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Stojanović J, Krmar J, Protić A, Svrkota B, Đajić N, Otašević B. Experimental design in HPLC separation of pharmaceuticals. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-32480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Design of Experiments (DoE) is an indispensable tool in contemporary drug analysis as it simultaneously balances a number of chromatographic parameters to ensure optimal separation in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This manuscript briefly outlines the theoretical background of the DOE and provides step-by-step instruction for its implementation in HPLC pharmaceutical practice. It particularly discusses the classification of various design types and their possibilities to rationalize the different stages of HPLC method development workflow, such as the selection of the most influential factors, factors optimization and assessment of the method robustness. Additionally, the application of the DOE-based Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept in the LC method development has been summarized. Recent achievements in the use of DOE in the development of stability-indicating LC and hyphenated LC-MS methods have also been briefly reported. Performing of Quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) study enhanced with DOE-based data collection was recomended as a future perspective in description of retention in HPLC system.
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Levent S, Özcan S, Geven A, Can NÖ. A Novel and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitation of Ceftiofur in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Milk Samples. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:386-399. [PMID: 33176637 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999201110192558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the present study, a sensitive and selective liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was described for the determination of ceftiofur (CEF) in cow milk and pharmaceutical preparations. CEF is an antibiotic compound, which is commonly used in the treatment of animal diseases such as respiratory system, soft tissue, and foot infections, as well as postpartum acute puerperal metritis. One of the critical features of CEF is its prescription while breastfeeding cows; in accordance, its quantitative estimation is essential to assess its residual amounts. METHODS In the method reported herein, after simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the pre-treated samples were introduced into an LC-MS/MS instrument equipped with a Chromolith® High-Resolution RP-18 series HPLC column (100 mm × 4.6 mm from Merck KGaA, Germany). Electrospray ionization was employed as the ionization source in the triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. RESULTS For the calibration method using solvent-based standards, LOQ was 3.038 ng/mL, 12.15 ng/mL, and LOD was 1.215 ng/mL and 6.076 ng/mL for ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively. On the other hand, for the method of matrix-matched standards, LOQ was 1.701 ng/mL, 10.13 ng/mL, and LOD was 0.486 ng/mL and 5.929 ng/mL for ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively as obtained from signal to noise ratio. CONCLUSION Applicability of both positive and negative ion modes was tested, and the analyte was detected via multiple reaction monitoring. The distorting effects of the milk matrix on the MS ionization and quantitation of CEF were overcome by using matrix-matched calibration for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Saniye Özcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aysun Geven
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nafiz Öncü Can
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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Korifi R, Le Dréau Y, Dupuy N. Comparative study of the alignment method on experimental and simulated chromatographic data. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3276-91. [PMID: 25197022 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the signal comparison of chromatographic data is the variability of response caused by instrumental drifts and others instabilities. Measures of quality control and evaluation of conformity are inherently sensitive to shift. It is essential to be able to compare test samples to reference samples in an evolutionary analytical environment by offsetting the inevitable drift. Therefore, prior to any multivariate analysis, the alignment of analytical signals is a compulsory preprocessing step. During recent years, many researchers have taken a greater interest in the study of the alignment. The present paper is an updated review on the alignment algorithms, methods, and improvements used in chromatography. The study is dedicated to one-dimensional signals. Several of the exposed methods have common theoretical bases and can differ through their optimization methods. The main issue for the operator is to choose the appropriate method according to the type of signals to be processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Korifi
- Laboratoire LISA, EA 4672 Equipe METICA, Case 451, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex, France
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Abstract
AbstractThis review highlights the fundamentals and the most prominent advances in the field of HPLC instrumentation over the last decades. Fundamental aspects and practical considerations of column switching, conventional (heart-cut) and comprehensive two-dimensional LC are presented. Different aspects of microcolumn- and nanoliquid-chromatography are reviewed. Recent progress in column technology and the demands and developments in instrumentation and accessories for miniaturized LC are also discussed. In the field of miniaturization, particularly in chip-based nano-LC systems, some aspects on micro-fluidic chip fabrication, using particle-packed HPLC microchips or polymer-based monoliths, are addressed. An introduction to ultra performance LC (UPLC) is also presented.
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Chang Y, Cao Y, Zhang J, Wen Y, Ren Q. Purification of d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) by a temperature-modulated silica gel column chromatography: Use of Taguchi method to optimize purification conditions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:804-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck, Analytical Development and Commercialization-API Merck Manufacturing Division , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Sangoi MS, Todeschini V, Steppe M. Fesoterodine stress degradation behavior by liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 84:1068-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kawczak P, Vander Heyden Y, Nasal A, Bączek T, Drabczyñska A, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Kaliszan R. Micellar liquid chromatography for lipophilicity determination of new biologically active 1,3-purinodiones. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1546-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guillarme D, Ruta J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. New trends in fast and high-resolution liquid chromatography: a critical comparison of existing approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 397:1069-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Saunders KC, Ghanem A, Boon Hon W, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Separation and sample pre-treatment in bioanalysis using monolithic phases: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pous-Torres S, Torres-Lapasió JR, Ruiz-Ángel MJ, García-Álvarez-Coque MC. Interpretive optimisation of organic solvent content and flow-rate in the separation of β-blockers with a Chromolith RP-18e column. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2793-803. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pous-Torres S, Ruiz-Ángel MJ, Torres-Lapasió JR, García-Álvarez-Coque MC. Performance of a Chromolith RP-18e column for the screening of β-blockers. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2841-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Comprehensive liquid chromatography: Fundamental aspects and practical considerations—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 641:14-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kaminski L, El Deeb S, Wätzig H. Repeatability of monolithic HPLC columns while using a flow program. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1745-9. [PMID: 18446815 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fast HPLC methods are becoming more and more important. Using monolithic HPLC columns for fast separations, a flow program can be applied for further decrease in the total run time. An interesting issue was whether the flow program affects repeatability. The investigated method was a generic assay for the oral antidiabetic drugs glibenclamide and glimepiride in the presence of two of their degradation products. A flow program ranging from 5.0 to 9.9 mL/min had been set up to decrease the run time to approximately 1.7 min. Within-day RSD% (n = 40) for both retention times and peak areas were less than 1%. At flow rates higher than 7 mL/min, repeatability was impaired to some extent. It became mainly noticeable through the day-to-day precision (n = 60) which showed RSD% up to 2%. However, further investigations indicated that this was rather related to pump inefficiency at high flow rates than to the flow program as such. Presuming the use of appropriate equipment, qualified for high flow rates, the application of a flow program for shortening the run time is absolutely reasonable and does not affect repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kaminski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Martel S, Guillarme D, Henchoz Y, Galland A, Veuthey J, Rudaz S, Carrupt P. Chromatographic Approaches for Measuring Log
P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621286.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Particle packed columns and monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography-comparison and critical appraisal. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:393-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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François I, de Villiers A, Tienpont B, David F, Sandra P. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography applying two parallel columns in the second dimension. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1178:33-42. [PMID: 18054028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The design of a new interface for comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) is described. To the conventionally used LC x LC system with the loop-type interface consisting of a two-position/ten-port switching valve equipped with two loops, an extra two-position/ten-port switching valve, a detector, a pump and a second column placed in parallel with the column in the second dimension, are added. The features of the interface are that the separation space in the second dimension is significantly enlarged and that the number of fractions transferred from the first to the second dimension can be increased, reducing the risk to lose resolution of the primary dimension. The potential of the system in NPLC x 2RPLC is illustrated with the analysis of a standard mixture and a lemon oil extract. For the lemon oil analysis, the effective peak capacity was increased from 437 using a conventional interface to 1095 with the new interface. RPLC x 2RPLC in combination with reduced modulation times was applied to the analysis of steroids and to the detection of impurities at the 0.05% relative concentration level in a sulfonamide drug sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle François
- Ghent University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 (S4-bis), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sutton PA, Nesterenko PN. Retention characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons on silica and aminopropyl-modified monolithic columns in normal-phase HPLC. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2900-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Natishan TK. Recent Developments of Achiral HPLC Methods in Pharmaceuticals Using Various Detection Modes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories , RY818‐C215, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065 , USA
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El Deeb S, Preu L, Wätzig H. A strategy to develop fast RP-HPLC methods using monolithic silica columns. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1993-2001. [PMID: 17625793 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the appearance of monolithic silica, much work has been done describing the properties of monolithic silica columns. Meanwhile the transferability of analytical methods from conventional to monolithic silica columns has been intensively investigated [1-5]. RP HPLC method development strategies for conventional columns should be updated or scaled to meet the higher performing monolithic column technology. Because of the high permeability of monolithic silica columns it should be possible to decrease the time for method development by applying high isocratic flow rates. Here we suggest a clear strategy for method development using monolithic columns. The strategy will be applicable for various sample compositions, e. g., acidic, basic, or neutral. The applicability of monolithic columns for especially complex separations of basic mixtures without the need of using a highly basic mobile phase that harms the column will be pointed out in this work. This work will describe in detail the actual method development process. For better understanding of our strategy, the influence of flow rate, column length, mobile phase composition, pH, and temperature will be discussed. Details about the application of a flow program will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Savić G, Zečević M, Jocić B, Živanović L. Validation of an HPLC Method for the Determination of Valdecoxib and its Degradation Product: a Mixture of α- and β-n-Lactosyl Sulfonamide Anomers. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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El Deeb S, Preu L, Wätzig H. Evaluation of monolithic HPLC columns for various pharmaceutical separations: Method transfer from conventional phases and batch to batch repeatability. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:85-95. [PMID: 17346916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods developed on conventional particle-packed C18 columns for pilocarpine, propranolol, glibenclamide, glimepiride, insulin and their respective degradation products or related compounds were transferred from the conventional Superspher 100RP-18e column to Chromolith Performance RP-18e columns. All transfers were successful applying the same chromatographic conditions, except for insulin where the acetonitrile content of the mobile phase was reduced by 0.5%. The intraday and interday precisions for both retention time and peak area were evaluated over a wide concentration range. Results were found to be equal, or slightly better on Chromolith Performance with RSD%<1.1% in all cases. Monolithic batch to batch repeatability of both retention time and peak area, compared for monolithic columns from different batches gave an RSD% of less than 1.3%. The separation of each drug and its related products was investigated on monolithic columns at flow rates from 1 to 9 ml/min, and superior resolution was always obtained using monolithic over conventional columns at the same flow rate. A total of seven monolithic columns from four different batches were used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Guillarme D, Nguyen DTT, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Recent developments in liquid chromatography—Impact on qualitative and quantitative performance. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:20-9. [PMID: 17129584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the analysis time and maintain good efficiency in liquid chromatography (LC), several solutions are currently being investigated. The focus of this study was to compare, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the chromatographic performance of a conventional LC with selected approaches, namely monolithic supports, high temperature LC (up to 90 degrees C), and sub-2 microm particles combined with high pressure (up to 1000 bar). This comparison was achieved from a qualitative point of view with a special attention paid to the analysis of time reduction, efficiency improvement, and pressure constraint. For this purpose, the different approaches were discussed using Knox curves and other kinetic plots. It appeared that columns packed with sub-2 microm particles under high-pressure conditions (UPLC) were well adapted and this option represents an attractive alternative to conventional LC; however, the other alternative approaches should not be neglected. The quantitative evaluation of these techniques was performed on the basis of the validation of results of a pharmaceutical formulation (Rapidocaïne), following SFSTP 2003 guidelines. Fast-LC approaches demonstrated equivalent performance to conventional LC in terms of trueness, precision, and accuracy profile, with a significant time reduction (up to 8x) according to the selected methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Guillarme
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Machtejevas E, Andrecht S, Lubda D, Unger KK. Monolithic silica columns of various format in automated sample clean-up/multidimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for peptidomics. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:97-101. [PMID: 17137587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The following particulate and monolithic silica columns were implemented in a fully automated and flexible multidimensional LC/MS system with integrated sample clean-up, to perform the analysis of endogeneous peptides from filtered urine and plasma samples: restricted access sulphonic acid strong cation-exchanger (RAM-SCX) for sample clean-up, RP 18 Chromolith guard columns as trap columns and 100 microm I.D. monolithic RP 18 fused silica capillary columns as last LC dimension. The results show sufficient overall system reproducibility and repeatability. Implementation of monolithic silica columns added an additional flexibility with respect to flow rate variation and adjustment due to the low column back pressures. Also, monolithic columns showed a lower clogging rate in long-term usage for biological samples as compared to particulate columns. The applied system set-up was tested to be useful for the routine peptide screening in search of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidijus Machtejevas
- Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Dejaegher B, Heyden YV. Ruggedness and robustness testing. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:138-57. [PMID: 17379230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the strict regulatory requirements, especially in pharmaceutical analysis, analysis results with an acceptable quality should be reported. Thus, a proper validation of the measurement method is required. In this context, ruggedness and robustness testing becomes increasingly more important. In this review, the definitions of ruggedness and robustness are given, followed by a short explanation of the different approaches applied to examine the ruggedness or the robustness of an analytical method. Then, case studies, describing ruggedness or robustness tests of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), capillary electrophoretic (CE), gas chromatographic (GC), supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) assay methods, are critically reviewed and discussed. Mainly publications of the last 10 years are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Dejaegher
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Aboul‐Enein HY, Hoenen H, Ghanem A, Koll M. Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for the High‐Throughput Analysis of Clopidogrel in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Monolithic Silica Column. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200054835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y. Aboul‐Enein
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department , King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Hoenen
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department , King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department , King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Koll
- a Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department , King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wenk M, Haegeli L, Brunner H, Krähenbühl S. Determination of furosemide in plasma and urine using monolithic silica rod liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1367-70. [PMID: 16569489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we developed a fast and reliable HPLC assay for the determination of the loop diuretic furosemide in plasma and urine, using a Chromolith RP 18e (100 mm x 4.6 mm) monolithic silica rod HPLC column. After liquid-liquid extraction with diethylether plasma or urine samples were separated with a gradient consisting of solvent A (20% acetonitrile) and solvent B (80% acetonitrile), both in 0.25% acetic acid. The flow rate was 3.5 ml/min and the effluent was monitored by fluorescence with excitation at 230 nm and emission at 410 nm. The retention times for the internal standard (naproxen) and for furosemide were 2.1 and 3.7 min, respectively, and total run time was 8 min. The calibration curves were linear between 7.8 and 1000 ng/ml, and within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation were <6.5% and <10%, respectively. The proposed assay for furosemide in plasma and urine using monolithic silica rod chromatography is fast, sensitive, and reliable, and, thus, well suited for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wenk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology and Department of Research, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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François I, de Villiers A, Sandra P. Considerations on the possibilities and limitations of comprehensive normal phase–reversed phase liquid chromatography (NPLC×RPLC). J Sep Sci 2006; 29:492-8. [PMID: 16583687 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive normal phase system LC-reversed phase LC (NPLC x RPLC) was evaluated for the separation of a pharmaceutical mixture and citrus oil extracts. NPLC was performed on a 25 cm x 1 mm ID x 5 microm dp diol phase. In the second dimension, an RP 18 monolithic column (10 cm L x 4.6 mm ID x 2 microm macropore size) and an octadecyl silicagel-packed column (5 cm L x 4.6 mm ID x 3.5 microm dp) were applied for the analyses of the pharmaceutical sample and the citrus oil extracts, respectively. A two-position/ten-port switching valve was used as interface. Under optimised LC conditions, the high degree of orthogonality between NP and RP resulted in peak capacities of 300 for the pharmaceutical sample and of 450 for the citrus oil extract composed of lemon and orange oil. Despite the features of NPLC x RPLC, several shortcomings related with the solvent incompatibility between the two LC modes were identified and the practical consequences were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle François
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang Y, Harrison M, Clark BJ. Optimising reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of an acidic mixture on a monolithic stationary phase with the aid of response surface methodology and experimental design. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:199-207. [PMID: 16413563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An optimization strategy for the separation of an acidic mixture by employing a monolithic stationary phase is presented, with the aid of experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM). An orthogonal array design (OAD) OA(16) (2(15)) was used to choose the significant parameters for the optimization. The significant factors were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD) and the quadratic models between the dependent and the independent parameters were built. The mathematical models were tested on a number of simulated data set and had a coefficient of R(2) > 0.97 (n = 16). On applying the optimization strategy, the factor effects were visualized as three-dimensional (3D) response surfaces and contour plots. The optimal condition was achieved in less than 40 min by using the monolithic packing with the mobile phase of methanol/20 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.7 (25.5/74.5, v/v). The method showed good agreement between the experimental data and predictive value throughout the studied parameter space and were suitable for optimization studies on the monolithic stationary phase for acidic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, School of Life Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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van Nederkassel AM, Daszykowski M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Prediction of total green tea antioxidant capacity from chromatograms by multivariate modeling. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1096:177-86. [PMID: 16301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a fast strategy for determining the total antioxidant capacity of Chinese green tea extracts is developed. This strategy includes the use of experimental techniques, such as fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on monolithic columns and a spectrophotometric approach to determine the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts. To extract the chemically relevant information from the obtained data, chemometrical approaches are used. Among them there are correlation optimized warping (COW) to align the chromatograms, robust principal component analysis (robust PCA) to detect outliers, and partial least squares (PLS) and uninformative variable elimination partial least squares (UVE-PLS) to construct a reliable multivariate regression model to predict the total antioxidant capacity from the fast chromatograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Nederkassel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Popovici ST, Schoenmakers PJ. Fast size-exclusion chromatography--theoretical and practical considerations. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1099:92-102. [PMID: 16330275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fast SEC is a very interesting modification of conventional SEC. The need for it emerges from combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput experimentation, where high-speed analyses are required. The different approaches to change the speed of analysis are extensively described in this paper. Special attention is paid to the trade-off between analysis time and resolution and to the selection of optimal column lengths and flow rates. Simulations are used to design and to understand experiments. Integrity plots are constructed to judge the quality of various SEC systems. Fast separations in size-exclusion chromatography are found to be more favorable than suggested by conventional theory. The results are based on experimental data obtained for polystyrene using THF as mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona T Popovici
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciencies (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Nederkassel AM, Vijverman V, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Development of a Ginkgo biloba fingerprint chromatogram with UV and evaporative light scattering detection and optimization of the evaporative light scattering detector operating conditions. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1085:230-9. [PMID: 16106703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fingerprint chromatogram of a standardized Ginkgo biloba extract is developed on a monolithic silica column using a ternary gradient containing water, iso-propanol and tetrahydrofuran. For the detection, UV and evaporative light scattering (ELS) detectors are used, the latter allowing detection of the poor UV absorbing compounds as ginkgolides (A-C and J) and bilobalide in the extract. The complementary information between the UV and ELS fingerprint is evaluated. The ELS detector used in this study can operate in an impactor 'on' or 'off' mode. For each mode, the operating conditions such as the nebulizing gas flow rate, the drift tube temperature and the gain are optimized by use of three-level screening designs to obtain the best signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in the final ELS fingerprint chromatogram. In both impactor modes, very similar S/N ratios are obtained for the nominal levels of the design. However, optimization of the operating conditions resulted, for both impactor modes, in a significant increase in S/N ratios compared to the initial evaluated conditions, obtained from the detector software.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Nederkassel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
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Borges V, Yang E, Dunn J, Henion J. High-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of bupropion and its metabolites in human, mouse and rat plasma using a monolithic column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 804:277-87. [PMID: 15081921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a high-throughput LC/MS/MS method using a Chromolith RP-18 (50 mm x 4.6 mm) monolithic column was developed and partially validated for the determination of bupropion (BUP), an anti-depressant drug, and its metabolites, hydroxybupropion and threo-hydrobupropion (TB), in human, mouse, and rat plasma. A modern integrated liquid chromatograph and an LC/MS/MS system with a TurboIonSpray (TIS) interface were used for the positive electrospray selected reaction monitoring (SRM) LC/MS analyses. Spiked control plasma calibration standards and quality control (QC) samples were extracted by semi-automated 96-well liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate. A mobile phase consisting of 8mM ammonium acetate-acetonitrile (55:45, v/v) delivered isocratically at 5 ml/min, and split post-column to 2 ml/min directed to the TIS, provided the optimum conditions for the chromatographic separation of bupropion and its metabolites within 23s. The isotope-labeled D(6)-bupropion and D(6)-hydroxybupropion were used as internal standards. The method was linear over a concentration range of 0.25-200 ng/ml (bupropion and threo-hydrobupropion), and 1.25-1000 ng/ml (hydroxybupropion). The intra- and inter-day assay accuracy and precision were within 15% for all analytes in each of the biological matrices. The monolithic column performance as a function of column backpressure, peak asymmetry, and retention time reproducibility was adequately maintained over 864 extracted plasma injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Borges
- Analytical Toxicology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, 927 Warren Drive, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Abstract
The recent invention and successive commercial introduction of monolithic silica columns has motivated many scientists from both academia and industry to study their use in HPLC. The first paper on monolithic silica columns appeared in 1996. Currently about 200 papers have been published relating to applications and characterization of monolithic silica columns, including monolithic capillaries. This review attempts to give an overview covering various aspects of this new column type in the field of high throughput analysis of drugs and metabolites, chiral separations, analysis of pollutants and food-relevant compounds, as well as in bioanalytical separations such as in proteomics. Some of the applications are described in greater detail. The numerous publications dealing with the physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of monolithic silica columns are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Cabrera
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Detroyer A, Vander Heyden Y, Reynaert K, Massart DL. Evaluating “Fast” Micellar Monolithic Liquid Chromatography for High-Throughput Quantitative Structure−Retention Relationship Screening. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1903-8. [PMID: 15053650 DOI: 10.1021/ac030339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced monolithic silica columns were tested for their use in micellar liquid chromatography. Micellar methods are utilized in high-throughput quantitative structure-retention relationships to estimate an indicator of the membrane permeability of drugs, namely, the octanol-water partition coefficient, log P. The monolithic column's ability to function at higher flow rates might be useful to speed up these chromatographic methods estimating the log P. Therefore, the elution behavior of diverse basic pharmaceutical substances was determined on a classical particle-based and a monolithic column, both with and without a micellar medium in the mobile phase. Utilizing among others principal component analysis, the extent to which these methods differ in retention characteristics was examined in the context of high-throughput determination of log P. Results indicate that combining monolithic columns with micellar media leads to faster log P and possibly even better permeability predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Detroyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Fast high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of mianserin and its metabolites in human plasma using monolithic silica column and solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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SUZUKI A, UZU H, MASUOKA S, LI X, LIM LW, TAKEUCHI T. Rapid separation on monolithic silica-based capillary columns in LC. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi SUZUKI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Hideyuki UZU
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Shinichi MASUOKA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Xiong LI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
| | - Lee Wah LIM
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
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Barroso B, Lubda D, Bischoff R. Applications of Monolithic Silica Capillary Columns in Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2003; 2:633-42. [PMID: 14692457 DOI: 10.1021/pr0340532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use and applicability of silica based capillary monolithic reversed-phase columns in proteomic analysis has been evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Chromatographic performance of the monolithic capillaries was evaluated with a tryptic digest of cytochrome C showing very good resolution and reproducibility in addition to the known advantages of a low pressure drop over a time period of 6 months. Monoliths were subsequently tested for their suitability to separate proteins and peptides from samples typically encountered in proteomic research such as in-gel digested tryptic peptide mixtures or fractions of proteolytically digested human serum. The monolithic capillaries also proved useful in the analysis of phospholipid species in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Compared to particle-filled conventional capillary columns, rapid and highly efficient separation of peptides and proteins was achieved using these bimodal pore size distribution columns, and good quality collision induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained on an ion trap mass spectrometer. These novel monolithic separation media are thus a promising addition to the methodological toolbox of proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begona Barroso
- University of Groningen, Department of Bioanalysis & Toxicology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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