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Adhikari RP, Mohamed Sheik Tharik A, Meyyanathan SN. Mini Review on Forced Degradation Studies on Anti-Epileptic Drugs and Beyond. J Chromatogr Sci 2022:6671202. [PMID: 35980304 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review on the forced degradation studies on anti-epileptic drugs and the development of validated stability-indicating assay methods for drug substances and products at a condition more severe than accelerated condition (i.e. 40 ± 2°C, 75 ± 5% relative humidity), the drug substance and drug product undergo degradation is known as forced or stress degradation. To know about the impurities developed during the storage of drug products in various environmental conditions. The limit of degradation allowable is 5-20%. More than 20% of degradation is abnormal and must be investigated. Any regulatory guidelines do not mention the pH conditions for acid or base hydrolysis, the temperature for thermal degradation or the concentration of the oxidation agent. Only International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines Q1B photostability stability and states that light sources must be a combination of UV and visible light. The shortcomings of mentioned techniques with appreciation to regulatory necessities are highlighted. A systematic method for the forced degradation studies on anti-epileptic drugs such as "Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lacosamide, Tiagabine, Levetiracetam and Zonisamide" is discussed. This review helps researchers to get an idea about stability-indicating methods of development and validation for newer antiepileptic drugs and the characteristics of drug products that degrade under specific degradation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Prasad Adhikari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty-643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Mohamed Sheik Tharik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty-643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S N Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty-643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cyclosporine-graphene oxide laden hydrogel contact lenses. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121414. [PMID: 34952149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting contact lens can substitute the multiple eye drop therapy. However, loading hydrophobic drug like cyclosporine in the contact lens is very challenging, due to low drug uptake (via soaking method); and alteration in the swelling and optical properties which restricts its clinical application. To address the above issues, graphene oxide (GO, large surface area with oxygen containing functional groups) was incorporated in the contact lenses during fabrication. These GO-laden contact lenses (SM-GO-Cys) as well as blank contact lenses (SM-Cys) were soaked in the solution of cyclosporine. Alternatively, cyclosporine-laden contact lenses (DL-Cys-20) and cyclosporine-GO-laden contact lenses (DL-Cys-20-GO) were fabricated by adding drug and drug-GO (at various level of GO) during fabrication, respectively. Contact angle and swelling data showed increase in water holding capacity of GO laden contact lenses. Optical property was significantly improved due to molecular dispersion of drug on the surface of GO sheets. The drug uptake and in vitro release profile was improved with GO-laden contact lenses by soaking method (SM-GO-Cys-400n) due to hydrophobic interactions between GO and drug. Adding cyclosporine-GO (DL-Cys-20-GO-800n) during fabrication significantly improved drug release kinetics with higher drug leaching (during extraction and sterilization) due to increased swelling, improved dissolution and molecular dispersion of drug on GO sheets. Ocular irritation and histopathological studies demonstrated the safety of GO-contact lens. The in vivo drug release studies in the rabbit eye showed significant improvement in mean residence time (MRT) and area under the curve (AUC) using DL-Cys-20-GO-800n contact lens compared to eye drop solution with reduction in protein adherence value. The study demonstrated that the incorporation of GO into the contact lens can control the release of cyclosporine as well as improved the lens swelling and transmittance properties.
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Gire AI, Karakus S, Ingrodi SM, Akpek EK. Frequent Dosing of Topical Cyclosporine A for Severe Ocular Surface Disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:150-4. [PMID: 26789928 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the systemic safety and patient tolerability of frequent dosing of cyclosporine A (CsA) 0.05% eyedrops in the treatment of ocular surface disease. This is a retrospective case series. Patients with significant ocular surface diseases who were treated using topical CsA higher than the usual twice daily dosing (3-8 times daily and over a treatment period of 1-70 months). The main outcome measures are plasma levels of CsA and local tolerability. METHODS Symptom assessment, corneal staining using fluorescein, conjunctival staining using lissamine green, tear film breakup time, and other signs according to the disease process were monitored. Discontinuation of treatment due to intolerability was recorded. CsA levels were measured in the plasma at a clinical laboratory. RESULTS Plasma levels of CsA were below the level of detection (7 ng/mL) in all the 41 patients included. All patients tolerated the treatment well with none discontinuing due to any treatment-related local adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CsA 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion applied more frequently than the usual twice daily dosing was safe and well tolerated in patients with significant ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa I Gire
- Ocular Surface Diseases and Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sezen Karakus
- Ocular Surface Diseases and Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shanna M Ingrodi
- Ocular Surface Diseases and Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Esen Karamursel Akpek
- Ocular Surface Diseases and Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Wu YT, Cham TM, Tsai TR. Development of HPLC with Photo-diode Array Method for the Determination of Ramipril in Tablets Using Factorial Design. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Szerkus O, Wolska E, Struck-Lewicka W, Siluk D, Radwańska A, Wiczling P, Chorążewicz J, Sznitowska M, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan R. Development and validation of UHPLC method for the determination of cyclosporine A in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:802-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Szerkus
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Eliza Wolska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | | | - Danuta Siluk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Aleksandra Radwańska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Paweł Wiczling
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | | | | | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Roman Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics; Medical University of Gdańsk; Poland
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Xu X, Gupta A, Faustino P, Sathe PM, Sayeed VA, Khan MA. Development and validation of a HPLC method for dissolution and stability assay of liquid-filled cyclosporine capsule drug products. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:959-67. [PMID: 23761263 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To assay the dissolution samples of a drug product from several sources, a simple but broadly applicable analytical method is always desired. For the liquid-filled cyclosporine capsules, while analyzing the dissolution samples, the current compendial and literature HPLC methods have been found to be inadequate to provide satisfactory separation of the drug and the excipient peaks. Accordingly, a suitable isocratic reverse-phase HPLC method was developed for the analysis of dissolution samples of liquid-filled cyclosporine capsules. The method successfully separated the cyclosporine peak from the interfering chromatographic peaks of the excipients. The method was validated according to the ICH and FDA guidelines. Specificity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were established over 3 days as part of method validation. Additionally, the degradation kinetics of cyclosporine in dissolution media was determined. Cyclosporine degradation followed a zero-order kinetics in the dissolution media with the respective rate constants of -3.5, -1.5, and -0.3%/h at 37°C, 25°C, and 10°C.
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Başaran E, Yenilmez E, Berkman MS, Büyükköroğlu G, Yazan Y. Chitosan nanoparticles for ocular delivery of cyclosporine A. J Microencapsul 2013; 31:49-57. [PMID: 23834316 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.805839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, cyclosporine A (CsA) was successfully incorporated into cationic chitosan nanoparticles by spray-drying method aiming ocular application. Physicochemical characterisation of particles was performed in detail. Among the particles prepared using three types of chitosan with different molecular weights, particles containing chitosan with medium molecular weight was selected for in vivo studies. Selection was dependent on higher incorporation and encapsulation efficiencies of CsA and also better release characteristic in simulated tear fluid. Sheep were used in in vivo studies. Biological samples were collected at predetermined time intervals and were analysed by enzyme immune assay. CsA could be detected in both aqueous and vitreous humour samples for the duration of 72 h. In vivo release profiles indicated prolonged release of active agent from positively charged chitosan formulations. This may be attributed to enhanced residence time at the corneal and conjunctival surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Başaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University , 26470 Eskişehir , Turkey
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Gotti R, Furlanetto S, Santagati NA. Analysis of Cyclosporin A and Main Degradation Impurities by Cyclodextrin–Modified Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.653897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li M, Forest JM, Coursol C, Leclair G. Stability of cyclosporine solutions stored in polypropylene–polyolefin bags and polypropylene syringes. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:1646-50. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Başaran E, Demirel M, Sırmagül B, Yazan Y. Cyclosporine-A incorporated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:37-47. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040902846883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bonifacio FN, Giocanti M, Reynier JP, Lacarelle B, Nicolay A. Development and validation of HPLC method for the determination of Cyclosporin A and its impurities in Neoral capsules and its generic versions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:540-6. [PMID: 19124213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a cornerstone immunosuppressant for the prophylaxis against allograft rejection after organ transplantation. The most widely prescribed CyA formulation is Neoral soft gelatine capsules (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland). After Novartis patent expiration, several generic formulations have been developed. In this paper, a simple and reliable HPLC method was developed and validated for the evaluation of four CyA degradation products (ID-005-95, CyH, IsoCyH and IsoCyA) and two related compounds (CyB and CyG) aimed for the quality control of Neoral capsules and its generic formulations. In a second step, the validated method was then compared to the USP assay method for capsules, where some of the mentioned impurities were not adequately resolved from the CyA peak. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.0mLmin(-1) was employed on a Lichrospher RP-18 (4mmx250mm; 5microm) analytical column maintained at 75 degrees C with a tetrahydrofuran:phosphoric acid (0.05M) (44:56, v/v) as mobile phase. The chromatograms were recorded using a Hewlett Packard 1100 chromatographic system. The UV detection wavelength was performed at 220nm and 10microL of sample was injected. The developed method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The validate method was successfully applied to commercial capsules, Neoral and generic versions. Therefore, the proposed method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of CyA as well as its major impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nunes Bonifacio
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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Yang S, Park S, Kim D, Chung S, Shim C. A Simple HPLC Method for the Determination of Cyclosporin A in Human Whole Blood. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500452010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su‐Geun Yang
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - So‐Ra Park
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae‐Duk Kim
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk‐Jae Chung
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang‐Koo Shim
- a Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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Lallemand F, Perottet P, Felt-Baeyens O, Kloeti W, Philippoz F, Marfurt J, Besseghir K, Gurny R. A water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A for ocular application: a stability study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 26:124-9. [PMID: 15978789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNIL088 is a water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A (CsA) developed for topical eye delivery. Such a prodrug has to fulfil two paradoxical requirements as it must be rapidly hydrolysed under physiological conditions but also retain a long shelf-life in aqueous media. This study has been conducted to explore the stability of UNIL088 formulated as an eyedrop solution. The stability study of the prodrug was performed over a pH range of 5-7 at 20 degrees C and at various ionic strengths. The molecule was more stable at pH 5 than at pH 7 with conversion rate constant of 3.2 x 10(-3) and 26.0 x 10(-3)days(-1), respectively. The effect of temperature was studied at four different temperatures and activation energy was determined. Conversion of UNIL088 followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic with an activation energy of 79.4 kJ mol(-1). Due to its low solubility, CsA generated precipitated in the solution. The average size of CsA precipitates, determined by photon spectroscopy, was 0.22 and 1.08 microm at 7 and 14 days, respectively. The hydrolysis mechanism was partially elucidated by identification of the intermediate pSer-Sar-CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lallemand
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Zaghloul AA, Hussain A, Khan MA, Ahsan F. Development of a HPLC method for the determination of cyclosporin-A in rat blood and plasma using naproxen as an internal standard. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:1101-7. [PMID: 12667926 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection at 205 nm has been developed for the determination of cyclosporin-A (CyA) in rat blood and plasma. Naproxen was successfully used as an internal standard. Blood or plasma samples were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether. The ether extract was evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in acetonitrile-0.04 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) solvent mixture. After washing with n-hexane, 30 microl of the reconstituted solution was injected into HPLC system. Good chromatographic separation between CyA and internal standard peaks was achieved by using a stainless steel analytical column packed with 4 microm Nova-Pak Phenyl material. The system was operated at 75 degrees C using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.04 M monobasic potassium phosphate (pH 2.5) (65:35 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The calibration curve for CyA in rat blood was linear over the tested concentration range of 0.0033-0.0166 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. For rat plasma, the range of the concentrations tested were between 0.002 and 0.0166 M and showed linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.953. The intra- and inter-run precision and accuracy results were 1.24-21.87 and 3.1-12.23%, respectively. The low volume of blood or plasma needed (200 microl), simplicity of the extraction process, short run time (5 min) and low injection volume (30 microl) make this method suitable for quick and routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Azim Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Bakshi M, Singh S. Development of validated stability-indicating assay methods--critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:1011-40. [PMID: 12049968 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This write-up provides a review on the development of validated stability-indicating assay methods (SIAMs) for drug substances and products. The shortcomings of reported methods with respect to regulatory requirements are highlighted. A systematic approach for the development of stability-indicating methods is discussed. Critical issues related to development of SIAMs, such as separation of all degradation products, establishment of mass balance, stress testing of formulations, development of SIAMs for combination products, etc. are also addressed. The applicability of pharmacopoeial methods for the analysis of stability samples is discussed. The requirements of SIAMs for stability study of biotechnological substances and products are also touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bakshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, Mohali, India
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