm, but plant uptake and degradation within plant tissues also occurred. The ibuprofen removal was positively correlated with the oxygen concentration in the water and the removal of nutrients, indicating that degradation may be due to co-metabolisation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Otto R Stein
- Department of Civil Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Carlos A Arias
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark.
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Schwientek M, Guillet G, Rügner H, Kuch B, Grathwohl P. A high-precision sampling scheme to assess persistence and transport characteristics of micropollutants in rivers. Sci Total Environ 2016; 540:444-454. [PMID: 26283620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of organic micropollutants are emitted into rivers via municipal wastewaters. Due to their persistence many pollutants pass wastewater treatment plants without substantial removal. Transport and fate of pollutants in receiving waters and export to downstream ecosystems is not well understood. In particular, a better knowledge of processes governing their environmental behavior is needed. Although a lot of data are available concerning the ubiquitous presence of micropollutants in rivers, accurate data on transport and removal rates are lacking. In this paper, a mass balance approach is presented, which is based on the Lagrangian sampling scheme, but extended to account for precise transport velocities and mixing along river stretches. The calculated mass balances allow accurate quantification of pollutants' reactivity along river segments. This is demonstrated for representative members of important groups of micropollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances, flame retardants, and pesticides. A model-aided analysis of the measured data series gives insight into the temporal dynamics of removal processes. The occurrence of different removal mechanisms such as photooxidation, microbial degradation, and volatilization is discussed. The results demonstrate, that removal processes are highly variable in time and space and this has to be considered for future studies. The high precision sampling scheme presented could be a powerful tool for quantifying removal processes under different boundary conditions and in river segments with contrasting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwientek
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gaëlle Guillet
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Rügner
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Kuch
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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