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Shui W, Wu X, Zhou M. A computerized facial approximation method for Homo sapiens based on facial soft tissue thickness depths and geometric morphometrics. J Anat 2023; 243:796-812. [PMID: 37366230 PMCID: PMC10557396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial approximation (FA) provides a promising means of generating the possible facial appearance of a deceased person. It facilitates exploration of the evolutionary forces driving anatomical changes in ancestral humans and can capture public attention. Despite the recent progress made toward improving the performance of FA methods, a limited understanding of detailed quantitative craniofacial relationships between facial bone and soft tissue morphology may hinder their accuracy, and hence subjective experience and artistic interpretation are required. In this study, we explored craniofacial relationships among human populations based upon average facial soft tissue thickness depths (FSTDs) and covariations between hard and soft tissues of the nose and mouth using geometric morphometrics. Furthermore, we proposed a computerized method to assign the learned craniofacial relationships to generate a probable facial appearance of Homo sapiens, reducing human intervention. A smaller resemblance comparison (an average Procrustes distance was 0.0258 and an average Euclidean distance was 1.79 mm) between approximated and actual faces and a greater recognition rate (91.67%) tested by a face pool indicated that average dense FSTDs contributed to raising the accuracy of approximated faces. Results of partial least squares (PLS) analysis showed that nasal and oral hard tissues have an effect on their soft tissues separately. However, relatively weaker RV correlations (<0.4) and greater approximation errors suggested that we need to be cautious about the accuracy of the approximated nose and mouth soft tissue shapes from bony structures. Overall, the proposed method can facilitate investigations of craniofacial relationships and potentially improve the reliability of the approximated faces for use in numerous applications in forensic science, archaeology, and anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Shui
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentBeijingChina
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
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2
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Navic P, Inthasan C, Chaimongkhol T, Mahakkanukrauh P. Facial reconstruction using 3-D computerized method: A scoping review of Methods, current Status, and future developments. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 62:102239. [PMID: 36940597 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Facial reconstruction (otherwise known as facial approximation) is an alternative method that has been widely accepted in forensic anthropological and archaeological circumstances. This method is considered useful for creating the virtual face of a person based on skull remain. Three-dimensional (3-D) traditional facial reconstruction (known as sculpture or manual method) has been recognized for more than a century; however, it was declared to be subjective and required anthropological training. Until recently, with the progression of computational technologies, many studies attempted to develop a more appropriate method, so-called the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction. This method also relied on anatomical knowledge of the face-skull relationship, divided into semi- and automated based computational method. The 3-D computerized facial reconstruction makes it more rapid, more flexible, and more realistic to generate multiple representations of faces. Moreover, new tools and technology are continuously generating fascinating and sound research as well as encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration. This has led to a paradigm shift in the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction to a new finding and new technique based on artificial intelligence in academia. Based on the last 10-years scientific-published documents, this article aims to explain the overview of the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction and progression as well as an issue relating to future directions to encourage further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagorn Navic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chanatporn Inthasan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Osteology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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3
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Simmons-Ehrhardt T, Falsetti CRS, Falsetti AB. Using Computed Tomography (CT) Data to Build 3D Resources for Forensic Craniofacial Identification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1317:53-74. [PMID: 33945132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61125-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Forensic craniofacial identification encompasses the practices of forensic facial approximation (aka facial reconstruction) and craniofacial superimposition within the field of forensic art in the United States. Training in forensic facial approximation methods historically has used plaster copies, high-cost commercially molded skulls, and photographs. Despite the increased accessibility of computed tomography (CT) and the numerous studies utilizing CT data to better inform facial approximation methods, 3D CT data have not yet been widely used to produce interactive resources or reference catalogs aimed at forensic art practitioner use or method standardization. There are many free, open-source 3D software packages that allow engagement in immersive studies of the relationships between the craniofacial skeleton and facial features and facilitate collaboration between researchers and practitioners. 3D CT software, in particular, allows the bone and soft tissue to be visualized simultaneously with tools such as transparency, clipping, and volume rendering of underlying tissues, allowing for more accurate analyses of bone to soft tissue relationships. Analyses and visualization of 3D CT data can not only facilitate basic research into facial variation and anatomical relationships relevant for reconstructions but can also lead to improved facial reconstruction guidelines. Further, skull and face surface models exported in digital 3D formats allow for 3D printing of custom reference models and novel training materials and modalities for practitioners. This chapter outlines the 3D resources that can be built from CT data for forensic craniofacial identification methods, including how to view 3D craniofacial CT data and modify surface models for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony B Falsetti
- College of Science, Forensic Science Program, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Simmons-Ehrhardt TL, Monson KL, Flint T, Saunders CP. Quantitative accuracy and 3D biometric matching of 388 statistically estimated facial approximations of live subjects. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stephan CN, Caple JM, Guyomarc’h P, Claes P. An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 4:10-28. [PMID: 30915414 PMCID: PMC6427692 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial imaging is a term used to describe methods that use facial images to assist or facilitate human identification. This pertains to two craniofacial identification procedures that use skulls and faces-facial approximation and photographic superimposition-as well as face-only methods for age progression/regression, the construction of facial graphics from eyewitness memory (including composites and artistic sketches), facial depiction, face mapping and newly emerging methods of molecular photofitting. Given the breadth of these facial imaging techniques, it is not surprising that a broad array of subject-matter experts participate in and/or contribute to the formulation and implementation of these methods (including forensic odontologists, forensic artists, police officers, electrical engineers, anatomists, geneticists, medical image specialists, psychologists, computer graphic programmers and software developers). As they are concerned with the physical characteristics of humans, each of these facial imaging areas also falls in the domain of physical anthropology, although not all of them have been traditionally regarded as such. This too offers useful opportunities to adapt established methods in one domain to others more traditionally held to be disciplines within physical anthropology (e.g. facial approximation, craniofacial superimposition and face photo-comparison). It is important to note that most facial imaging methods are not currently used for identification but serve to assist authorities in narrowing or directing investigations such that other, more potent, methods of identification can be used (e.g. DNA). Few, if any, facial imaging approaches can be considered honed end-stage scientific methods, with major opportunities for physical anthropologists to make meaningful contributions. Some facial imaging methods have considerably stronger scientific underpinnings than others (e.g. facial approximation versus face mapping), some currently lie entirely within the artistic sphere (facial depiction), and yet others are so aspirational that realistic capacity to obtain their aims has strongly been questioned despite highly advanced technical approaches (molecular photofitting). All this makes for a broad-ranging, dynamic and energetic field that is in a constant state of flux. This manuscript provides a theoretical snapshot of the purposes of these methods, the state of science as it pertains to them, and their latest research developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jodi M. Caple
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Pierre Guyomarc’h
- Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)/Processing of Speech and Images (PSI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Universitair Ziekenhuis, Leuven, Belgium
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Thiemann N, Keil V, Roy U. In vivo facial soft tissue depths of a modern adult population from Germany. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1455-1488. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li C, Wu W, Zhu B, Liu X, Huang P, Wang Z, Tuo Y, Ren F. Multiple regression analysis of the craniofacial region of Chinese Han people using linear and angular measurements based on MRI. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 2:34-39. [PMID: 30483617 PMCID: PMC6197125 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2016.1276120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the craniofacial region of Chinese Han people in the linear and angular dimensions, and to analyse the effects on sex, age and body parameters (height and weight). All 250 individuals (86 males, 164 females) underwent a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and the MRI data were imported into VG Studio MAX 2.2 software. Each linear and angular measurement in the craniofacial region was processed directly. Using SPSS 20.0 software, nine multiple regression equations were constructed, and all the adjusted R2 values were statistically significant (0.031–0.311). Multiple regression analysis showed that most craniofacial measurements of Chinese people were significantly correlated with height, weight or age. The multiple regression equations constructed will be helpful in anthropometric analysis and forensic inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Li
- Health Science Center, School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Nuclear Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Health Science Center, School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Health Science Center, School of Forensic Science and Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Tuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biological Anthropology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Lodha A, Mehta M, Patel M, Menon SK. Facial soft tissue thickness database of Gujarati population for forensic craniofacial reconstruction. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the present Czech Population. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 260:106.e1-106.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deng Q, Zhou M, Wu Z, Shui W, Ji Y, Wang X, Liu CYJ, Huang Y, Jiang H. A regional method for craniofacial reconstruction based on coordinate adjustments and a new fusion strategy. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:19-31. [PMID: 26773218 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial reconstruction recreates a facial outlook from the cranium based on the relationship between the face and the skull to assist identification. But craniofacial structures are very complex, and this relationship is not the same in different craniofacial regions. Several regional methods have recently been proposed, these methods segmented the face and skull into regions, and the relationship of each region is then learned independently, after that, facial regions for a given skull are estimated and finally glued together to generate a face. Most of these regional methods use vertex coordinates to represent the regions, and they define a uniform coordinate system for all of the regions. Consequently, the inconsistence in the positions of regions between different individuals is not eliminated before learning the relationships between the face and skull regions, and this reduces the accuracy of the craniofacial reconstruction. In order to solve this problem, an improved regional method is proposed in this paper involving two types of coordinate adjustments. One is the global coordinate adjustment performed on the skulls and faces with the purpose to eliminate the inconsistence of position and pose of the heads; the other is the local coordinate adjustment performed on the skull and face regions with the purpose to eliminate the inconsistence of position of these regions. After these two coordinate adjustments, partial least squares regression (PLSR) is used to estimate the relationship between the face region and the skull region. In order to obtain a more accurate reconstruction, a new fusion strategy is also proposed in the paper to maintain the reconstructed feature regions when gluing the facial regions together. This is based on the observation that the feature regions usually have less reconstruction errors compared to rest of the face. The results demonstrate that the coordinate adjustments and the new fusion strategy can significantly improve the craniofacial reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiong Deng
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality and Applications, Ministry of Education (MOE), Beijing, China.
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongke Wu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wuyang Shui
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan Ji
- Institute of Forensic Science Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xingce Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality and Applications, Ministry of Education (MOE), Beijing, China
| | - Ching Yiu Jessica Liu
- Face Lab & School of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Youliang Huang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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A blind accuracy assessment of computer-modeled forensic facial reconstruction using computed tomography data from live subjects. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 2:179-87. [PMID: 25868696 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-006-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A computer modeling system for facial reconstruction has been developed that employs a touch-based application to create anatomically accurate facial models focusing on skeletal detail. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the system and illustrates its accuracy and reliability with a blind study using computed tomography (CT) data of living individuals. Three-dimensional models of the skulls of two white North American adults (one male, one female) were imported into the computer system. Facial reconstructions were produced by two practitioners following the Manchester method. Two posters were produced, each including a face pool of five surface model images and the facial reconstruction. The face pool related to the sex, age, and ethnic group of the target individual and included the surface model image of the target individual. Fifty-two volunteers were asked to choose the face from the face pool that most resembled each reconstruction. Both reconstructions received majority percentage hit rates that were at least 50% greater than any other face in the pool. The combined percentage hit rate was 50% above chance (70%). A quantitative comparison of the facial morphology between the facial reconstructions and the CT scan models of the subjects was carried out using Rapidform(™) 2004 PP2-RF4. The majority of the surfaces of the facial reconstructions showed less than 2.5 mm error and 90% of the male face and 75% of the female face showed less than 5 mm error. Many of the differences between the facial reconstructions and the facial scans were probably the result of positional effects caused during the CT scanning procedure, especially on the female subject who had a fatter face than the male subject. The areas of most facial reconstruction error were at the ears and nasal tip.
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Starbuck JM, Ghoneima A, Kula K. Facial Tissue Depths in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60:274-84. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Starbuck
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics; School of Dentistry; Indiana University; Indianapolis IN 46202
| | - Ahmed Ghoneima
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics; School of Dentistry; Indiana University; Indianapolis IN 46202
| | - Katherine Kula
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics; School of Dentistry; Indiana University; Indianapolis IN 46202
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Bulut O, Sipahioglu S, Hekimoglu B. Facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction in the Turkish adult population. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:44-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Short LJ, Khambay B, Ayoub A, Erolin C, Rynn C, Wilkinson C. Validation of a computer modelled forensic facial reconstruction technique using CT data from live subjects: A pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 237:147.e1-147.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shrimpton S, Daniels K, de Greef S, Tilotta F, Willems G, Vandermeulen D, Suetens P, Claes P. A spatially-dense regression study of facial form and tissue depth: towards an interactive tool for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 234:103-10. [PMID: 24378309 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Forensic Craniofacial Reconstruction (CFR) is an investigative technique used to illicit recognition of a deceased person by reconstructing the most likely face starting from the skull. A key component in most CFR methods are estimates of facial soft tissue depths (TD) at particular points (landmarks) on the skull based on averages from databases of TD recordings. These databases vary in their method of extraction, number and position of landmarks (usually sparse <100), condition of the body, population studied, and sub-categorization of the data. In this work a new dataset is presented in a novel manner based on 156 CT scans using a spatially-dense set (∼7500) of TD recordings to allow for a complete understanding of TD variation interpolating between typical landmarks. Furthermore, to unravel the interplay between soft-tissue layers, skull and facial morphology, TD and Facial Form (FF) are investigated both separately and combined. Using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, which allows for working with multivariate and spatially-dense data, on metadata of Sex, Age and BMI, different significant patterns on TD and FF variation were found. A similar, but with TD and FF combined, PLSR generated a model useful to report on both, in function of Sex, Age and BMI. In contrast to other datasets and due to the continuous nature of the regression there is no need for data sub-categorization. In further contrast, previous datasets have been presented in tabulated form, which is impractical for spatially-dense data. Instead an interactive tool was built to visualize the regression model in an accessible way for CFR practitioners as well as anatomists. The tool is free to the community and forms a base for data contributions to augment the model and its future use in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shrimpton
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Daniels
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven de Greef
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francoise Tilotta
- Institut d'Anatomie, Centre Universitaire des Saints Peres, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guy Willems
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Forensic Odontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vandermeulen
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Suetens
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Fernandes CMS, Pereira FDADS, da Silva JVL, Serra MDC. Is characterizing the digital forensic facial reconstruction with hair necessary? A familiar assessors' analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:164.e1-5. [PMID: 23622792 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the international scientific literature, there are few studies that emphasize the presence or absence of hair in forensic facial reconstructions. There are neither Brazilian studies concerning digital facial reconstructions without hair, nor research comparing recognition tests between digital facial reconstructions with hair and without hair. The miscegenation of Brazilian people is considerable. Brazilian people, and, in particular, Brazilian women, even if considered as Caucasoid, may present the hair in very different ways: curly, wavy or straight, blonde, red, brown or black, long or short, etc. For this reason, it is difficult to find a correct type of hair for facial reconstruction (unless, in real cases, some hair is recovered with the skeletal remains). AIMS AND METHODS This study focuses on the performance of three different digital forensic facial reconstructions, without hair, of a Brazilian female subject (based on one international database and two Brazilian databases for soft facial-tissue thickness) and evaluates the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photographs of the target individual and nine other subjects, employing the recognition method. A total of 22 assessors participated in the recognition process; all of them were familiar with the 10 individuals who composed the face pool. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The target subject was correctly recognized by 41% of the 22 examiners in the International Pattern, by 32% in the Brazilian Magnetic Resonance Pattern and by 32% in the Brazilian Fresh Cadavers Pattern. The facial reconstructions without hair were correctly recognized using the three databases of facial soft-tissue thickness. The observed results were higher than the results obtained using facial reconstructions with hair, from the same skull, which can indicate that it is better to not use hair, at least when there is no information concerning its characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Maia S Fernandes
- Department of Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
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Kung WM, Chen ST, Lin CH, Lu YM, Chen TH, Lin MS. Verifying three-dimensional skull model reconstruction using cranial index of symmetry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74267. [PMID: 24204566 PMCID: PMC3808385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty exists in scalp adaptation for cranioplasty with customized computer-assisted design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) implant in situations of excessive wound tension and sub-cranioplasty dead space. To solve this clinical problem, the CAD/CAM technique should include algorithms to reconstruct a depressed contour to cover the skull defect. Satisfactory CAM-derived alloplastic implants are based on highly accurate three-dimensional (3-D) CAD modeling. Thus, it is quite important to establish a symmetrically regular CAD/CAM reconstruction prior to depressing the contour. The purpose of this study is to verify the aesthetic outcomes of CAD models with regular contours using cranial index of symmetry (CIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 2011 to June 2012, decompressive craniectomy (DC) was performed for 15 consecutive patients in our institute. 3-D CAD models of skull defects were reconstructed using commercial software. These models were checked in terms of symmetry by CIS scores. RESULTS CIS scores of CAD reconstructions were 99.24±0.004% (range 98.47-99.84). CIS scores of these CAD models were statistically significantly greater than 95%, identical to 99.5%, but lower than 99.6% (p<0.001, p = 0.064, p = 0.021 respectively, Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test). These data evidenced the highly accurate symmetry of these CAD models with regular contours. CONCLUSIONS CIS calculation is beneficial to assess aesthetic outcomes of CAD-reconstructed skulls in terms of cranial symmetry. This enables further accurate CAD models and CAM cranial implants with depressed contours, which are essential in patients with difficult scalp adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lo-Hsu Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Tsung Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Lu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Facial soft tissue thicknesses of the mid-face for Slovak population. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220:293.e1-6. [PMID: 22430009 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Forensic facial approximation is used as a tool for recreating the antemortem appearance of unknown dead and thus facilitates their identification. Several approaches to facial approximation are based on data on facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTTs). The availability of sex-, age- and population-specific data contributes to the accuracy of the resulting facial approximation model. In this paper, first data set on FSTTs for a Central European population are presented. Soft tissue thicknesses of the mid-face were measured on 160 head CT-scans of 80 males and 80 females aged from 18 to 87 years. These CT-scans were made available after being a part of the diagnostic procedure concerning the paranasal sinuses of the patients. Basic descriptive statistics (i.e. mean, SD, median, range) for the FSTTs at 14 facial landmarks is reported separately by sex and age. Such information allows the forensic artist to choose the most suitable values for the FSTT considering the previous physiological and osteological analysis of the human remains.
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20
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Ravichandran R, Sundarrajan S, Venugopal JR, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Advances in polymeric systems for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:286-311. [PMID: 22278779 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of tissue engineered scaffolds are major concerns in the quest to fabricate ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The polymer scaffolds employed for tissue engineering applications should possess multifunctional properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and favorable mechanical properties as it comes in direct contact with the body fluids in vivo. Additionally, the polymer system should also possess biomimetic architecture and should support stem cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the progress in polymer technology continues, polymeric biomaterials have taken characteristics more closely related to that desired for tissue engineering and clinical needs. Stimuli responsive polymers also termed as smart biomaterials respond to stimuli such as pH, temperature, enzyme, antigen, glucose and electrical stimuli that are inherently present in living systems. This review highlights the exciting advancements in these polymeric systems that relate to biological and tissue engineering applications. Additionally, several aspects of technology namely scaffold fabrication methods and surface modifications to confer biological functionality to the polymers have also been discussed. The ultimate objective is to emphasize on these underutilized adaptive behaviors of the polymers so that novel applications and new generations of smart polymeric materials can be realized for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravichandran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Fernandes CMS, da Costa Serra M, da Silva JVL, Yoshito Noritomi P, de Sena Pereira FDA, Melani RFH. Tests of one Brazilian facial reconstruction method using three soft tissue depth sets and familiar assessors. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 214:211.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lee WJ, Wilkinson CM, Hwang HS. An accuracy assessment of forensic computerized facial reconstruction employing cone-beam computed tomography from live subjects. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:318-27. [PMID: 22073932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of 3D computerized systems has allowed more effective procedures for forensic facial reconstruction. Three 3D computerized facial reconstructions were produced using skull models from live adult Korean subjects to assess facial morphology prediction accuracy. The 3D skeletal and facial data were recorded from the subjects in an upright position using a cone-beam CT scanner. Shell-to-shell deviation maps were created using 3D surface comparison software, and the deviation errors between the reconstructed and target faces were measured. Results showed that 54%, 65%, and 77% of the three facial reconstruction surfaces had <2.5 mm of error when compared to the relevant target face. The average error for each reconstruction was -0.46 mm (SD = 2.81) for A, -0.31 mm (SD = 2.40) for B, and -0.49 mm (SD = 2.16) for C. The facial features of the reconstructions demonstrated good levels of accuracy compared to the target faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Joon Lee
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, CAHID, Dundee, UK
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23
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Craniofacial reconstruction as a prediction problem using a Latent Root Regression model. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210:228-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Deng Q, Zhou M, Shui W, Wu Z, Ji Y, Bai R. A novel skull registration based on global and local deformations for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 208:95-102. [PMID: 21185136 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial reconstruction is important in forensic identification. It aims to estimate a facial appearance for human skeletal remains using the relationship between the soft tissue and the underlying bone structure. Various computerized methods have been developed in recent decades. An effective way is to deform a reference skull to the discovered skull, and then apply the same deformation to the skin associated with the reference skull to provide an approximate face for the discovered skull. For this method, the better the two skulls match each other, the more face-like the reconstructed skin surface will be. In this paper, we present a novel skull registration method that can match the two skulls closely, so as to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction. It combines both global and local deformations. A generic thin-plate spline (TPS)-based deformation, which is global, is applied first to roughly align the two skulls based on two groups of manually defined landmarks. Afterwards, the two skulls are largely matched, except some regions, on which some new landmarks are automatically marked. A compact support radial basis functions (CSRBF)-based deformation, which is local, will then be performed on these regions to adjust the initial alignment of the two skulls. Such adjustment can be repeatedly implemented until the two skulls have optimal alignment. In addition, all the skulls and face involved in the registration are represented by their single outer surfaces to facilitate the reconstruction procedure. The experiments demonstrate that our method can create a plausible face even when the reference skull is very different from the discovered skull. As a result, we can make full use of our database to provide multiple estimates for a principle components analysis (PCA) for the final reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiong Deng
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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25
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Zenha H, Azevedo L, Rios L, Pinto A, Luz Barroso M, Cunha C, Costa H. The application of 3-D biomodeling technology in complex mandibular reconstruction—experience of 47 clinical cases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-010-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Claes P, Vandermeulen D, De Greef S, Willems G, Clement JG, Suetens P. Computerized craniofacial reconstruction: Conceptual framework and review. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 201:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Claes P, Vandermeulen D, De Greef S, Willems G, Clement JG, Suetens P. Bayesian estimation of optimal craniofacial reconstructions. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 201:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Tilotta FM, Glaunès JA, Richard FJP, Rozenholc Y. A local technique based on vectorized surfaces for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 200:50-9. [PMID: 20418033 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the automation of facial reconstruction. Since they consider the whole head as the object of interest, usual reconstruction techniques are global and involve a large number of parameters to be estimated. We present a local technique which aims at reaching a good trade-off between bias and variance following the paradigm of non-parametric statistics. The estimation is localized on patches delimited by surface geodesics between anatomical points of the skull. The technique relies on a continuous representation of the individual surfaces embedded in the vectorial space of extended normal vector fields. This allows to compute deformations and averages of surfaces. It consists in estimating the soft-tissue surface over patches. Using a homogeneous database described in [31], we obtain results on the chin and nasal regions with an average error below 1mm, outperforming the global reconstruction techniques.
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29
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Gonzalez-Aguilera D, Gomez-Lahoz J. Forensic terrestrial photogrammetry from a single image. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:1376-87. [PMID: 19804526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forensic terrestrial photogrammetry is one of the most valuable and low-cost resources of spatial data available today. Due to the ephemeral crime scene characteristics, these photographs can often capture information that is never to be seen again. This paper presents a novelty approach for the documentation, analysis, and visualization of crime scenes for which only a single perspective image is available. The photogrammetric process consists of a few well-known steps in close-range photogrammetry: features extraction, vanishing points computation, camera self-calibration, 3D metric reconstruction, dimensional analysis, and interactive visualization. Likewise, the method incorporates a quality control of the different steps accomplished sequentially. As a result, several cases of study are presented in the experimental results section in order to test their viability. The full approach can be applied easily through the free software, sv3DVision, which has been evaluated by a number of police officers, forensic scientists, and forensic educators satisfactorily.
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30
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Construction and analysis of a head CT-scan database for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 191:112.e1-12. [PMID: 19665327 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper is devoted to the construction of a complete database which is intended to improve the implementation and the evaluation of automated facial reconstruction. This growing database is currently composed of 85 head CT-scans of healthy European subjects aged 20-65 years old. It also includes the triangulated surfaces of the face and the skull of each subject. These surfaces are extracted from CT-scans using an original combination of image-processing techniques which are presented in the paper. Besides, a set of 39 referenced anatomical skull landmarks were located manually on each scan. Using the geometrical information provided by triangulated surfaces, we compute facial soft-tissue depths at each known landmark positions. We report the average thickness values at each landmark and compare our measures to those of the traditional charts of [J. Rhine, C.E. Moore, Facial Tissue Thickness of American Caucasoïds, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1982] and of several recent in vivo studies [M.H. Manhein, G.A. Listi, R.E. Barsley, et al., In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults, Journal of Forensic Sciences 45 (1) (2000) 48-60; S. De Greef, P. Claes, D. Vandermeulen, et al., Large-scale in vivo Caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction, Forensic Science International 159S (2006) S126-S146; R. Helmer, Schödelidentifizierung durch elektronische bildmischung, Kriminalistik Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 1984].
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31
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Rynn C, Wilkinson CM. Appraisal of traditional and recently proposed relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in profile. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 130:364-73. [PMID: 16425175 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper tests six methods of predicting external nasal profile proportions, using the form and dimensions of the bony nasal (piriform) aperture. A sample of 122 lateral cephalograms was measured and traced before each method was attempted, under blind conditions where appropriate. Error was assessed by comparing predicted to actual proportions. Methods used by the following authors were tested: Krogman and Iscan (1986 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, Springfield: C.C. Thomas), Gerasimov (1955 The Reconstruction of the Face on the Skull), Prokopec and Ubelaker (2002 Forensic Sci. Commun. 4:1-4), Macho (1986 J. Forensic Sci. 31:1391-1403), George (1987 J. Forensic Sci. 32:1305-1330), and Stephan et al. (2003 Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 122:240-250). The two-tangent method by Gerasimov (1955 The Reconstruction of the Face on the Skull) was found to perform best at predicting a point on the nasal tip on male and female preoperative subjects. The method of Krogman and Iscan (1986 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, Springfield: C.C. Thomas) performed poorly, as did the nasal profile determination method (Prokopec and Ubelaker 2002 Forensic Sci. Commun. 4:1-4). The other methods, all derived by a process of regression calculations, were shown to perform with variable accuracy on this sample, despite the age range and ethnicity of this sample closely resembling that of the samples from which these methods were derived.
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32
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Lefèvre P, Van Sint Jan S, Beauthier JP, Rooze M. Hand skin reconstruction from skeletal landmarks. Int J Legal Med 2007; 121:511-5. [PMID: 17899150 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-007-0204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many studies related to three-dimensional facial reconstruction have been previously reported. On the other hand, no extensive work has been found in the literature about hand reconstruction as an identification method. In this paper, the feasibility of virtual reconstruction of hand skin based on (1) its skeleton and (2) another hand skin and skeleton used as template was assessed. One cadaver hand and one volunteer's hand have been used. For the two hands, computer models of the bones and skin were obtained from computerized tomography. A customized software allowed locating spatial coordinates of bony anatomical landmarks on the models. From these landmarks, the spatial relationships between the models were determined and used to interpolate the missing hand skin. The volume of the interpolated skin was compared to the real skin obtained from medical imaging for validation. Results seem to indicate that such a method is of interest to give forensic investigators morphological clues related to an individual hand skin based on its skeleton. Further work is in progress to finalize the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lefèvre
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, CP 619, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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33
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Quatrehomme G, Balaguer T, Staccini P, Alunni-Perret V. Assessment of the accuracy of three-dimensional manual craniofacial reconstruction: a series of 25 controlled cases. Int J Legal Med 2007; 121:469-75. [PMID: 17899154 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-007-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to estimate the accuracy of craniofacial reconstruction (CFR), from a series of 25 controlled cases. Three protocols of blind CFRs (exhibiting an increasing complexity from A to C) were assessed in this paper, allowing comparison of the CFR with the actual face of the deceased. The whole results showed that an excellent, or good, to middle resemblance (between the blind CFR and the actual face of the subject) was reached in 9 out of 25 cases, but the success gradually increased from the A to the C protocol of CFR, reaching six cases out of eight in the latter. Statistical comparison of measurements (between the blind CFR and the actual face) was also achieved, revealing that some anthropological distances were constantly underestimated or overestimated. This experiment shows that a thorough anthropological, odontological, and X-ray analysis is indispensable before performing a CFR, and these encouraging results justify further efforts of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Quatrehomme
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale et Anthropologie médico-légale, Faculté de Médecine, GEPITOS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS K 2943, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France.
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34
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The affect of tissue depth variation on craniofacial reconstructions. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 172:130-6. [PMID: 17353107 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the affect of tissue depth variation on the reconstruction of facial form, through the application of the American method, utilizing published tissue depth measurements for emaciated, normal, and obese faces. In this preliminary study, three reconstructions were created on reproductions of the same skull for each set of tissue depth measurements. The resulting morphological variation was measured quantitatively using the anthropometric craniofacial variability index (CVI). This method employs 16 standard craniofacial anthropometric measurements and the results reflect "pattern variation" or facial harmony. We report no appreciable variation in the quantitative measure of the pattern facial form obtained from the three different sets of tissue depths. Facial similarity was assessed qualitatively utilizing surveys of photographs of the three reconstructions. Surveys indicated that subjects frequently perceived the reconstructions as representing different individuals. This disagreement indicates that size of the face may blind observers to similarities in facial form. This research is significant because it illustrates the confounding effect that normal human variation contributes in the successful recognition of individuals from a representational three-dimensional facial reconstruction. Research results suggest that successful identification could be increased if multiple reconstructions were created which reflect a wide range of possible outcomes for facial form. The creation of multiple facial images, from a single skull, will be facilitated as computerized versions of facial reconstruction are further developed and refined.
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Cao M, Che X, Sun N, Li J. Features of central projection average difference function for skull recognition. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:6399-402. [PMID: 17281732 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The recognition technology based on biological feature is a hot topic in recent years, and the recognition technology concerning the skull features was studied in this paper. The central projection transform about the two-dimension skull image was performed, the central projection function of the gray value was obtained, the average difference function of the central projection value and it's vectors were defined, and the research on the vector feature of the average difference function was carried out. This feature is robust in noisy backgrounds, less calculation consuming, and it can also be used to recognize other objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyong Cao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Chin.
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36
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Park HK, Chung JW, Kho HS. Use of hand-held laser scanning in the assessment of craniometry. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 160:200-6. [PMID: 16289612 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intra- and inter-examiner reliability was evaluated for hand-held 3D laser scanning technology when it was combined with localization of landmarks for craniometry. The data from the laser surface scanning were compared with those of conventional direct measuring. Using thirty unidentified skulls requested for individual identification, measurements were taken of the line distances from lambda to 26 landmarks, and also for seven breadth parameters. For the laser surface scanning, two examiners performed replicate measurements with an interval of 1 week. In the conventional direct measuring, the first examiner took replicate measurements with a 1-week interval. To assess intra- and inter-examiner reliabilities, the intraclass correlation coefficient was used. Analysis of variance with repeated measures for each parameter was performed to compare the conventional method with the 3D scanning method. Both the 3D scanning and conventional methods showed excellent intra-examiner reliabilities, and the 3D laser scanning method also showed excellent inter-examiner reliability. A statistical difference between the two examiners was found only in nasal breadth in the 3D laser scanning method. There was no significant difference between the two measuring methods, though the 3D laser scanning method tended to give a slightly lower reading. Collectively, the 3D laser scanning method with point localization is a useful method with excellent reliability, and it can replace the conventional direct measuring method in craniometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Park
- Section of Forensic Dentistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Shinwol 7-Dong, Yangcheon-Ku, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
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37
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Vandermeulen D, Claes P, Loeckx D, De Greef S, Willems G, Suetens P. Computerized craniofacial reconstruction using CT-derived implicit surface representations. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 159 Suppl 1:S164-74. [PMID: 16542805 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In forensic craniofacial reconstruction, facial features of an unknown individual are estimated from an unidentified skull, based on a mixture of experimentally obtained guidelines on the relationship between soft tissues and the underlying skeleton. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using full 3D cross-sectional CT images for establishing a reference database of densely sampled distances between the external surfaces of the skull and head for automated craniofacial reconstruction. For each CT image in the reference database, the hard tissue (skull) and soft tissue (head) volumes are automatically segmented and transformed into signed distance transform (sDT) images, representing for each voxel in this image the Euclidean distance to the closest point on the skull and head surface, respectively, distances being positive (negative) for voxels inside (outside) the skull/head. Multiple craniofacial reconstructions are obtained by first warping each reference skull sDT maps to the target skull sDT using a B-spline based free form deformation algorithm and subsequently applying these warps to the reference head sDT maps. A single reconstruction of the target head surface is defined as the zero level set of the arithmetic average of all warped reference head sDT maps, but other reconstructions are possible, biasing the result to subject specific attributes (age, BMI, gender). Both qualitative and quantitative tests (measuring the similarity between the 3D reconstructed and corresponding original head surface) on a small (N = 20) database are presented to proof the validity of the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vandermeulen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, Medical Image Computing, ESAT & Radiology, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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38
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Claes P, Vandermeulen D, De Greef S, Willems G, Suetens P. Craniofacial reconstruction using a combined statistical model of face shape and soft tissue depths: methodology and validation. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 159 Suppl 1:S147-58. [PMID: 16540276 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction aims at estimating the facial outlook associated with an unidentified skull specimen. Estimation is generally based on tabulated average values of soft tissue thicknesses measured at a sparse set of landmarks on the skull. Traditional 'plastic' methods apply modeling clay or plasticine on a cast of the skull, approximating the estimated tissue depths at the landmarks and interpolating in between. Current computerized techniques mimic this landmark interpolation procedure using a single static facial surface template. However, the resulting reconstruction is biased by the specific choice of the template and no face-specific regularization is used during the interpolation process. We reduce the template bias by using a flexible statistical model of a dense set of facial surface points, combined with an associated sparse set of skull-based landmarks. This statistical model is constructed from a facial database of (N = 118) individuals and limits the reconstructions to statistically plausible outlooks. The actual reconstruction is obtained by fitting the skull-based landmarks of the template model to the corresponding landmarks indicated on a digital copy of the skull to be reconstructed. The fitting process changes the face-specific statistical model parameters in a regularized way and interpolates the remaining landmark fit error using a minimal bending thin-plate spline (TPS)-based deformation. Furthermore, estimated properties of the skull specimen (BMI, age and gender, e.g.) can be incorporated as conditions on the reconstruction by removing property-related shape variation from the statistical model description before the fitting process. The proposed statistical method is validated, both in terms of accuracy and identification success rate, based on leave-one-out cross-validation tests applied on the facial database. Accuracy results are obtained by statistically analyzing the local 3D facial surface differences of the reconstructions and their corresponding ground truth. Identification success rate is obtained by comparing, based on correlation, Euclidean distance matrix (EDM) signatures of the reconstructed and the original 3D facial surfaces in the database. A subjective identification success rate is quantified based on face-pool tests. Finally a qualitative comparison is made between facial reconstructions of a real-case skull, based on two typical static face models and our statistical model, showing the shortcomings of current face models and the improved performance of the statistical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Claes
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, Medical Image Computing, ESAT & Radiology, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ricci A, Marella GL, Apostol MA. A New Experimental Approach to Computer-Aided Face/Skull Identification in Forensic Anthropology. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006; 27:46-9. [PMID: 16501348 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000202809.96283.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study introduces a new approach to computer-assisted face/skull matching used for personal identification purposes in forensic anthropology. In this experiment, the authors formulated an algorithm able to identify the face of a person suspected to have disappeared, by comparing the respective person's facial image with the skull radiograph. A total of 14 subjects were selected for the study, from which a facial photograph and skull radiograph were taken and ultimately compiled into a database, saved to the hard drive of a computer. The photographs of the faces and corresponding skull radiographs were then drafted using common photographic software, taking caution not to alter the informational content of the images. Once computer generated, the facial images and menu were displayed on a color monitor. In the first phase, a few anatomic points of each photograph were selected and marked with a cross to facilitate and more accurately match the face with its corresponding skull. In the second phase, the above mentioned cross grid was superimposed on the radiographic image of the skull and brought to scale. In the third phase, the crosses were transferred to the cranial points of the radiograph. In the fourth phase, the algorithm calculated the distance of each transferred cross and the corresponding average. The smaller the mean value, the greater the index of similarity between the face and skull.A total of 196 cross-comparisons were conducted, with positive identification resulting in each case. Hence, the algorithm matched a facial photograph to the correct skull in 100% of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ricci
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Public Health, Chair of Legal Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Turner WD, Brown REB, Kelliher TP, Tu PH, Taister MA, Miller KWP. A novel method of automated skull registration for forensic facial approximation. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 154:149-58. [PMID: 16140487 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern forensic facial reconstruction techniques are based on an understanding of skeletal variation and tissue depths. These techniques rely upon a skilled practitioner interpreting limited data. To (i) increase the amount of data available and (ii) lessen the subjective interpretation, we use medical imaging and statistical techniques. We introduce a software tool, reality enhancement/facial approximation by computational estimation (RE/FACE) for computer-based forensic facial reconstruction. The tool applies innovative computer-based techniques to a database of human head computed tomography (CT) scans in order to derive a statistical approximation of the soft tissue structure of a questioned skull. A core component of this tool is an algorithm for removing the variation in facial structure due to skeletal variation. This method uses models derived from the CT scans and does not require manual measurement or placement of landmarks. It does not require tissue-depth tables, can be tailored to specific racial categories by adding CT scans, and removes much of the subjectivity of manual reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Turner
- GE Global Research, Imaging Technologies, Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA.
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Smith CM, Stone AL, Parkhill RL, Stewart RL, Simpkins MW, Kachurin AM, Warren WL, Williams SK. Three-Dimensional BioAssembly Tool for Generating Viable Tissue-Engineered Constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1566-76. [PMID: 15588416 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary emphasis of tissue engineering is the design and fabrication of constructs for the replacement of nonfunctional tissue. Because tissue represents a highly organized interplay of cells and extracellular matrix, the fabrication of replacement tissue should mimic this spatial organization. This report details studies evaluating the use of a three-dimensional, direct-write cell deposition system to construct spatially organized viable structures. A direct-write bioassembly system was designed and fabricated to permit layer-by-layer placement of cells and extracellular matrix on a variety of material substrates. Human fibroblasts suspended in polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene were coextruded through a positive displacement pen delivery onto a polystyrene slide. After deposition, approximately 60% of the fibroblasts remained viable. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) suspended in soluble collagen type I were coextruded via microdispense pen delivery onto the hydrophilic side of flat sheets of polyethylene terephthalate. After deposition with a 25-gauge tip, approximately 86% of the BAECs were viable. When maintained in culture for up to 35 days, the constructs remained viable and maintained their original spatial organization. These results indicate the potential for utilizing a direct-write, three-dimensional bioassembly tool to create viable, patterned tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Smith
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5084, USA
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42
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Leong KF, Cheah CM, Chua CK. Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs. Biomaterials 2003; 24:2363-78. [PMID: 12699674 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most tissue engineering (TE) strategies for creating functional replacement tissues or organs rely on the application of temporary three-dimensional scaffolds to guide the proliferation and spread of seeded cells in vitro and in vivo. The characteristics of TE scaffolds are major concerns in the quest to fabricate ideal scaffolds. This paper identifies essential structural characteristics and the pre-requisites for fabrication techniques that can yield scaffolds that are capable of directing healthy and homogeneous tissue development. Emphasis is given to solid freeform (SFF), also known as rapid prototyping, technologies which are fast becoming the techniques of choice for scaffold fabrication with the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional manual-based fabrication techniques. SFF-fabricated scaffolds have been found to be able to address most, if not all the macro- and micro-architectural requirements for TE applications. This paper reviews the application/potential application of state-of-the-art SFF fabrication techniques in creating TE scaffolds. The advantages and limitations of the SFF techniques are compared. Related research carried out worldwide by different institutions, including the authors' research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Leong
- School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Perez-Arjona E, Dujovny M, Park H, Kulyanov D, Galaniuk A, Agner C, Michael D, Diaz FG. Stereolithography: neurosurgical and medical implications. Neurol Res 2003; 25:227-36. [PMID: 12739229 DOI: 10.1179/016164103101201337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We present material to define and understand the concept of Stereolithography (STL) and its potential benefits to the field of neurosurgery and other medical specialties. A historical and scientific review of the literature on stereolithography, its evolution and uses in neurosurgery, forensic medicine, and other medical specialties are described. Considerations regarding different techniques used to obtain STL are discussed. The reproduction of cranial and vascular structures using this technique is evaluated. Data acquisition and model fabrication are the two basic steps required for stereolithography to create custom models for multiple applications in cranio-facial surgery, vascular studies, orthopedic surgery, urology and forensic medicine, among others. Stereolithography is a relatively new technique which continues to grow in many medical fields. Pre-operative education of patients, better understanding of patient anatomy, and the creation of custom-made prostheses are proven benefits of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimir Perez-Arjona
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Cheah CM, Leong KF, Chua CK, Low KH, Quek HS. Characterization of microfeatures in selective laser sintered drug delivery devices. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2003; 216:369-83. [PMID: 12502001 DOI: 10.1243/095441102321032166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From initial applications in the fields of prosthesis, implants, surgery planning, anthropology, paleontology and forensics, the scope of rapid prototyping (RP) biomedical applications has expanded to include areas in tissue engineering (TE) and controlled drug delivery. In the current investigation, the feasibility of utilizing selective laser sintering (SLS) to fabricate polymeric drug delivery devices (DDDs) that are difficult to make using conventional production methods was studied. Two features, namely porous microstructure and dense wall formation, inherent in SLS fabricated parts were investigated for their potential roles in drug storage and controlling the release of drugs through the diffusion process. A study to determine the influence of key SLS process parameters on dense wall formation and porous microstructure of SLS fabricated parts was carried out. Composite-type DDDs incorporating dense wall and porous matrix features were designed and fabricated using SLS. The characteristics of the fabricated devices were investigated through microstructural examination and in vitro release tests carried out using a drug model or dye in a simulated body environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cheah
- Design Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Vanezis M, Vanezis P. Cranio-facial reconstruction in forensic identification--historical development and a review of current practice. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2000; 40:197-205. [PMID: 10976181 DOI: 10.1177/002580240004000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cranio-facial reconstruction has its origins in the 19th century, initially to recreate and 'bring back to life' the faces of the rich and the famous. Since then, over the last 100 years, there have been various methods used to produce reconstructions for forensic identification as well as for historical or archaeological purposes. These range from the traditional sculpting methods to those based on up-to-date computer technology. When no other method of identification is available in skeletalized, badly mutilated or decomposing remains, forensic cranio-facial reconstruction may be employed to produce a face which it is hoped will trigger recognition and thus lead to a positive identification. This paper discusses the role that cranio-facial reconstruction may play in identification and its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vanezis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow
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