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Ghosh S, Kumar V, Mukherjee H, Saini S, Gupta S, Chauhan S, Kushwaha K, Lahiri D, Sircar D, Roy P. Assessment of the mechanistic role of an Indian traditionally used ayurvedic herb Bacopa monnieri (L.)Wettst. for ameliorating oxidative stress in neuronal cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:117899. [PMID: 38341111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study has important ethnopharmacological implications since it systematically investigated the therapeutic potential of Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. (Brahmi) in treating neurological disorders characterized by oxidative stress-a growing issue in the aging population. Bacopa monnieri, which is strongly rooted in Ayurveda, has long been recognized for its neuroprotective and cognitive advantages. The study goes beyond conventional wisdom by delving into the molecular complexities of Bacopa monnieri, particularly its active ingredient, Bacoside-A, in countering oxidative stress. The study adds to the ethnopharmacological foundation for using this herbal remedy in the context of neurodegenerative disorders by unravelling the scientific underpinnings of Bacopa monnieri's effectiveness, particularly at the molecular level, against brain damage and related conditions influenced by oxidative stress. This dual approach, which bridges traditional wisdom and modern investigation, highlights Bacopa monnieri's potential as a helpful natural remedy for oxidative stress-related neurological diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism of action (in vitro, in silico and in vivo) of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. methanolic extract and its active compound, Bacoside-A, against oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS ROS generation activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium deposition and apoptosis were studied through DCFDA, Rhodamine-123, FURA-2 AM and AO/EtBr staining respectively. In silico study to check the effect of Bacoside-A on the Nrf-2 and Keap1 axis was performed through molecular docking study and validated experimentally through immunofluorescence co-localization study. In vivo antioxidant activity of Bacopa monnieri extract was assessed by screening the oxidative stress markers and stress-inducing hormone levels as well as through histopathological analysis of tissues. RESULTS The key outcome of this study is that the methanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri (BME) and its active component, Bacoside-A, protect against oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. At 100 and 20 μg/ml, BME and Bacoside-A respectively quenched ROS, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased calcium deposition, and inhibited HT-22 mouse hippocampus cell death. BME and Bacoside-A regulated the Keap1 and Nrf-2 axis and their downstream antioxidant enzyme-specific genes to modify cellular antioxidant machinery. In vivo experiments utilizing rats subjected to restrained stress indicated that pre-treatment with BME (50 mg/kg) downregulated oxidative stress markers and stress-inducing hormones, and histological staining demonstrated that BME protected the neuronal cells of the Cornu Ammonis (CA1) area in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study suggests that Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. has significant potential as a natural remedy for neurodegenerative disorders, and its active compounds could be developed as new drugs for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Viney Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Haimanti Mukherjee
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Saakshi Saini
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharshi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Komal Kushwaha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Debrupa Lahiri
- Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Marghich M, Amrani O, Karim A, Harit T, Beyi L, Mekhfi H, Bnouham M, Aziz M. Myorelaxant and antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris L., and the molecular docking of its major constituents with the muscarinic receptor and the L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+channel. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116456. [PMID: 37019158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal disorders are among the most common diseases that cause discomfort to people who are affected. In Morocco, aromatic and medicinal plants are widely used to calm these pains and eliminate their symptoms. Among these plants, Artemisia campestris L. which is used in eastern Morocco to treat digestive system problems. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to experimentally verify the traditional use of this plant by evaluating the myorelaxant and antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris L. (EOAc). MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) was performed to identify the compounds present in the EOAc. Then, these molecules were subjected to the in silico study for molecular docking. The myorelaxant and antispasmodic evaluation of the EOAc were tested in vitro on an isolated rabbit and rat jejunum mounted on an organ bath. Then, an isotonic transducer connected to an amplifier recorded the graph related to intestinal contractility. RESULTS GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris L. showed the presence of m-Cymene (17.308%), Spathulenol (16.785%), β Pinene (15.623%), α Pinene (11.352%), α.-Campholenal (8.848%) as main constituents. The EOAc gave a dose-dependent and reversible myorelaxant effect on the spontaneous contractions of jejunum isolated from rabbits, with an IC50 equal to 72.16 ± 15.93 μg/mL. This effect did not occur through adrenergic receptors. The EOAc has an antispasmodic effect on the contractions of rat jejunal induced by a medium with low (25 mM) or high concentration (75 mM) of KCl, and carbachol 10-6 M. The obtained inhibitory effects are comparable to those of a non-competitive antagonist of cholinergic receptors. The major compounds of EOAc allowed the establishment of a relationship between these phytoconstituents and the antispasmodic effect found by the EOAc. The obtained results are also supported by a docking study. CONCLUSION The obtained results confirm favorably the use of Artemisia campestris L. in traditional Moroccan medicine for the treatment of digestive tract illness, which gives us a new route to valorize the effects obtained by a phytomedicine specific for the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marghich
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Ouafa Amrani
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Karim
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Tarik Harit
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Leila Beyi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco; Regional Center for Professions of Education and Training, Oriental Region, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Hassane Mekhfi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Aziz
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
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Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Modulators of Endothelium Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052533. [PMID: 33802468 PMCID: PMC7959468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time—from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin–cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition. In this review, plants are summarized as sources of biologically active substances affecting the endothelium. This paper compares individual substances and mechanisms that are known to affect the endothelium, and which subsequently may cause the development of cardiovascular disorders.
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Ghosh S, Khanam R, Acharya Chowdhury A. The Evolving Roles of Bacopa monnieri as Potential Anti-Cancer Agent: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2166-2176. [PMID: 33148034 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1841248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermingled interrelationship of Bacopa monnieri and human health dates backs to the ancient times in the history of ayurveda making the plant an enriched source of alternative drug development in a nontoxic manner. In recent years, research on the biological effects of Bacopa monnieri has flourished as promising neuroprotective, memory boosting and more importantly as both chemopreventive and anti-neoplastic agent. Each naturally synthesized chemical constituent identified from Bacopa monnieri leaf extract with different solvents, has significant anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activity on different type of cancer cells. In this context, a substantial literature survey allows a deep understanding of the involvement of specific bioactive molecules along with the whole plant extract of Bacopa monnieri with their divergent effective molecular pathways. This comprehensive review covers literature up to the year 2020 highlighting all the anticancer efficacy along with signaling pathways activated by secondary metabolites found in bacopa plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahmat Khanam
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Komali E, Venkataramaiah C, Rajendra W. Antiepileptic potential of Bacopa monnieri in the rat brain during PTZ-induced epilepsy with reference to cholinergic system and ATPases. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 11:137-143. [PMID: 33728274 PMCID: PMC7936099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic central nervous system disorder that occurs not only with the imbalance of glutamatergic neurons and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA) neurons, but also with abnormal Central cholinergic neuronal regulation. Since long term usage of antiepileptic drugs cause high incidence of pharmacoresistance and untoward side effects, attention has been paid in recent years to screen bioactive compounds from natural medicinal plants for the treatment of several neurological disorders including Epilepsy. Keeping in view of relative importance of natural medicinal plants, the present study is mainly focused to characterize the anti-convulsant effect of Bacopa monnieri (BM), an Indian herb which is being extensively used in Ayurvedic treatments related to neurological complications. The present study is designed to assess the neurotoxicity of Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ), an epileptic compound with particular reference to Cholinergic system and ATPases in different brain regions of rat to explore the possible antiepileptic effect of different extracts of BM in comparison with Diazepam (DZ) (Reference control). The activity levels of Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and ATPases were decreased in different regions of brain during PTZ induced epilepsy which were increased in epileptic rats pretreated with different extracts of Bacopa monnieri except EAE and AE. In addition Acetylcholine (ACh), levels were increased during PTZ induced epilepsy when compared with normal control and levels were reversed on pretreatment with different extracts of BM. Recoveries of these parameters suggest that the bioactive factors present in the extracts offer neuroprotection by interrupting the pathological cascade that occurs during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Rajendra
- Corresponding author. Former Vice-Chancellor & BSR- Faculty fellow Department of Zoology Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, AP, India.
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Optimization of calcium gluconate and Bacopa monniera extract levels in calcium enriched herbal ice cream by response surface methodology. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:3320-3328. [PMID: 31274899 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium enriched herbal ice cream was developed using calcium gluconate (CG) as calcium source, Bacopa monniera whole plant extract (BME) is an herb containing saponins. Ice cream was prepared by incorporating CG and BME together. Preliminarily the range of CG and BME levels were fixed as 50-250 mg/100 mL and 10-50 mg/100 mL of ice cream mix respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the levels of two ingredients (CG and BME). Central Composite Rotatable Design using two variables and five responses comprising of sensory attributes was used for computation of optimized solution. All the responses fitted well into quadratic equation with R2 > 0.60. The optimum levels of CG and BME are 217.34 mg/100 mL and 10 mg/100 mL for preparation of experimental ice cream. RSM recommended with 87% acceptability for the optimum levels of CG and BME. Product is prepared with optimized solution and subjected to sensory evaluation.
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Sukumaran NP, Amalraj A, Gopi S. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects. Complement Ther Med 2019; 44:68-82. [PMID: 31126578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (L.) - (BM) is a perennial, creeping herb which is widely used in traditional ayurvedic medicine as a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory. Research into the biological effects of this plant has burgeoned in recent years, promising its neuroprotective and memory boosting ability among others. In this context, an extensive literature survey allows an insight into the participation of numerous signaling pathways and oxidative mechanism involved in the mitigation of oxidative stress, along with other indirect mechanisms modulated by bioactive molecules of BM to improve the cognitive action by their synergistic potential and cellular multiplicity mechanism. This multi-faceted review describes the novel mechanisms that underlie the unfounded but long flaunted promises of BM and thereby direct a way to harness this acquired knowledge to develop innovative approaches to manipulate its intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustine Amalraj
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin 682 311, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin 682 311, Kerala, India.
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T MM, Anand T, Khanum F. Attenuation of cytotoxicity induced by tBHP in H9C2 cells by Bacopa monniera and Bacoside A. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:143-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Mendel M, Chłopecka M, Dziekan N, Karlik W. Interactions between erythromycin, flunixin meglumine, levamisole and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility-in vitro study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:281-291. [PMID: 28913883 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Continued ingestion of plant secondary metabolites by ruminants can provoke pharmacological interactions with pharmaceutical agents used in animals. As some drugs and phytocompounds affect smooth muscle activity, the aim of this study was to verify the possible interaction between selected pharmaceutical agents and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility. The interactions between phytocompounds-apigenin, quercetin, hederagenin, medicagenic acid-and medicines-erythromycin, flunixin meglumine and levamisole-were evaluated on bovine isolated abomasal and duodenal specimens obtained from routinely slaughtered cows. The obtained results confirmed the contractile effect of all three drugs used solely. Hederagenin and medicagenic acid (0.001 μM) enhanced the contractile effect of levamisole. Hederagenin additionally increased the impact of erythromycin. Both saponins (100 μM) showed synergistic effects with all tested pharmaceuticals. Apigenin and quercetin (0.001 μM) intensified the contractile response induced by erythromycin and levamisole. Moreover, both flavonoids (100 μM) showed an antagonistic interaction with all tested drugs which in that situation were devoid of the prokinetic effect. To conclude, plant metabolic metabolites such as saponins and flavonoids are potent modifiers of the effect of drugs towards gut motility. The synergy observed between phytocompounds and selected medicines can be beneficial in the treatment of cows with hypomotility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Dziekan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kishore L, Kaur N, Singh R. Bacosine isolated from aerial parts of Bacopa monnieri improves the neuronal dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Shahid M, Subhan F, Ahmad N, Ullah I. A bacosides containing Bacopa monnieri extract alleviates allodynia and hyperalgesia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:293. [PMID: 28583132 PMCID: PMC5460461 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current therapy of neuropathic pain is inadequate and is limited by the extent of pain relief and the occurrence of dose dependant side effects. Insufficient control of pain with conventional medications prompts the use of complementary and alternative medicine therapies by patients with neuropathic pain. This study therefore investigated a standardized methanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri, a widely reputed nootropic plant, for prospective antinociceptive effect in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. METHODS Placement of four loose ligatures around the sciatic nerve produced partial denervation of the hindpaw in rats. Bacopa monnieri (40 and 80 mg/kg, p.o) and the positive control, gabapentin (75 mg/kg, i.p), were administered daily after CCI or sham surgery and the behavioral paradigms of static- and dynamic-allodynia (paw withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimulation [PWT] and paw withdrawal latency to light-brushing [PWL]), cold-allodynia (paw withdrawal duration [PWD] to acetone), heat- (PWL to heat-stimulus) and punctate-hyperalgesia (PWD to pin-prick) were assessed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. RESULTS CCI consistently generated static- (days 3-21), dynamic- (days 14-21) and cold-allodynia (days 3-21) plus heat- and mechano-hyperalgesia (days 3-21). The tested doses of Bacopa monnieri significantly attenuated the CCI-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia, exemplified by increased PWT (days 7-21), PWL to light brushing (days 14-21) and heat (days 7-21) as well as decreased PWD to pin prick and cold stimuli (days 3-21). The extract also counterbalanced the CCI-induced aberrations in the nociceptive behaviors by increasing the pain threshold to that of pre-surgery baseline. Gabapentin also afforded analogous beneficial behavioral profile but of higher magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Bacopa monnieri can be used as adjuvant therapy for neuropathic pain conditions afflicted with allodynia and hyperalgesia.
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Ullah I, Subhan F, Lu Z, Chan SW, Rudd JA. Action of Bacopa monnieri to antagonize cisplatin-induced emesis in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 133:232-239. [PMID: 28363413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (BM, family Scrophulariaceae) is used in several traditional systems of medicine for the management of epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, sleep disorders and memory deficits. The present study investigated the potential of BM methanol (BM-MetFr) and BM n-butanol fractions (BM-ButFr) to reduce chemotherapy-induced emesis in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) reliably induced retching and/or vomiting over a 2 day period. BM-MetFr (10-40 mg/kg, s.c.) and BM-ButFr (5-20 mg/kg, s.c.) antagonized the retching and/or vomiting response by ∼59.4% (p < 0.05) and 78.9% (p < 0.05), respectively, while the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, palonosetron (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), reduced the response by ∼71% (p < 0.05). The free radical scavenger/antioxidant, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (30-300 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the retching and/or vomiting response occurring on day one non-significantly by 44% (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the n-butanol fractions of BM have anti-emetic activity comparable with palonosetron and MPG. BM may be useful alone or in combination with other anti-emetic drugs for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Subhan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Srimachai S, Devaux S, Demougeot C, Kumphune S, Ullrich ND, Niggli E, Ingkaninan K, Kamkaew N, Scholfield CN, Tapechum S, Chootip K. Bacopa monnieri extract increases rat coronary flow and protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:117. [PMID: 28219356 PMCID: PMC5319078 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background This study explored Bacopa monnieri, a medicinal Ayurvedic herb, as a cardioprotectant against ischemia/reperfusion injury using cardiac function and coronary flow as end-points. Methods In normal isolated rat hearts, coronary flow, left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, and functional recovery were measured using the Langendorff preparation. Hearts were perfused with either (i) Krebs-Henseleit (normal) solution, (control), or with 30, 100 μg/ml B. monnieri ethanolic extract (30 min), or (ii) with normal solution or extract for 10 min preceding no-perfusion ischemia (30 min) followed by reperfusion (30 min) with normal solution. Infarct volumes were measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining. L-type Ca2+-currents (ICa, L) were measured by whole-cell patching in HL-1 cells, a mouse atrial cardiomyocyte cell line. Cytotoxicity of B. monnieri was assessed in rat isolated ventricular myocytes by trypan blue exclusion. Results In normally perfused hearts, B. monnieri increased coronary flow by 63 ± 13% (30 μg/ml) and 216 ± 21% (100 μg/ml), compared to control (5 ± 3%) (n = 8–10, p < 0.001). B. monnieri treatment preceding ischemia/reperfusion improved left ventricular developed pressure by 84 ± 10% (30 μg/ml), 82 ± 10% (100 μg/ml) and 52 ± 6% (control) compared to pre- ischemia/reperfusion. Similarly, functional recovery showed a sustained increase. Moreover, B. monnieri (100 μg/ml) reduced the percentage of infarct size from 51 ± 2% (control) to 25 ± 2% (n = 6-8, p < 0.0001). B. monnieri (100 μg/ml) reduced ICa, L by 63 ± 4% in HL-1 cells. Ventricular myocyte survival decreased at higher concentrations (50–1000 μg/ml) B. monnieri. Conclusions B. monnieri improves myocardial function following ischemia/reperfusion injury through recovery of coronary blood flow, contractile force and decrease in infarct size. Thus this may lead to a novel cardioprotectant strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1637-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kishore L, Kaur N, Singh R. Renoprotective effect ofBacopa monnieri viainhibition of advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1528-1544. [DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1227920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Kumar N, Abichandani LG, Thawani V, Gharpure KJ, Naidu MUR, Venkat Ramana G. Efficacy of Standardized Extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on Cognitive Functions of Medical Students: A Six-Week, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:4103423. [PMID: 27803728 PMCID: PMC5075615 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rationale. Bacopa monnieri, popularly known as Brahmi, has been traditionally used in Ayurveda since ages for its memory enhancing properties. However, data on placebo-controlled trial of Bacopa monnieri on intellectual sample is scarce. Hence this study was planned to evaluate the effect of Bacopa monnieri on memory of medical students for six weeks. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of Bacopa monnieri on memory of medical students with six weeks' administration. Method and Material. This was a randomized double blind placebo-controlled noncrossover, parallel trial. Sixty medical students of either gender from second year of medical school, third term, regular batch, were enrolled from Government Medical College, Nagpur, India. Baseline biochemical and memory tests were done. The participants were randomly divided in two groups to receive either 150 mg of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize) or matching placebo twice daily for six weeks. All baseline investigations were repeated at the end of the trial. Students were followed up for 15 days after the intervention. Results. Statistically significant improvement was seen in the tests relating to the cognitive functions with use of Bacopa monnieri. Blood biochemistry also showed a significant increase in serum calcium levels (still within normal range).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St John Hospital & Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | | | - Vijay Thawani
- People's College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhanpur, Bhopal 462037, India
| | | | - M. U. R. Naidu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500 082, India
| | - G. Venkat Ramana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500 082, India
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Suliman NA, Mat Taib CN, Mohd Moklas MA, Adenan MI, Hidayat Baharuldin MT, Basir R. Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:4391375. [PMID: 27656235 PMCID: PMC5021479 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4391375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nootropics or smart drugs are well-known compounds or supplements that enhance the cognitive performance. They work by increasing the mental function such as memory, creativity, motivation, and attention. Recent researches were focused on establishing a new potential nootropic derived from synthetic and natural products. The influence of nootropic in the brain has been studied widely. The nootropic affects the brain performances through number of mechanisms or pathways, for example, dopaminergic pathway. Previous researches have reported the influence of nootropics on treating memory disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Those disorders are observed to impair the same pathways of the nootropics. Thus, recent established nootropics are designed sensitively and effectively towards the pathways. Natural nootropics such as Ginkgo biloba have been widely studied to support the beneficial effects of the compounds. Present review is concentrated on the main pathways, namely, dopaminergic and cholinergic system, and the involvement of amyloid precursor protein and secondary messenger in improving the cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azuin Suliman
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Aras 9 Bangunan FF3, UiTM Puncak Alam, Bandar Baru Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Mathur D, Goyal K, Koul V, Anand A. The Molecular Links of Re-Emerging Therapy: A Review of Evidence of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera). Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 26973531 PMCID: PMC4778428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The convolution associated with memory is being resolved with advancement in neuroscience. According to the concurrent assumptions, synaptic plasticity forms one of the basis of memory formation, stabilization and strengthening. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is generally characterized by memory dysfunction, connections amongst the cells in the brain are attenuated or lost leading to degeneration of neural networks. Numerous attempts have been made to find new therapies for memory dysfunction with increasing attention and investments being laid on herbal drugs. Many herbal plants and extracts have already documented beneficial results when tested for antiamnesic effects. Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) is one such common herbal drug, which is employed for a long time in the Indian and Chinese medical system in order to treat several disorders. Previous research has shown that Brahmi exerts many pharmacological effects including memory boosting capacity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia, exhibiting antiparkinsonian, antistroke, and anticonvulsant potentials. The present review discusses the chemical constituents of Brahmi along with in vitro and in vivo studies based on the pharmacological effects exerted by it. The efficacy of Brahmi in treating various disorders has evoked sufficient research in recent years and now it is a time to launch multiple clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Mathur
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Kritika Goyal
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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18
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Modification of abomasum contractility by flavonoids present in ruminants diet: in vitro study. Animal 2016; 10:1431-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Simpson T, Pase M, Stough C. Bacopa monnieri as an Antioxidant Therapy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in the Aging Brain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:615384. [PMID: 26413126 PMCID: PMC4564646 DOI: 10.1155/2015/615384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effect of neuronal cell death due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The Indian herb Bacopa monnieri is a dietary antioxidant, with animal and in vitro studies indicating several modes of action that may protect the brain against oxidative damage. In parallel, several studies using the CDRI08 extract have shown that extracts of Bacopa monnieri improve cognitive function in humans. The biological mechanisms of this cognitive enhancement are unknown. In this review we discuss the animal studies and in vivo evidence for Bacopa monnieri as a potential therapeutic antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress and improve cognitive function. We suggest that future studies incorporate neuroimaging particularly magnetic resonance spectroscopy into their randomized controlled trials to better understand whether changes in antioxidant status in vivo cause improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Simpson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew Pase
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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20
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Bacoside A: Role in Cigarette Smoking Induced Changes in Brain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:286137. [PMID: 26413118 PMCID: PMC4564636 DOI: 10.1155/2015/286137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major health hazard that exerts diverse physiologic and biochemical effects mediated by the components present and generated during smoking. Recent experimental studies have shown predisposition to several biological consequences from both active and passive cigarette smoke exposure. In particular, passive smoking is linked to a number of adverse health effects which are equally harmful as active smoking. A pragmatic approach should be considered for designing a pharmacological intervention to combat the adverse effects of passive smoking. This review describes the results from a controlled experimental condition, testing the effect of bacoside A (BA) on the causal role of passive/secondhand smoke exposure that caused pathological and neurological changes in rat brain. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke induced significant changes in rat brain histologically and at the neurotransmitter level, lipid peroxidation states, mitochondrial functions, membrane alterations, and apoptotic damage in rat brain. Bacoside A is a neuroactive agent isolated from Bacopa monnieri. As a neuroactive agent, BA was effective in combating these changes. Future research should examine the effects of BA at molecular level and assess its functional effects on neurobiological and behavioral processes associated with passive smoke.
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21
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Channa S, Dar A. Calcium antagonistic activity of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 44:516-8. [PMID: 23087517 PMCID: PMC3469959 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.99336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the calcium antagonistic property of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dose response curves of CaCl(2) (1 × 10(-5) to 1 × 10(-1) M) were constructed in the absence and presence of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera (100, 500 and 700 μg/ml) or nifedipine (1 × 10(-6) M) in guinea-pig trachea in calcium free high K(+)-MOPS-PSS (3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulphonic acid physiological salt solution). The data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by least significant difference test or by Student's 't' test for unequal variance when appropriate. A probability of at least P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The plant extract (500 and 700 μg/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) depressed and shifted the calcium concentration-response curves (1 × 10(-3)- 1 × 10(-1) M) to rightward similar to that of nifedipine. CONCLUSIONS Bacopa monniera extract exhibited calcium channel blocking activity in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscles that may rationalize its relaxant action on guinea-pig trachea and its traditional use in respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Channa
- Department of Pharmacology, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
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22
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Benson S, Downey LA, Stough C, Wetherell M, Zangara A, Scholey A. An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on multitasking stress reactivity and mood. Phytother Res 2013; 28:551-9. [PMID: 23788517 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Little research exists in humans concerning the anxiolytic, antidepressant, sedative, and adaptogenic actions the traditional Ayurvedic medicine Bacopa monnieri (BM) possesses in addition to its documented cognitive-enhancing effects. Preclinical work has identified a number of acute anxiolytic, nootropic, and adaptogenic effects of BM that may also co-occur in humans. The current double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study assessed the acute effects of a specific extract of BM (KeenMind® - CDRI 08) in normal healthy participants during completion of a multitasking framework (MTF). Seventeen healthy volunteers completed the MTF, at baseline, then 1 h and 2 h after consuming a placebo, 320 mg BM and 640 mg of BM. Treatments were separated by a 7-day washout with order determined by Latin Square. Outcome measures included cognitive outcomes from the MTF, with mood and salivary cortisol measured before and after each completion of the MTF. Change from baseline scores indicated positive cognitive effects, notably at both 1 h post and 2 h post BM consumption on the Letter Search and Stroop tasks, suggesting an earlier nootropic effect of BM than previously investigated. There were also some positive mood effects and reduction in cortisol levels, pointing to a physiological mechanism for stress reduction associated with BM consumption. It was concluded that acute BM supplementation produced some adaptogenic and nootropic effects that need to be replicated in a larger sample and in isolation from stressful cognitive tests in order to quantify the magnitude of these effects. The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612000834853).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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23
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Prasad R, Kamal S, Sharma PK, Oelmüller R, Varma A. Root endophyte Piriformospora indica DSM 11827 alters plant morphology, enhances biomass and antioxidant activity of medicinal plant Bacopa monniera. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:1016-24. [PMID: 23681554 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unorganized collections and over exploitation of naturally occurring medicinal plant Bacopa monniera is leading to rapid depletion of germplasm and is posing a great threat to its survival in natural habitats. The species has already been listed in the list of highly threatened plants of India. This calls for micropropagation based multiplication of potential accessions and understanding of their mycorrhizal associations for obtaining plants with enhanced secondary metabolite contents. The co-cultivation of B. monniera with axenically cultivated root endophyte Piriformospora indica resulted in growth promotion, increase in bacoside content, antioxidant activity and nuclear hypertrophy of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Downey LA, Kean J, Nemeh F, Lau A, Poll A, Gregory R, Murray M, Rourke J, Patak B, Pase MP, Zangara A, Lomas J, Scholey A, Stough C. An Acute, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study of 320 mg and 640 mg Doses of a Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri
(CDRI 08) on Sustained Cognitive Performance. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - James Kean
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Fiona Nemeh
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Angela Lau
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Alex Poll
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Rebecca Gregory
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Margaret Murray
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Johanna Rourke
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Brigit Patak
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrea Zangara
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
- Soho Flordis International; Sydney Australia
| | - Justine Lomas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
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25
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Kamesh V, Sumathi T. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Bacopa monniera linn. on high cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Sumathi T, Nathiya VC, Sakthikumar M. Protective Effect of Bacoside-A against Morphine-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:409-15. [PMID: 22707825 PMCID: PMC3374557 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.95624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of bacoside-A the active principle isolated from the plant Bacopa monniera against oxidative damage induced by morphine in rat brain. Morphine intoxicated rats received 10-160 mg/kg b.w. of morphine hydrochloride intraperitoneally for 21 days. Bacoside-A pretreated rats were administered with bacoside-A (10 mg/kg b.w/day) orally, 2 h before the injection of morphine for 21 days. Pretreatment with bacoside-A has shown to possess a significant protective role against morphine induced brain oxidative damage in the antioxidant status (total reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation) and membrane bound ATP-ases(Na+/K+ATPase. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPases) activities in rat. The results of the present study indicate that bacoside-A protects the brain from oxidative stress induced by morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A. L. M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, India
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27
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Devi RC, Sim SM, Ismail R. Spasmolytic effect of citral and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus on isolated rabbit ileum. J Smooth Muscle Res 2012; 47:143-56. [PMID: 22104376 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.47.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, has been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial and chemo-protective properties. Citral, a monoterpenoid, is the major constituent of C. citratus that gives off a lemony scent and is postulated to be responsible for most of its actions. In addition, C. citratus has been traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal discomforts, however, the scientific evidence for this is still lacking. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the extracts of various parts of C. citratus (leaves, stems and roots) and citral on the visceral smooth muscle activity of rabbit ileum. The effect of the test substances were tested on the spontaneous contraction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and KCl-induced contractions. Citral at doses between 0.061 mM to 15.6 mM and the extract of leaves at doses between 0.001 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL significantly reduced the spontaneous, ACh- and KCl-induced ileal contractions. When the ileum was incubated in K(+)-rich-Ca(2+)-free Tyrode's solution, it showed only minute contractions. However, the strength of contraction was increased with the addition of increasing concentrations of CaCl(2). The presence of citral almost abolished the effect of adding CaCl(2), while the leaf extract shifted the calcium concentration-response curve to the right, suggesting a calcium antagonistic effect. These results were similar to that elicited by verapamil, a known calcium channel blocker. In addition, the spasmolytic effect of citral was observed to be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. In conclusion, citral and the leaf extract of C. citratus exhibited spasmolytic activity and it appeared that they may act as calcium antagonists. Furthermore, the relaxant effect of citral, but not that of the leaf extract may be mediated by nitric oxide suggesting the presence of other chemical components in the leaf extract other than citral.
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Stough CK, Pase MP, Cropley V, Myers S, Nolidin K, King R, Camfield D, Wesnes K, Pipingas A, Croft K, Chang D, Scholey AB. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of Pycnogenol and Bacopa CDRI08 herbal medicines on cognitive, cardiovascular, and biochemical functioning in cognitively healthy elderly people: the Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention (ARCLI) study protocol (ANZCTR12611000487910). Nutr J 2012; 11:11. [PMID: 22390677 PMCID: PMC3310777 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the major challenges associated with our ageing population is the increasing incidence of age-associated cognitive decline, which has significant implications for an individual's ability to lead a productive and fulfilling life. In pure economic terms the costs of ageing reflects decreased productivity and engagement with the workforce. The maintenance of brain health underpinning intact cognition is a key factor to maintaining a positive, engaged, and productive lifestyle. In light of this, the role of diet, including supplementation with nutritional and even pharmacological interventions capable of ameliorating the neurocognitive changes that occur with age constitute vital areas of research. Methods In order to reduce cognitive ageing, the ARC longevity intervention (ARCLI) was developed to examine the effects of two promising natural pharmacologically active supplements on cognitive performance. ARCLI is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 3-arm clinical trial in which 465 participants will be randomized to receive an extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI08 300 mg/day), Pycnogenol (150 mg/day), or placebo daily for 12 months. Participants will be tested at baseline and then at 3, 6 and 12 months post-randomization on a wide battery of cognitive, neuropsychological and mood measures, cardiovascular (brachial and aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as arterial stiffness), biochemical (assays to measure inflammation, oxidative stress and safety) as well as genetic assessments (telomere length and several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms). The primary aim is to investigate the effects of these supplements on cognitive performance. The secondary aims are to explore the time-course of cognitive enhancement as well as potential cardiovascular and biochemical mechanisms underpinning cognitive enhancement over the 12 months of administration. ARCLI will represent one of the largest and most comprehensive experimental clinical trials in which supplements are administered to elderly participants. Results from ARCLI may help develop novel preventative health practices and nutritional/pharmacological targets in the elderly for cognitive and brain health. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12611000487910
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Affiliation(s)
- Con K Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Rauf K, Subhan F, Sewell RDE. A Bacoside containing Bacopa monnieri extract reduces both morphine hyperactivity plus the elevated striatal dopamine and serotonin turnover. Phytother Res 2011; 26:758-63. [PMID: 22105846 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (BM) has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a nootropic, anxiolytic, antiepileptic and antidepressant. An n-butanol extract of the plant (nBt-ext BM) was analysed and found to contain Bacoside A (Bacoside A3, Bacopaside II and Bacopasaponin C). The effects of the BM extract were then studied on morphine-induced hyperactivity as well as dopamine and serotonin turnover in the striatum since these parameters have a role in opioid sensitivity and dependence. Mice were pretreated with saline or nBt-ext BM (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, orally), 60 min before morphine administration and locomotor activity was subsequently recorded. Immediately after testing, striatal tissues were analysed for dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT) and their metabolites using HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. The results indicated that nBt-ext BM significantly (p < 0.001) decreased locomotor activity in both the saline and morphine treated groups. Additionally, nBt-ext BM significantly lowered morphine-induced dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-H1AA) upsurges in the striatum but failed to affect DA, 5-HT and their metabolites in the saline treated group. These findings suggest that nBt-ext BM has an antidopaminergic/serotonergic effect and may have potential beneficial effects in the treatment of morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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30
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Kamkaew N, Scholfield CN, Ingkaninan K, Maneesai P, Parkington HC, Tare M, Chootip K. Bacopa monnieri and its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetized rats and vasodilator in various artery types. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:790-795. [PMID: 21762768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) provides traditional cognitive treatments possibly reflecting improved cerebral hemodynamics. Little is known about the cardiovascular actions of Brahmi. We sought to assess its effects on blood pressure and on isolated arteries, thus providing insights to clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intravenous Brahmi (20-60 mg/kg) was tested on arterial blood pressure and heart rate of anaesthetized rats. In vitro vasorelaxation was assessed in arteries, with and without blockers of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), and mechanical de-endothelialisation. The effects of Brahmi on Ca(2+) influx and release from stores were investigated. RESULTS Intravenous Brahmi extract (20-60 mg/kg) decreased systolic and diastolic pressures without affecting heart rate. Brahmi evoked relaxation in isolated arteries in order of potency: basilar (IC50=102 ± 16 μg/ml)>mesenteric (171 ± 31)>aortae (213 ± 68)>renal (IC50=375 ± 51)>tail artery (494 ± 93)>femoral arteries (>1,000 μg/ml). Two saponins, bacoside A3 and bacopaside II, had similar vasodilator actions (IC50=8.3 ± 1.7 and 19.5 ± 6.3 μM). In aortae, without endothelium or in L-NAME (10-4M), Brahmi was less potent (IC50=213 ± 68 to 2170 ± 664 and 1192 ± 167 μg/ml, respectively); indomethacin (10-5M) was ineffective. In tail artery, Brahmi inhibited K(+)-depolarization induced Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by phenylephrine (10-5M) or caffeine (20mM). CONCLUSIONS Brahmi reduces blood pressure partly via releasing nitric oxide from the endothelium, with additional actions on vascular smooth muscle Ca(2+) homeostasis. Some Brahmi ingredients could be efficacious antihypertensives and the vasodilation could account for some medicinal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natakorn Kamkaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Chokri A, Doukali R, Abida KE, Cheikh RB. Myorelaxant and Spasmolytic Effects of Globularia alypum L. Extract on Rabbit Jejunum. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.608.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on learning and memory in rats: A behavioral study. J Vet Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mathew J, Paul J, Nandhu MS, Paulose CS. Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A for ameliorating epilepsy associated behavioral deficits. Fitoterapia 2009; 81:315-22. [PMID: 19944749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri is an outstanding nervine tonic used for raising the mental performance. It helps in concentration, comprehension, recall and alertness, Brahmi is particularly beneficial as it aids in categorizing information in brain and its subsequent expression. Bacopa is also called as a natural antioxidant which may give details its neuroprotective role seen in the memory centers of the brain. Epilepsy is neuronal disorder characterized by learning, cognitive and memory impairments. The present review summarizes information concerning botany, chemistry and beneficial effect of Bacopa monnieri on epilepsy associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Mathew
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Sumathi T, Niranjali Devaraj S. Effect of Bacopa monniera on liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:897-903. [PMID: 19403290 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Bacopa monniera, an indigenous Ayurvedic medicinal plant in India, against morphine-induced liver and kidney toxicity in rats. Morphine intoxicated rats received 10-160 mg/kg body weight of morphine hydrochloride intraperitoneally for 21 days. Bacopa monniera Extract (BME) pretreated rats were administered with BME (40 mg/kg) orally once a day 2 h before the injection of morphine for 21 days. Pretreatment with BME has shown to possess a significant protective effect against morphine-induced liver and kidney functions in terms of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenases and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and urea, creatinine and uric acid level respectively. Histopathological changes of liver and kidney were also in accordance with the biochemical findings. The results of this study indicate that Bacopa monniera extract exerted a protection against morphine-induced liver and kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sumathi T, Nongbri A. Hepatoprotective effect of Bacoside-A, a major constituent of Bacopa monniera Linn. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:901-905. [PMID: 18222663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacoside-A (B-A) was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against d-GalN induced liver injury in rats. B-A is a major constituent isolated from the plant Bacopa monniera Linn. B-A (10mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally once daily for 21 days and then d-GalN (300 mg/kg of body weight) was injected on 21st day after final administration of B-A. B-A reduces the elevated levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 5'nucleotidase (5'ND). In addition B-A also significantly restored towards normalization of the decreased levels of Vit-C, and Vit-E induced by d-GalN both in liver and plasma. These results suggest that B-A has hepatoprotective effect against d-GalN induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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36
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Channa S, Dar A, Anjum S, Yaqoob M. Anti-inflammatory activity of Bacopa monniera in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 104:286-9. [PMID: 16343831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera (Scrophulariaceae) exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and rats, an acute inflammatory model. To assess the possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory action against carrageenan, the ethanol extract was treated with chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandin E(2) and arachidonic acid)-induced edema in rats. The extract selectively inhibited prostaglandin E(2)-induced inflammation. Thus, it may be inferred that B. monniera possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity that may well be relevant for its effectiveness in the healing of various inflammatory conditions in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Channa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Frontier Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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Anbarasi K, Kathirvel G, Vani G, Jayaraman G, Shyamala Devi CS. Cigarette smoking induces heat shock protein 70 kDa expression and apoptosis in rat brain: Modulation by bacoside A. Neuroscience 2006; 138:1127-35. [PMID: 16472926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with the development of several diseases and antioxidants play a major role in the prevention of smoking-related diseases. Apoptosis is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore the present study was designed to investigate the influence of chronic cigarette smoke exposure on apoptosis and the modulatory effect of bacoside A (triterpenoid saponin isolated from the plant Bacopa monniera) on smoking-induced apoptosis in rat brain. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were exposed to cigarette smoke and simultaneously administered with bacoside A (10 mg/kg b.w./day, orally) for a period of 12 weeks. Expression of brain hsp70 was analyzed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was identified by DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy uridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke induced hsp70 expression and apoptosis as characterized by DNA laddering, increased TUNEL-positive cells and ultrastructural apoptotic features in the brain. Administration of bacoside A prevented expression of hsp70 and neuronal apoptosis during cigarette smoking. We speculate that apoptosis may be responsible for the smoking-induced brain damage and bacoside A can protect the brain from the toxic effects of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
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38
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Atta AH, Mouneir SM. Evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts for antidiarrhoeal activity. Phytother Res 2005; 19:481-5. [PMID: 16114083 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antidiarrhoeal effect of seven plant extracts namely: the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias L. (EP), Bidens bipinnata L. (BB), Cynachum acutum L. (CyAc), Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.) Boiss (DA), Convolvulus fatmensis (CF) and Schouwia thebaica Webb (ST) and the leaves of Plantago major L. (PM), was evaluated on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal movement in rats (charcoal meal) and on the motility of duodenum isolated from freshly slaughtered rabbits. A significant antidiarrhoeal effect of the tested plant extracts against castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats was achieved by 200 and 400 mg/kg. The tested plant extracts decreased the gastrointestinal movement as indicated by the significantly (p<0.05 to 0.001) decreased distance travelled by the charcoal meal. The large dose of the tested plant extracts was slightly more effective than the small one. The antidiarrhoeal effect was confirmed by the reported dose dependent inhibition of the motility of duodenum isolated from freshly slaughtered rabbits. The EP and PM methanol extract produced a transient stimulation followed by inhibition in doses of less than 0.05 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. Higher concentrations caused rapid muscle relaxation. Tannins, flavonoids, unsaturated sterols/triterpenes, carbohydrates, lactones and proteins/amino acids were reported as major active constituents of the tested plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia H Atta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
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39
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Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CSS. Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Sci 2005; 78:1378-84. [PMID: 16226278 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related diseases and antioxidant nutrients are reported to prevent the oxidative damage induced by smoking. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant role of bacoside A (triterpenoid saponin isolated from Bacopa monniera) against chronic cigarette smoking induced oxidative damage in rat brain. Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with bacoside A (10 mg/kg b.w./day, p.o.). Antioxidant status of the brain was assessed from the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The levels of copper, iron, zinc and selenium in brain and serum ceruloplasmin activity were also measured. Oxidative stress was evident from the diminished levels of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Alterations in the levels of trace elements with accumulation of copper and iron, and depletion of zinc and selenium were also observed. Bacoside A administration improved the antioxidant status and maintained the levels of trace elements. These results suggest that chronic cigarette smoke exposure enhances oxidative stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and bacoside A protects the brain from the oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India.
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40
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Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CSS. Effect of bacoside A on membrane-bound ATPases in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19:59-65. [PMID: 15736152 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound enzymes play a vital role in neuronal function through maintenance of membrane potential and impulse propagation. We have evaluated the harmful effects of chronic cigarette smoking on membrane-bound ATPases and the protective effect of Bacoside A in rat brain. Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with Bacoside A (the active principle isolated from Bacopa monniera) at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.w/day, p.o. The levels of lipid peroxides as marker for evaluating the extent of membrane damage, the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase, and associated cations sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) were investigated in the brain. Neuronal membrane damage was evident from the elevated levels of lipid peroxides and decreased activities of membrane-bound enzymes. Disturbances in the electrolyte balance with accumulation of Na+ and Ca2+ and depletion of K+ and Mg2+ were also observed. Administration of Bacoside A inhibited lipid peroxidation, improved the activities of ATPases, and maintained the ionic equilibrium. The results of our study indicate that Bacoside A protects the brain from cigarette smoking induced membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai--600 025, India.
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41
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Anbarasi K, Sabitha KE, Devi CSS. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette smoke: Protective effect of bacoside A. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:345-350. [PMID: 21783610 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite a strong association between cigarette smoking and alarming increase in mortality rate from smoking-related diseases, around 35-40% of the world's population continues to smoke and many more are being exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Since the role of free radicals and oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of smoking-related diseases has been suggested, bacoside A, a potent antioxidant was tested for its ability to protect against cigarette smoking-induced toxicity in terms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes. Rats were exposed to cigarette smoke and simultaneously administered with bacoside A, for a period of 12 weeks. Total LDH activity was assayed in serum, lung, heart, brain, liver and kidney, and serum LDH isoforms were separated electrophoretically. Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in significant increase in serum LDH and its isoenzymes with a concomitant decrease in these organs. These alterations were prevented by administration of bacoside A. Excessive oxidants from cigarette smoke is known to cause peroxidation of membrane lipids leading to cellular damage, thereby resulting in the leakage of LDH into the circulation. Bacoside A could have rendered protection to the organs by stabilizing their cell membranes and prevented the release of LDH, probably through its free radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothandapani Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
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42
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Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 12:305-17. [PMID: 15898709 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacopa monniera (BM), a traditional Ayurvedic medicine, used for centuries as a memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, sedative and antiepileptic agent. The plant, plant extract and isolated bacosides (the major active principles) have been extensively investigated in several laboratories for their neuropharmacological effects and a number of reports are available confirming their nootropic action. In addition, researchers have evaluated the anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic and other pharmacological effects of BM preparations/extracts. Therefore, in view of the important activities performed by this plant, investigation must be continued in the recently observed actions described in this paper. Moreover, other clinical studies have to be encouraged, also to evidence any side effects and possible interactions between this herbal medicine and synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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43
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Channa S, Dar A, Ahmed S. Evaluation of Alstonia scholaris leaves for broncho-vasodilatory activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:469-476. [PMID: 15849877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that the ethanol extract of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) leaves induced pronounced bronchodilatory activity in anaesthetized rats with the probable involvement of prostaglandins. However, in vitro preparations of guinea-pig trachea did not confirm this property, indicating that bronchodilation is not due to the direct tracheal smooth muscle relaxation. The vasodilatory activity of the extract was independent of adrenergic or muscarinic receptors or prostaglandins but was mainly via endothelial-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide. The extract inhibited the spontaneous movements of rabbit jejunum and contractile effects of acetylcholine and histamine on guinea-pig ileum. Additionally, the extract caused marked reduction of barium chloride-, potassium chloride- and calcium chloride-induced contraction on guinea-pig ileum and pulmonary artery, implying a direct interference of plant extract with the influx of calcium ions into cells. However, the extract has no detectable effect on mobilization of intracellular calcium. These results coupled with the in vivo effects of ethanol extract reveal that the Alstonia scholaris leaves possess broncho-vasodilatory activity mediated presumably by prostaglandins, calcium antagonism and endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Channa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Frontier Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CSS. Creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette smoke: protective effect of Bacoside A. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 42:57-61. [PMID: 15722250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is implicated as a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Creatine kinase (CK) and its isoforms (CK-MM, MB, BB) have been advocated as sensitive markers in the assessment of cardiac and cerebral damage. Therefore, in the present study, we report the isoenzyme patterns of CK in rats upon exposure to cigarette smoke and the protective effect of Bacoside A against chronic smoking induced toxicity. Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke and simultaneously administered with Bacoside A, the active constituent from the plant Bacopa monniera, for a period of 12 weeks. The activity of CK was assayed in serum, heart and brain, and its isoenzymes in serum were separated electrophoretically. Rats exposed to cigarette smoke showed significant increase in serum CK activity with concomitant decrease in heart and brain. Also cigarette smoke exposure resulted in a marked increase in all the three isoforms in serum. Administration of Bacoside A prevented these alterations induced by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is known to cause free radical mediated lipid peroxidation leading to increased membrane permeability and cellular damage in the heart and brain resulting in the release of CK into the circulation. The protective effect of Bacoside A on the structural and functional integrity of the membrane prevented the leakage of CK from the respective tissues, which could be attributed to its free radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anbarasi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
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Atta AH, Mouneir SM. Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 92:303-309. [PMID: 15138016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The antidiarrhoeal activity of six Egyptian medicinal plant extracts (200 and 400 mg kg(-1)) and their effect on motility of isolated rabbit's duodenum was investigated. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts for their active constituents was also carried out by TLC. Oral administration of methanol extract from Conyza dioscoridis (CD) or Alhagi maurorum (AM) in a 200 mg kg(-1) dose exhibits a significant antidiarrhoeal effect against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, while Mentha microphylla (MM), Convolvulus arvensis (CA), Conyza linifolia (CL) produced no significant effect. In a dose of 400 mg kg(-1), Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Alhagi maurorum, Zygophyllum album (ZA), and Conyza linifolia produced a significant (P<0.01) effect, while Convolvulus arvensis produced no antidiarrhoeal effect in rats. Methanol extract of Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Zygophyllum album, and Convolvulus arvensis induced a dose-dependent (0.4-2.8 mg ml(-1)) relaxation of rabbit's duodenal smooth muscle. Alhagi maurorum and Conyza linifolia increased the contractile force in concentrations between 0.4 and 1.6 mg ml(-1). Higher concentrations (>3.2 mg ml(-1)) caused a rapid depressant effect. The depressant effect induced by Alhagi maurorum (in a higher dose) and Zygophyllum album appeared to be due to calcium channel blocking effect, since CaCl(2) could not restore the contractile response of the tissue impregnated in calcium free-medium. However, a ganglionic blocking effect appeared to be a possible mechanism of action of Mentha microphylla and Conyza dioscoridis since a stimulant dose of nicotine could not restore the contractile response of the tissue. The effect of Convolvulus arvensis and Conyza linifolia was not through any of the common mediators. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, unsaturated sterols/triterpenes, carbohydrates, lactones and proteins/amino acids as major constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia H Atta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
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Russo A, Borrelli F, Campisi A, Acquaviva R, Raciti G, Vanella A. Nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: effect of Bacopa monniera. Life Sci 2003; 73:1517-26. [PMID: 12865091 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that high concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), generated by activated astrocytes, might be involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, ischemia and epilepsy. It has recently been suggested that glial cells may produce NO under superoxide radical stimulation by enzyme-independent mechanism. This suggests that also natural antioxidants may have therapeutical relevance in neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of Bhattacharya et al. have evidenced that Bacopa monniera (BM) (family Scrophulariaceae), an Ayurvedic medicinal plant clinically used for memory enhancing, epilepsy, insomnia and as a mild sedative, is able to reduce the memory-dysfunction in rat models of Alzheimer's disease, but the molecular mechanisms of this action are yet to be determined. In the present study, we examined the effect of a methanolic extract of BM on toxicity induced by the nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), in culture of purified rat astrocytes. Our results indicate that, after 18 h of treatment, SNAP induced an increase in the production of reactive species, but did not induce the rupture of cellular membrane. Conversely, this NO donor induced a fragmentation of genomic DNA compared to control astrocytes. The extract of BM inhibited the formation of reactive species and DNA damage in a dose dependent manner. This data supports the traditional use of BM and indicates that this medicinal plant has a therapeutic potential in treatment or prevention of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Russo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Channa S, Dar A, Yaqoob M, Anjum S, Sultani Z. Broncho-vasodilatory activity of fractions and pure constituents isolated from Bacopa monniera. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 86:27-35. [PMID: 12686438 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that various fractions and sub-fractions isolated from Bacopa monniera produced significant inhibition of carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction, hypotension and bradycardia in anaesthetized rats. All these showed more potency towards inhibition of tracheal pressure compared to either blood pressure or heart rate. The sub-sub fraction and compound 1 caused greater inhibition of tracheal pressure and heart rate compared to blood pressure. Thus, overall bioassay-directed fractionation of B. monniera improved the bronchodilatory activity in various fractions and compound 1 (2-219x) in anaesthetized rats. In vitro, the KCl-induced contraction was equally inhibited by crude extract, petroleum ether and methanol fractions on trachea suggesting bronchodilatory activity remained the same in fractions. On pulmonary artery petroleum ether, dichloromethane and methanol fractions produced 2-2.6 times more vasodilatation compared to crude extract of B. monniera. Subsequent sub-fractions failed to show the existence of broncho-vasodilatory activity, however, the CHCl(3)/MeOH sub-fraction significantly reduced the acetylcholine-induced contraction on ileum. Both the methanol fraction and CHCl(3)/MeOH sub-fraction caused marked reduction of barium chloride-, potassium chloride- and calcium chloride-induced contraction on guinea-pig ileum, indicating their interference with Ca(2+) ion movement. Thus, it may be concluded that various fractions derived from B. monniera possess broncho-vasodilatory activity, which is attributed mainly to inhibition of calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Channa
- Pharmacology Section, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Sumathi T, Nayeem M, Balakrishna K, Veluchamy G, Devaraj SN. Alcoholic extract of 'Bacopa monniera' reduces the in vitro effects of morphine withdrawal in guinea-pig ileum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 82:75-81. [PMID: 12241980 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the alcoholic extract of the whole plant of Bacopa monniera (Scrophulariaceae) on morphine withdrawal was evaluated in vitro in guinea-pig ileum. After a 4 min in vitro exposure to morphine, addition of naloxone induced a strong contraction. Addition of various concentrations of the alcoholic extract of B. monniera (100-1000 microg/ml) 15 min before exposure to morphine reduced the naloxone-induced contraction in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that B. monniera extract may be useful in reducing the withdrawal symptoms induced by morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Williamson EM. Selected bibliography. Phytother Res 1999; 13:702-8. [PMID: 10594945 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199912)13:8<702::aid-ptr595>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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