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Sonawane PD, Chaudhari SR, Ganorkar SB, Patil AS, Shirkhedkar AA. A brief review on critical analytical aspects for quantification of ambroxol in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114888. [PMID: 36087766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ambroxol (AMB) is a member of the expectorant class, widely used as a secreolytic agent in patients to break up secretions. AMB is rapidly and effectively distributed from blood to tissue. The lungs have the highest concentration of AMB; accumulation of AMB in human lung tissue was detected at concentrations 15- to 20-fold greater than those reported in the circulation. Because of its wide range of actions and therapeutic applications may be worth looking into, particularly for respiratory symptoms, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, influenza, and rhinovirus infections. Though several analytical methodologies have been established and confirmed for the AMB analysis in matrices of pharmaceutical and biological origins, novel sustainable, and economical methods are still to be choice of protocol to increase its sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability. Therefore, the present review offers an overview of critical analytical aspects regarding the HPLC, LC-MS/MS, HPTLC, capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and electrochemical methods for quantifying AMB in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Furthermore, this review will thoroughly discuss the physicochemical properties, stability, extraction conditions, instrumentation, and operational parameters of the targeted analyte. As a result, for the first time, this review complies with vital background information and an up-to-date interpretation of research undertaken by anticipated methodologies examined and implemented for the pharmaceutical analysis AMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam D Sonawane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Suraj R Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Saurabh B Ganorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Amod S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Atul A Shirkhedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
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2
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Maryam Hosseini Ghalehno, Parvizi A, Mirzaei M. A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Diphenylhydramine Hydrochloride Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode (CPE) Modified with Ferrite–Cobalt–Silica/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522050044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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El-Sayed HM, Hashem H. Quality by Design Strategy for Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Bromhexine HCl and Its Metabolite Ambroxol HCl in Dosage Forms and Plasma. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Waraksa E, Owczarek K, Kubica P, Kłodzińska E, Ozimek M, Wrzesień R, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Namieśnik J. Determination of bromhexine and its metabolites in equine serum samples by liquid chromatography - Tandem mass spectrometry: Applicability to the elimination study after single oral dose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1151:122197. [PMID: 32512535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bromhexine (BH), expectorant used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus, is not permitted for use in the competing horse by many authorities in horseracing and Olympic disciplines. Metabolic studies are of the great importance in anti-doping field because they allow for updating the selection of the most appropriate markers for prohibited substances, such as metabolites present at higher concentration levels and/or lasted for a longer period of time in biological samples than a parent drug. This study describes LC-MS/MS-based method for simultaneous determination of BH and its metabolites, including 4-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylamino)cyclohexanol (4-HDMB), 3-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylamino)cyclohexanol (3-HDMB), in equine serum samples. The 2-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylamino)cyclohexanol (2-HDMB) was monitored as well. The assay was validated in terms of linearity (R2 greater than 0.9951), intra- and inter-assay accuracy (91.6 - 109.1%) and precision (CV < 9.6%) as well as recovery (94.8 - 105.65%). The LODs were 0.0052, 0.0053, 0.0056 and 0.0043 ng/mL for BH, 2-HDMB, 3-HDMB and 4-HDMB, respectively. The developed method was applied to determine the time curses of BH and its metabolites concentrations in equine serum collected for 95.25 h following a single oral administration of BH to two healthy mares (in dose of 0.8 mg/kg). The parent drug was found at higher concentration levels than 3-HDMB (major metabolite) and 4-HDMB (minor metabolite), however, both BH metabolites lasted for a longer period of time in equine serum than the parent drug. Thus, both metabolites of BH can be considered as BH abuse markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Waraksa
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Owczarek
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Ozimek
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Wrzesień
- Medical University of Warsaw, Central Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Banacha 1 B Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Punde NS, Rajpurohit AS, Srivastava AK. Sensitive electrochemical platform based on nano-cylindrical strontium titanate/N-doped graphene hybrid composite for simultaneous detection of diphenhydramine and bromhexine. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Li J, Bi Y, Wang L, Sun F, Chen Z, Xu G, Fan G. β-Cyclodextrin enhanced on-line organic solvent field-amplified sample stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis for analysis of ambroxol in human plasma, following liquid–liquid extraction in the 96-well format. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prabhu SL, Shirwaikar AA, Shirwaikar A, Kumar CD, Kumar GA. Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Estimation of Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 70:236-8. [PMID: 20046721 PMCID: PMC2792483 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.41464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride. The method involved solving simultaneous equations based on measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 242 nm and 231 nm, the γ max of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range 10–50 μg/ml and 8–24 μg/ml for ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride respectively. Results of the method were validated statistically and by recovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakshmana Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal-576 104, India
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Agrawal OD, Shirkhedkar AA, Surana SJ. Simultaneous determination of levofloxacin hemihydrate and ambroxol hydrochloride in tablets by thin-layer chromatography combined with densitometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Sumarlik E, Indrayanto G. TLC Densitometric Determination of Bromhexine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals, and Its Validation. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120039417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Endang Sumarlik
- a Quality Control Laboratory , Bernofarm Pharmaceutical Company , Buduran, Sidoarjo , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Gunawan Indrayanto
- b Assessment Service Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy , Airlangga University , Dharmawangsa dalam, Surabaya , 60286 , Indonesia
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Development and Validation of Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Levofloxacin and Ambroxol in Tablets. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2008.52.6.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Hu W, Xu Y, Liu F, Liu A, Guo Q. Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of ambroxol in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1108-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Lin YT, Kou HS, Wu HL. A simple micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of organic expectorants. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3524-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Su F, Wang F, Gao W, Li H. Determination of ambroxol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:364-8. [PMID: 17446147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific method to determination of ambroxol in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI) was described. Ambroxol and the internal standard (I.S.), fentanyl, were extracted from plasma by N-hexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) after alkalinized with ammonia water. A centrifuged upper layer was then evaporated and reconstituted with 100 microl mobile phase. Chromatographic separation was performed on a BDS HYPERSIL C18 column (250 mmx4.6 mm, 5.0 microm, Thermo electron corporation, USA) with the mobile phase consisting of 30 mM ammonium acetate (0.4% formic acid)-acetonitrile (64:36, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.2 mL min(-1). The total run time was 5.8 min for each sample. Detection and quantitation was performed by the mass spectrometer using selected ion monitoring at m/z 261.9, 263.8 and 265.9 for ambroxol and m/z 337.3 for fentanyl. The calibration curve was linear within the concentration range of 1.0-100.0 ng mL(-1) (r=0.9996). The limit of quantification was 1.0 ng mL(-1). The extraction recovery was above 83.3%. The methodology recovery was higher than 93.8%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 6.0%. The method is accurate, sensitive and simple for the study of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ambroxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenli Su
- Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China.
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Satínský D, Huclová J, Ferreira RLC, Montenegro MCBSM, Solich P. Determination of ambroxol hydrochloride, methylparaben and benzoic acid in pharmaceutical preparations based on sequential injection technique coupled with monolithic column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:287-93. [PMID: 16165338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The porous monolithic columns show high performance at relatively low pressure. The coupling of short monoliths with sequential injection technique (SIA) results in a new approach to implementation of separation step to non-separation low-pressure method. In this contribution, a new separation method for simultaneous determination of ambroxol, methylparaben and benzoic acid was developed based on a novel reversed-phase sequential injection chromatography (SIC) technique with UV detection. A Chromolith SpeedROD RP-18e, 50-4.6 mm column with 10 mm precolumn and a FIAlab 3000 system with a six-port selection valve and 5 ml syringe were used for sequential injection chromatographic separations in our study. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-0.05M acetic acid (10:10:90, v/v/v), pH 3.75 adjusted with triethylamine, flow rate 0.48 mlmin(-1), UV-detection was at 245 nm. The analysis time was <11 min. A new SIC method was validated and compared with HPLC. The method was found to be useful for the routine analysis of the active compounds ambroxol and preservatives (methylparaben or benzoic acid) in various pharmaceutical syrups and drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Satínský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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Qi M, Wang P, Cong R, Yang J. Simultaneous determination of roxithromycin and ambroxol hydrochloride in a new tablet formulation by liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:1287-91. [PMID: 15336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of roxithromycin and ambroxol hydrochloride in a new tablet formulation. Chromatographic separation of the two drugs was achieved on a Diamonsil C(18) column (200 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and 0.5% ammonium acetate (39:11:50 (v/v), pH 5.5) was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was performed at 220 nm. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration range of 201.2-2012.0 microg/ml for roxithromycin and 42.7-427.0 microg/ml for ambroxol hydrochloride, respectively. Separation was complete in less than 10 min. The proposed method can be used for the quality control of formulation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Qi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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16
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Dias AC, Santos JL, Lima JL, Zagatto EA. Multi-pumping flow system for spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Heinänen M, Barbas C. Validation of an HPLC method for the quantification of ambroxol hydrochloride and benzoic acid in a syrup as pharmaceutical form stress test for stability evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:1005-10. [PMID: 11248495 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for ambroxol, trans-4-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylamino) cyclohexanol hydrochloride, and benzoic acid separation by HPLC with UV detection at 247 nm in a syrup as pharmaceutical presentation. Optimal conditions were: Column Symmetry Shield RPC8, 5 microm 250 x 4.6 mm, and methanol/(H(3)PO(4) 8.5 mM/triethylamine pH=2.8) 40:60 v/v. Validation was performed using standards and the pharmaceutical preparation which contains the compounds described above. Results from both standards and samples show suitable validation parameters. The pharmaceutical grade substances were tested by factors that could influence the chemical stability. These reaction mixtures were analysed to evaluate the capability of the method to separate degradation products. Degradation products did not interfere with the determination of the substances tested by the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heinänen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Pospísilová M, Polásek M, Jokl V. Determination of ambroxol or bromhexine in pharmaceuticals by capillary isotachophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:421-8. [PMID: 11199221 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expectorant drugs ambroxol (AX) and bromhexine (BX) were determined by capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) with conductimetric detection. The leading electrolyte (LE) was a buffer solution that contained 5 mM picolinic acid and 5 mM potassium picolinate (pH 5.2). The terminating electrolyte (TE) was 10 mM formic acid. The driving current was 80 microA (for approximately 200 s) or 50 microA (for approximately 350 s) and the detection current was 20 microA (a single analysis took about 8 min). The effective mobilities of AX and BX (evaluated with tetraethylammonium as the mobility standard) were 18.8 x 10(-9) m2 V(-1) s(-1) and 14.3 x 10(-9) m2 V(-1) s(-1) respectively. The calibration graphs relating the ITP zone length to the concentration of the analytes were rectilinear (r = 0.9993-0.9999) in the range 10 mg L(-1) (20 mg L(-1) for BX) to 200 mg l(-1) of the drug standard. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were 1.2 1.6% (n = 6) when determining 100 mg l(-1) of the analytes in pure test solutions. The method has been applied to the assay of AX or BX in seven commercial mass-produced pharmaceutical preparations. According to the validation procedure based on the standard addition technique the recoveries were 97.5-102.7% of the drug and the RSD values were 0.11-2.20% (n = 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pospísilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Heyrovského, Czech Republic.
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Koundourellis JE, Malliou ET, Broussali TA. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of ambroxol in the presence of different preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:469-75. [PMID: 10933540 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance chromatographic method is described for simultaneous determination of ambroxol in the presence of different preservatives in syrups. The method separates ambroxol from methyl- ethyl-, propyl- and butyl paraben and from other multi-component mixtures. The retention behaviour of ambroxol and parabens as a function of both pH and mobile phase composition was investigated. The eluents were monitored with a UV detector at 247 nm. Linear relationships between the amount of pharmaceutical compounds and peak heights were confirmed at the concentrations of 0.74-14.08 microg ml(-1). The high recovery (no extraction of the samples is required) and the low %RSD confirm the suitability of the proposed method for the determination of ambroxol in different pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Koundourellis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Boone CM, Waterval JC, Lingeman H, Ensing K, Underberg WJ. Capillary electrophoresis as a versatile tool for the bioanalysis of drugs--a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:831-63. [PMID: 10746954 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The principles of capillary electrophoresis and its various separation and detection modes are briefly discussed. Sample pretreatment methods which have been used for clean-up and concentration are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview of bioanalytical applications is presented. The bioanalyses of more than 200 drugs have been summarised, including the applied sample pretreatment methods and the achieved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boone
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clement
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Canada
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