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Acoustic Droplet Ejection and Open Port Interface for Rapid Analysis of Metabolic Stability Assays. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3285-3291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Danese E, Negrini D, Pucci M, De Nitto S, Ambrogi D, Donzelli S, Lievens PMJ, Salvagno GL, Lippi G. Bile Acids Quantification by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Method Validation, Reference Range, and Interference Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070462. [PMID: 32645999 PMCID: PMC7399932 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) play a pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism. Their blood concentration has also been proposed as new prognostic and diagnostic indicator of hepatobiliary, intestinal, and cardiovascular disease. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) currently represents the gold standard for analysis of BA profile in biological samples. We report here development and validation of a LC-MS/MS technique for simultaneously quantifying 15 BA species in serum samples. We also established a reference range for adult healthy subjects (n = 130) and performed a preliminary evaluation of in vitro and in vivo interference. The method displayed good linearity, with high regression coefficients (>0.99) over a range of 5 ng/mL (lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) and 5000 ng/mL for all analytes tested. The accuracies were between 85-115%. Both intra- and inter-assay imprecision was <10%. The recoveries ranged between 92-110%. Each of the tested BA species (assessed on three concentrations) were stable for 15 days at room temperature, 4 °C, and -20 °C. The in vitro study did not reveal any interference from triglycerides, bilirubin, or cell-free hemoglobin. The in vivo interference study showed that pools obtained from hyper-cholesterolemic patients and hyper-bilirubinemic patients due to post-hepatic jaundice for benign cholestasis, cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic head tumors had clearly distinct patterns of BA concentrations compared with a pool obtained from samples of healthy subjects. In conclusion, this study proposes a new suitable candidate method for identification and quantitation of BA in biological samples and provides new insight into a number of variables that should be taken into account when investigating pathophysiological changes of BA in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.P.); (S.D.N.); (G.L.S.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Negrini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mairi Pucci
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.P.); (S.D.N.); (G.L.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.P.); (S.D.N.); (G.L.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Davide Ambrogi
- Waters S.p.a. Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milano, Italy; (D.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Simone Donzelli
- Waters S.p.a. Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milano, Italy; (D.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Patricia M.-J. Lievens
- Experimental Biology Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Gian Luca Salvagno
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.P.); (S.D.N.); (G.L.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.P.); (S.D.N.); (G.L.S.); (G.L.)
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3
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Amaratunga P, Clothier M, Lorenz Lemberg B, Lemberg D. Determination of Dextromethorphan in Oral Fluid by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:360-6. [PMID: 27185818 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an antitussive drug found in commonly used nonprescription cold and cough medications. At low doses, DXM is a safe drug that does not produce adverse reactions. However, abuse of DXM has been reported among adolescents and young adults using the drug at higher doses. DXM is not a scheduled drug in the USA, and the primary reason for its abuse is the ease of availability. DXM is available to purchase in the form of over-the-counter cough medications, such as Robitussin(®) and Coricidin(®), or it can be purchased over the Internet in the form of a powder. In this research work, we developed an LC-MS-MS method that can quantify DXM and dextrorphan (DXO) in oral fluid in a high-throughput toxicology laboratory setting. The developed method was validated according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology guidelines. The linear dynamic range was 5-100 ng/mL with a lowest limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5.0 ng/mL for DXM and DXO. Overall, the results of the accuracy and the precision values were within the acceptance criteria for both drugs. In addition, selectivity, matrix effect and recovery were calculated for the LC-MS-MS method. Authentic samples (n = 59) were tested to evaluate the applicability of the method. Thirty samples were found to be positive for DXM and DXO and two samples were found to be positive for DXM only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Clothier
- Forensic Fluids Laboratories, 225 Parsons Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA
| | | | - Dave Lemberg
- Forensic Fluids Laboratories, 225 Parsons Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA
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4
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Esposito S, Bracacel E, Nibbio M, Speziale R, Orsatti L, Veneziano M, Monteagudo E, Bonelli F. Use of 'dilute-and-shoot' liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in preclinical research: application to a DMPK study of perhexiline in mouse plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 118:70-80. [PMID: 26517851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of perhexiline and the simultaneous detection of perhexiline metabolites in C57bl/6 mice plasma. Only 5 μL of plasma was used for analysis. Pretreatment was limited to a 100-fold dilution ('dilute-and-shoot'). The analyte was detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap™ technology). Three scan events were performed over the entire chromatogram. Targeted single ion monitoring with data dependent acquisition was employed for perhexiline quantitation and confirmation, while full scan was used to perform untargeted detection of perhexiline phase I and phase II circulating metabolites. The calibration curve was linear (r(2)=0.990) ranging from 0.305 ng/mL (LLOQ) to 10000 ng/mL. Matrix effect was limited to 6.1%. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of perhexiline in mouse plasma and the results obtained were compared to a standard sample preparation method based on protein precipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MRM mode) detection. The new approach provided comparable results in terms of pharmacokinetics parameters estimate with a high sensitivity, additional information on perhexiline circulating metabolites and a low consumption of biological sample. The combination of the 'dilute-and-shoot' approach together with HRMS targeted and untargeted detection represents a suitable alternative to classic bioanalytical approaches in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Elena Bracacel
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Nibbio
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Speziale
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Orsatti
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Veneziano
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Bonelli
- IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
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5
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Koyuturk S, Can NO, Atkosar Z, Arli G. A novel dilute and shoot HPLC assay method for quantification of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combination tablets and urine using second generation C18-bonded monolithic silica column with double gradient elution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 97:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Electrochemical Determination of Dextromethorphan on Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen-Printed Electrode after Electromembrane Extraction. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Versace F, Déglon J, Lauer E, Mangin P, Staub C. Automated DBS Extraction Prior to Hilic/RP LC–MS/MS Target Screening of Drugs. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Rapid LC–MS/MS quantification of the major benzodiazepines and their metabolites on dried blood spots using a simple and cost-effective sample pretreatment. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1337-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spots (DBS) sampling has gained popularity in the bioanalytical community as an alternative to conventional plasma sampling, as it provides numerous benefits in terms of sample collection and logistics. The aim of this work was to show that these advantages can be coupled with a simple and cost-effective sample pretreatment, with subsequent rapid LC–MS/MS analysis for quantitation of 15 benzodiazepines, six metabolites and three Z-drugs. For this purpose, a simplified offline procedure was developed that consisted of letting a 5-µl DBS infuse directly into 100 µl of MeOH, in a conventional LC vial. Results: The parameters related to the DBS pretreatment, such as extraction time or internal standard addition, were investigated and optimized, demonstrating that passive infusion in a regular LC vial was sufficient to quantitatively extract the analytes of interest. The method was validated according to international criteria in the therapeutic concentration ranges of the selected compounds. Conclusion: The presented strategy proved to be efficient for the rapid analysis of the selected drugs. Indeed, the offline sample preparation was reduced to a minimum, using a small amount of organic solvent and consumables, without affecting the accuracy of the method. Thus, this approach enables simple and rapid DBS analysis, even when using a non-DBS-dedicated autosampler, while lowering the costs and environmental impact.
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9
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Bell C, George C, Kicman AT, Traynor A. Development of a rapid LC-MS/MS method for direct urinalysis of designer drugs. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:496-504. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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LIU YJ, WU HL, NIE JF, WANG JY, OUYANG LQ, YU RQ. Simultaneous Determination of Dextromethorphan and Its Metabolite Dextrorphan in Plasma Samples Using Second-order Calibration Coupled with Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:663-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Hai-Long WU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Jin-Fang NIE
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Jian-Yao WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Li-Qun OUYANG
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Ru-Qin YU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
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11
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Loos WJ, de Graan AJM, de Bruijn P, van Schaik RHN, van Fessem MAC, Lam MH, Mathijssen RHJ, Wiemer EAC. Simultaneous quantification of dextromethorphan and its metabolites dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan and 3-hydroxymorphinan in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:387-94. [PMID: 20926215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of dextromethorphan (DM) and its metabolites dextrorphan (DX), 3-methoxymorphinan (3MM) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (3HM), in human lithium heparinized plasma. The extraction involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction with 1 ml n-butylchloride from 200μl aliquots of plasma, after the addition of 20 μl 4% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide and 100 μl stable labeled isotopic internal standards in acetonitrile. Chromatographic separations were achieved on an Aquity UPLC(®) BEH C(18) 1.7 μm 2.1 mm x 100mm column eluted at a flow-rate of 0.250 ml/min on a gradient of acetonitrile. The overall cycle time of the method was 7 min, with elution times of 1.3min for DX and 3HM, 2.8 min for 3MM and 2.9min for DM. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 272>215 (m/z), at 258>133 (m/z), at 258>213 (m/z) and at 244>157 (m/z) for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r²≥0.995) over the range of 0.500-100 nM with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 0.500 nM for all compounds, which is equivalent to 136, 129, 129 and 122 pg/ml for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. Extraction recoveries were constant, but ranged from 39% for DM to 83% for DX. The within-run and between-run precisions were within 11.6%, while the accuracy ranged from 92.7 to 110.6%. The applicability of the bioanalytical method was demonstrated and is currently implemented in a clinical trial to study DM as probe-drug for individualized tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Loos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Pulse gradient, large-volume injection, high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis for measurement of plasma amrubicin and its metabolite amrubicinol. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1193:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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EL-NABY EH. Polymeric Membrane Sensors for the Selective Determination of Dextromethorphan in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1409-14. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman H. EL-NABY
- Narcotic Department, National Center for Social and Criminal Research
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14
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Bakhtiar R, Ramos L, Tse FLS. HIGH-THROUGHPUT MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF XENOBIOTICS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bakhtiar
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
| | - Luis Ramos
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
| | - Francis L. S. Tse
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
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15
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Eichhold TH, McCauley-Myers DL, Khambe DA, Thompson GA, Hoke SH. Simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, and guaifenesin in human plasma using semi-automated liquid/liquid extraction and gradient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:586-600. [PMID: 16930908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan (DEX), dextrorphan (DET), and guaifenesin (GG) in human plasma was developed, validated, and applied to determine plasma concentrations of these compounds in samples from six clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Semi-automated liquid handling systems were used to perform the majority of the sample manipulation including liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) of the analytes from human plasma. Stable-isotope-labeled analogues were utilized as internal standards (ISTDs) for each analyte to facilitate accurate and precise quantification. Extracts were analyzed using gradient liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Use of semi-automated LLE with LC-MS/MS proved to be a very rugged and reliable approach for analysis of more than 6200 clinical study samples. The lower limit of quantification was validated at 0.010, 0.010, and 1.0 ng/mL of plasma for DEX, DET, and GG, respectively. Accuracy and precision of quality control (QC) samples for all three analytes met FDA Guidance criteria of +/-15% for average QC accuracy with coefficients of variation less than 15%. Data from the thorough evaluation of the method during development, validation, and application are presented to characterize selectivity, linearity, over-range sample analysis, accuracy, precision, autosampler carry-over, ruggedness, extraction efficiency, ionization suppression, and stability. Pharmacokinetic data are also provided to illustrate improvements in systemic drug and metabolite concentration-time profiles that were achieved by formulation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Eichhold
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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16
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Georgi K, Boos KS. Multidimensional On-Line SPE for Undisturbed LC-MS-MS Analysis of Basic Drugs in Biofluids. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Arellano C, Philibert C, Dane à Yakan EN, Vachoux C, Lacombe O, Woodley J, Houin G. Validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to assess the metabolism of dextromethorphan in rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:105-13. [PMID: 15797528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous assay of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in tissue culture medium and its intestinal metabolism studied with the rat everted gut sac model. The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.1-2.5 microM (27.1 ng/mL-0.677 microg/mL) for dextromethorphan and 0.005-0.5 microM for dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan (1.28 ng/mL-0.128 microg/mL) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (1.22 ng/mL-0.122 microg/mL). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0025 microM (12.5 fmoles, 3.4 pg, 5 microL injected) for dextromethorphan; 0.0025 microM for dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan (24.9 fmoles, 6.4 pg injected), and 3-hydroxymorphinan (25.1 fmoles, 6.1 pg injected) with 10 microL injected. The detection of dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan showed that both the P450 isoforms CYP3A and 2D were active in the intestinal mucosa and metabolised dextromethorphan during its passage across the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arellano
- Laboratoire de Cinétique des Xénobiotiques, UMR 181, Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Experimentale (UPTE INRA-ENVT), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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18
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Bhoopathy S, Xin B, Unger SE, Karnes HT. A novel incubation direct injection LC/MS/MS technique for in vitro drug metabolism screening studies involving the CYP 2D6 and the CYP 3A4 isozymes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:739-49. [PMID: 15797796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct injection LC/MS/MS method involving a novel incubation technique was developed for the inhibition screening of CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4 isoenzymes using dextromethorphan and midazolam as probe substrates. Both assays were performed using an electrospray ionization source in the positive ion mode. Direct injection was possible by using a short C 18, LC column (2 mm x 20 mm) with large particle diameter packing (10 microm). Analytical characteristics of the direct injection technique were studied by examining matrix effects, which showed suppression of the ESI signal between 0.20 and 0.65 min. The retention times for analytes were adjusted to approximately 0.8 min (k'>3), resulting in no matrix effect. Column lifetime was evaluated and determined to be approximately 160 direct injections of the matrix. The precision and accuracy of the control samples for the quantitation of dextromethorphan was between -0.53 and -12.80, and 3.73 and 6.69% respectively. Unlike conventional incubation techniques, incubations were carried out in an autosampler equipped with a heating accessory. This novel incubation method, which involved no stirring of the incubation mixture, estimated the Cl(int in vitro) for dextromethorphan and midazolam in human liver microsomes to be 1.65+/-0.22 ml/(hmg) and 0.861 ml/(min mg) respectively. The autosampler tray maintained uniform temperature and was sensitive to changes in temperature between 33 and 41 degrees C. High-throughput screening was performed using known inhibitors of the CYP 2D6 isozyme, and the system was evaluated for its ability to differentiate between these inhibitors. The strong inhibitor quinidine resulted in a 25.6% increase in t(1/2), the medium potency inhibitor chlorpromazine resulted in an increase of 6.14% and the weak inhibitor primaquine had no significant effect on half-life. This technique involves no sample preparation, demonstrated run times of 2 min per injection and can be fully automated. The method should therefore prove to be a valuable tool in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhoopathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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Kuhlenbeck DL, Eichold TH, Hoke SH, Baker TR, Mensen R, Wehmeyer KR. On-line solid phase extraction using the Prospekt-2 coupled with a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer for the determination of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and guaifenesin in human plasma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:199-208. [PMID: 16046804 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An on-line liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure, using the Prospekt- 2 system, was developed and used for the determination of the levels of the active ingredients of cough/cold medications in human plasma matrix. The experimental configuration allows direct plasma injection by performing on- line solid phase extraction (SPE) on small cartridge columns prior to elution of the analyte(s) onto the analytical column and subsequent MS/MS detection. The quantitative analysis of three analytes with differing polarities, dextromethorphan (DEX), dextrorphan (DET) and guaifenesin (GG) in human plasma presented a significant challenge. Using stable-isotope-labeled internal standards for each analyte, the Prospekt-2 on-line methodology was evaluated for sensitivity, suppression, accuracy, precision, linearity, analyst time, analysis time, cost, carryover and ease of use. The lower limit of quantitation for the on-line SPE procedure for DEX, DET and GG was 0.05, 0.05 and 5.0 ng mL(-1), respectively, using a 0.1 mL sample volume. The linear range for DEX and DET was 0.05-50 ng mL(-1) and was 5-5,000 ng mL(-1) for GG. Accuracy and precision data for five different levels of QC samples were collected over three separate days. Accuracy ranged from 90% to 112% for all three analytes, while the precision, as measured by the %RSD, ranged from 1.5% to 16.0%
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Kuhlenbeck
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040-8006, USA
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Ramakrishna NVS, Vishwottam KN, Puran S, Manoj S, Santosh M, Wishu S, Koteshwara M, Chidambara J, Gopinadh B, Sumatha B. Liquid chromatography–negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of tacrolimus in human plasma and its bioanalytical applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:13-20. [PMID: 15113534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, novel and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for quantification of tacrolimus (I) in human plasma, a narrow therapeutic index, potent macrolide immunosuppressive drug. The analyte and internal standard (tamsulosin (II)) were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with t-butylmethylether using a Glas-Col Multi-Pulse Vortexer. The chromatographic separation was performed on reverse phase Xterra ODS column with a mobile phase of 99% methanol and 1% 10mM ammonium acetate buffer. The deprotonate of analyte was quantitated in negative ionization by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with a mass spectrometer. The mass transitions m/z 802.5-->560.3 and m/z 407.2-->151.9 were used to measure I and II, respectively. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.05-25ng/ml for tacrolimus in human plasma. The lower limit of quantitation was 50pg/ml with a relative standard deviation of less than 20%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve ranges. Run time of 2min for each sample made it possible to analyze a throughput of more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in comparative bioavailability studies. The tacrolimus plasma concentration profile could be obtained for pharmacokinetic study. The observed maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) of tacrolimus (5mg oral dose) is 440pg/ml, time to observed maximum plasma concentration (T(max)) is 2.5h and elimination half-life (T(1/2)) is 21h.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V S Ramakrishna
- Biopharmaceutical Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Hyderabad 500 034, India.
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21
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Heinig K, Bucheli F. Ultra-fast quantitative bioanalysis of a pharmaceutical compound using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:337-46. [PMID: 14522038 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the ultra-fast determination of a pharmaceutical compound using TurboIonSpray LC-MS-MS on an API 4000 mass spectrometer. Sample preparation consisted of plasma protein precipitation, centrifugation and dilution of the supernatant. The use of small analytical column dimensions (2.1 mm x 10 mm) and high eluent flow rates (up to 2.2 ml/min) in isocratic mode led to a retention time of 9s. A sample-to-sample cycle time of only 10s was achieved by coupling two autosamplers. Partial separation of the drug and its main metabolite could be obtained. The d5-labeled drug used as internal standard compensated for matrix suppression effects. The assay was linear in the concentration range 1-1000 ng/ml, using standards prepared in human plasma. Inter-assay accuracy and precision were 98.5 and 6.2%, respectively. Mean intra-assay accuracy and precision calculated from quality control (QC) samples in human, rat and dog plasma at 3, 30 and 800 ng/ml were 100.8 and 3.8%, respectively. The ultra-fast LC-MS-MS method was successfully cross-validated against a commonly used column-switching LC-MS-MS assay with 2.3 min run time by analyzing real study samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinig
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Bioanalytical Section, Grenzacherstrasse, Building 68/101, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Hendrickson HP, Gurley BJ, Wessinger WD. Determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in rat serum by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:261-8. [PMID: 12705966 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)01042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan is an effective and safe antitussive, but has liabilities with respect to its abuse potential at doses above the therapeutic dose. At these higher doses, people report phencyclidine-like effects from the drug. A number of animal models have suggested that dextrorphan, an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, is responsible for the abuse liability of the parent compound when dextromethorphan is taken at high doses. Full pharmacokinetic profiles in single animals have not been demonstrated in these studies due to a lack of analytical sensitivity and/or selectivity for dextromethorphan and its metabolites. We have developed a low-cost liquid chromatographic method capable of characterizing the concentration-time profile for dextromethorphan and dextrorphan for 8 h in rats following an 18 mg/kg i.p. dose of dextromethorphan. Limits of quantitation (S/N=10) in 100 microL of serum were 0.25, 0.19, 0.27, and 0.22 nmol/mL for 3-hydroxymorphinan, dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan, and dextromethorphan, respectively. Inter-day precision was better than 11% across the dynamic range of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard P Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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23
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Hopfgartner G, Bourgogne E. Quantitative high-throughput analysis of drugs in biological matrices by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:195-214. [PMID: 12838545 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To support pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies, LC-MS/MS plays more and more an essential role for the quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. With the new challenges encountered in drug discovery and drug development, new strategies are put in place to achieve high-throughput analysis, using serial and parallel approaches. To speed-up method development and validation, generic approaches with the direct injection of biological fluids is highly desirable. Column-switching, using various packing materials for the extraction columns, is widely applied. Improvement of mass spectrometers performance, and in particular triple quadrupoles, also strongly influences sample preparation strategies, which remain a key element in the bioanalytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Hopfgartner
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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24
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Chapter 5 Automation tools and strategies for bioanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(03)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Pitt JJ, Eggington M, Kahler SG. Comprehensive Screening of Urine Samples for Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.11.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Detection of abnormal metabolites in urine is important for the diagnosis of many inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Rapid, comprehensive screening methods are needed.Methods: We used electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in positive- and negative-ion modes to detect selected metabolites in urine. For positive-ion analysis, samples were dried and butylated, whereas for negative-ion analysis, samples were merely diluted with the mobile phase. Analysis was by direct injection with multiple reaction monitoring for 32 metabolites in positive mode (amino acids and acylcarnitines) and 30 metabolites in negative mode (organic acids). Run time was 2.1 min in each mode.Results: Interbatch CVs ranged from 4.8% to 32%, enabling quantification of many metabolites. The procedure was applied to controls (278 and 120 in positive- and negative-ion mode, respectively) and 108 IEM individuals representing 37 different IEM. In 105 IEM individuals, representing 36 different IEM, concentrations of one or more diagnostic metabolites were above the 99th percentiles of the control values.Conclusions: The procedure is faster and less labor-intensive than conventional methods of testing for IEM by amino and organic acid profiling and has similar diagnostic sensitivity. The ability to include a greater range of metabolites offers the potential of a more comprehensive screening procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pitt
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Mary Eggington
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen G Kahler
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia
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26
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Bakhtiar R, Khemani L, Hayes M, Bedman T, Tse F. Quantification of the anti-leukemia drug STI571 (Gleevec) and its metabolite (CGP 74588) in monkey plasma using a semi-automated solid phase extraction procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:1183-94. [PMID: 12049982 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal Transduction Inhibitor 571 (STI571, formerly known as CGP 57148B) or Gleevec received fast track approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). STI571 (Gleevec) is a revolutionary and promising new oral therapy for CML, which functions at the molecular level with high specificity. The dramatic improvement in efficacy compared with existing treatments prompted an equally profound increase in the pace of development of Gleevec. The duration from first dose in man to completion of the New Drug Application (NDA) filing was less than 3 years. In addition, recently, FDA approved Gleevec for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In order to support all toxicokinetic (TK) studies with sufficient speed to meet various target dates, a semi-automated procedure using solid phase extraction (SPE) was developed and validated. A Packard Multi-Probe I and a SPE step in a 96-well plate format were utilized. A 3M Empore octyl (C(8))-standard density 96-well plate was used for plasma sample extraction. A Sciex API 3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface operated in positive ion mode was used for detection. Lower limits of quantification of 1.00 and 2.00 ng/ml were attained for STI571 and its metabolite, CGP 74588, respectively. The method proved to be rugged and allowed the simultaneous quantification of STI571 and CGP 74588 in monkey plasma. Herein, assay development, validation, and representative concentration-time profiles obtained from TK studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bakhtiar
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
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27
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Rege B, March C, Sarkar MA. Development of a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine CYP2D6 phenotype in human liver microsomes. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:31-40. [PMID: 11816009 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan is a probe substrate to determine CYP2D6 phenotype. The conversion of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan by CYP2D6 accounts for approximately 60% of total metabolism. Most analytical methods utilize complicated labor- and time-intensive sample processing methods with several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) steps. Our goal was to develop a non-LLE based rapid and sensitive HPLC method, to measure dextromethorphan metabolism in human liver microsomes. A solid-phase filtration based reverse-phase HPLC method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated. Human liver (n = 6) microsomal incubations were carried out with dextromethorphan, under optimum conditions. The analytes were separated by one-step centrifugal filtration with Nanosep separation units. The filtrate was injected ( 50 microL) into a Waters Alliance 2690 HPLC system. Metabolic incubations were also conducted to determine levels using LLE for comparisons. The Nanosep separation step reduced the extraction time from 3h to 40 min. The limit of quantitation was 23.8 nM (9.7 ng/mL), recovery was approximately 98%, the mean precision values were <10% RSD for the controls (80, 320 and 640 nM) and mean percentage error was <5%. Michaelis-Menten parameters were determined to distinguish CYP2D6 phenotypes. A rapid and sensitive HPLC method is reported, which may be suitable for automation and allows phenotyping of human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rege
- VCU School of Pharmacy, MCV Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA
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28
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King RC, Miller-Stein C, Magiera DJ, Brann J. Description and validation of a staggered parallel high performance liquid chromatography system for good laboratory practice level quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:43-52. [PMID: 11754246 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Aria LX4 staggered parallel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system is evaluated for application to good laboratory practice (GLP) level quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This system consists of four fully independent binary HPLC pumps, a modified autosampler, and a series of switching and selector valves all controlled by a single computer program. The system improves sample throughput without sacrificing chromatographic separation or data quality. Validation results for four different compounds, each analyzed on a separate channel of the Aria system, show precision and accuracy equivalent to that required of a single-channel system. The results show that sample throughput can be increased nearly four-fold without requiring significant changes in current analytical procedures. The flexibility and ease of use of the Aria system suggest that it should be possible to quickly implement it in any analytical LC/MS/MS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C King
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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29
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:225-235. [PMID: 11345053 DOI: 10.1002/jms.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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