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Schwaiger K, Storch J, Bauer C, Bauer J. Abundance of selected bacterial groups in healthy calves and calves developing diarrhea during the first week of life: Are there differences before the manifestation of clinical symptoms? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958080. [PMID: 36386688 PMCID: PMC9641020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is still the most common and economically most significant disease of newborn calves. Objective Analysis of the development of selected bacterial groups in the feces of neonatal calves and its significance regarding diarrhea. Animals A total of 150 newborn Simmental calves reared in 13 Bavarian farms were included in the study. Methods Fecal samples of calves taken at 0/6/12/24/48/72/168 hours (h) since birth were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, enterococci, and lactobacilli, using cultural, biochemical, and molecular-biological methods. Concurrently, the health status of the animals was recorded. The bacterial levels of healthy and diarrheic animals were compared using statistical methods. In addition, feces samples from calves that developed diarrhea were examined by ELISA for the presence of rotaviruses, coronaviruses, E. coli F5, and Cryptosporidium (Cr.) parvum. Results Fifty-seven out of 150 calves (37.3 %) that were examined developed diarrhea within the first week of life. In the feces of calves with diarrhea on day 1 of life, the levels of aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while no significant differences in enterococci and lactobacilli were found. In animals with the onset of diarrhea on day 2 after birth, the load of lactobacilli was significantly reduced up to 24 h before the manifestation of clinical symptoms compared to healthy calves. For enterococci, this was only the case on the day of the onset of diarrhea. In addition, the ratios of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae or E. coli to lactobacilli, of calves with diarrhea starting on day 2 after birth are significantly higher than those of healthy calves. The detection frequency of specific pathogens in diarrheic calves increased over the first week of life. Conclusion The results suggest that the incidence of neonatal diarrhea in calves is favored by low levels of lactobacilli in the feces. From this, the hypothesis can be derived that, in addition to an optimal supply of colostrum, the earliest possible administration of lactobacilli might reduce neonatal diarrhea in calves. However, this must be verified in a subsequent feeding experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karin Schwaiger
| | - Julia Storch
- Veterinary Office Landratsamt Fürstenfeldbruck, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Quality Assurance and Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Schwaiger K, Storch J, Bauer C, Bauer J. Development of selected bacterial groups of the rectal microbiota of healthy calves during the first week postpartum. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:366-375. [PMID: 31617292 PMCID: PMC7166559 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aims The intestinal microbiota of newborn calves is largely unexplored even if it is of great significance for their future health. Therefore, the aim of the study was to gain a better insight into the development dynamics of certain bacterial groups during the first week of life. Methods and Results Faecal samples of healthy Simmental calves (dual‐purpose breed; n = 80), bottle fed and raised in a dairy farm were taken immediately after birth and at 6/12/24/48/72/168 h (h) after birth. Samples were analysed using cultural, biochemical and molecular–biological methods. The aerobe, anaerobe, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus counts of healthy calves increased significantly between 6 and 24 h postpartum (P <0·05). Apart from the anaerobes, bacterial counts decreased after reaching a plateau at 24–48 h. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in significantly higher counts compared to E. faecium (P <0·05). Lactobacilli developed more slowly and increased until day 7 after birth to a mean value of 6·8 × 107 CFU per g. MALDI‐TOF analysis of 2338 lactobacilli isolates resulted in 36 different species. Conclusions Lactobacillus reuteri became the most common Lactobacillus sp. during the first week of life. Significance and Impact of the Study This fact seems to be very important for the calf’s intestinal health because L. reuteri is known to show in vitro bactericidal effects against bacterial pathogens and anti‐infective activities against rotaviruses and Cryptosporidium parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwaiger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Animal Hygiene, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - J Storch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Animal Hygiene, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - C Bauer
- Department of Quality Assurance and Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - J Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Animal Hygiene, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Hölzel C, Bauer J, Stegherr EM, Schwaiger K. Presence of the vancomycin resistance gene cluster vanC1, vanXYc, and vanT in Enterococcus casseliflavus. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 20:177-80. [PMID: 24266667 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The three chromosomally located clustered genes vanC1, vanXYc, and vanT confer intrinsic resistance to vancomycin and are used for species identification of Enterococcus gallinarum. In this study, 28 strains belonging to the E. gallinarum/casseliflavus group isolated from cloacal swabs from laying hens were screened for the presence of vanC1. As confirmed by species-specific multiplex PCR, 11 vanC1-positive strains were identified as E. gallinarum. Surprisingly, one yellow pigmented strain, verified as E. casseliflavus by species-specific multiplex PCR, was also vanC1 positive; vanXYc and vanT were additionally detectable in this strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vanC1, vanXYc, and vanT in E. casseliflavus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was 4 mg/L. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed that none of the clustered genes was expressed in this strain. Even if the genes seem not to be active, there is a certain risk that they will be transferred to other bacteria where they might be functionally expressed. Therefore, it may be advisable to expand the search for vanC1, vanXYc, and vanT from E. gallinarum to other (enterococcal) species. This study confirms that enterococci live up to their name as being reservoir bacteria and should therefore always be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hölzel
- 1 Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Bedani R, Pauly-Silveira ND, Cano VSP, Valentini SR, de Rossi GF, Valdez EA. Effect of ingestion of soy yogurt on intestinal parameters of rats fed on a beef-based animal diet. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1238-47. [PMID: 24031747 PMCID: PMC3768778 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110003000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ingestion of soy yogurt fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 would modify the intestinal count of enterococci, fecal pH and ammonia content in rats fed on a diet containing red meat. The rats were placed in 4 groups: for 60 days, group I was given a standard casein-based rodent feed and groups II-IV, the beef-based feed. From day 30, groups III-IV also received the following products: III) soy yogurt; IV) suspension of E. faecium CRL 183. At the start and on days 30 and 60, feces were collected for the determination of pH, ammonia content, count of enterococci and identification of their species. On day 60, rats were sacrificed and their colons also removed for count of enterococci and identification of their species. Rats that ingested soy yogurt showed no significant change (P<0.05) in fecal counts of Enterococcus spp., but, this rat group showed a higher count of E. faecium than rats that ingested suspension of E. faecium CRL 183. The ingestion of soy yogurt and E. faecium culture caused a significant rise (P < 0.05) in fecal pH and ammonia content. Our results suggest that consumption of soy yogurt fermented with E. faecium CRL 183 and L. helveticus subsp. jugurti could change the species of Enterococcus spp. present in the feces and colon of rats fed on a beef-based diet. However, the fermented soy product and the pure culture of E. faecium CRL 183 also induced undesirable effects such as the increase of fecal pH and ammonia content in the feces of rats fed on a beef-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bedani
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara, SP , Brasil
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Hölzel CS, Huther SK, Schwaiger K, Kämpf P, Bauer J. Quantity of the Tetracycline Resistance Gene tet(M) Differs Substantially between Meat at Slaughterhouses and at Retail. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M318-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwaiger K, Helmke K, Hölzel CS, Bauer J. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from vegetables with regards to the marketing stage (farm vs. supermarket). Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:191-6. [PMID: 21700353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate whether and to what extent fresh produce from Germany plays a role as a carrier and reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria. For this purpose, 1001 vegetables (fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads and cereals) were collected from 13 farms and 11 supermarkets in Germany and examined bacteriologically. Phenotypic resistance of Enterobacter cloacae (n=172); Enterobacter gergoviae (n=92); Pantoea agglomerans (n=96); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=295); Pseudomonas putida (n=106) and Enterococcus faecalis (n=100) against up to 30 antibiotics was determined by using the microdilution method. Resistance to ß-lactams was most frequently expressed by P. agglomerans and E. gergoviae against cefaclor (41% and 29%). Relatively high resistance rates were also observed for doxycycline (23%), erythromycin (21%) and rifampicin (65%) in E. faecalis, for spectinomycin (28%) and mezlocillin (12%) in E. cloacae, as well as for streptomycin (19%) in P. putida. In P. aeruginosa, relatively low resistance rates were observed for the aminoglycosides amikacin, apramicin, gentamicin, neomycin, netilmicin and tobramycin (<4%); 11% was resistant to streptomycin. No glycopeptide-resistant enterococci were observed. Resistance rates of bacteria isolated from farm samples were higher than those of the retail markets whenever significant differences were observed. This suggests that expressing resistance is at the expense of bacterial viability, since vegetables purchased directly at the farm are probably fresher than at the supermarket, and they have not been exposed to stress factors. However, this should not keep the customer from buying directly at the farm, since the overall resistance rates were not higher than observed in bacteria from human or animal origin. Instead, peeling or washing vegetables before eating them raw is highly recommended, since it reduces not only the risk of contact with pathogens, but also that of ingesting and spreading antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Schwaiger K, Helmke K, Holzel CS, Bauer J. Comparative analysis of the bacterial flora of vegetables collected directly from farms and from supermarkets in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 21:161-172. [PMID: 21506036 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2010.515672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,001 vegetables were collected from 13 farms and 11 supermarkets in Bavaria, Germany; 722 samples were positive for coliforms (mostly Enterobacter cloacae; n = 176). Escherichia coli were detected in 34, Pseudomonas spp. in 439, Salmonella spp. in 1, Enterococcus spp. in 682, and Listeria spp. in 11 samples. Prevalence of all investigated genera tended to be lower in samples collected at the supermarket. However, prevalence of Pseudomonas fluorescens was higher in supermarket samples. Cereals/bulbous vegetables were less contaminated than root vegetables/salads. Fruit vegetables seem to be often subsequently contaminated in the retail market. Compared to foods of animal origin, prevalence of pathogenic bacteria is low. Particularly, in 1,001 investigated vegetables, only four L. monocytogenes and one Salmonella enterica have been found. Almost all of the detected microorganisms are reported to be opportunistic pathogens, if only in rare cases. Therefore, fresh produce should be washed or peeled before it is eaten raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Technische Universitat Munchen, Chair of Animal Hygiene, Freising, Germany.
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Jin L, Hinde K, Tao L. Species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2010; 40:52-8. [PMID: 20946146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother's milk is a source of bacteria that influences the development of the infant commensal gut microbiota. To date, the species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of non-human primates have not been described. METHODS Milk samples were aseptically obtained from 54 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at peak lactation. Following GM17 and MRS agar plating, single bacterial colonies were isolated based on difference in morphotypes, then grouped based on whole-cell protein profiles on SDS-PAGE. Bacterial DNA was isolated and the sequence the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 106 strains of 19 distinct bacterial species, belonging to five genera, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus, were identified. CONCLUSIONS Maternal gut and oral commensal bacteria may be translocated to the mammary gland during lactation and present in milk. This pathway can be an important source of commensal bacteria to the infant gut and oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hölzel C, Harms K, Küchenhoff H, Kunz A, Müller C, Meyer K, Schwaiger K, Bauer J. Phenotypic and genotypic bacterial antimicrobial resistance in liquid pig manure is variously associated with contents of tetracyclines and sulfonamides. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1642-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hölzel CS, Schwaiger K, Harms K, Küchenhoff H, Kunz A, Meyer K, Müller C, Bauer J. Sewage sludge and liquid pig manure as possible sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:318-326. [PMID: 20303077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decades, the environmental spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria has become a topic of concern. In this study, liquid pig manure (n=305) and sewage sludge (n=111) - used as agricultural fertilizers between 2002 and 2005 - were investigated for the presence of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Bacteria were tested for their resistance against 40 chemotherapeutics including several "reserve drugs". E. coli (n=613) from pig manure were at a significantly higher degree resistant to streptomycin, doxycycline, spectinomycin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol than E. coli (n=116) from sewage sludge. Enterococci (Ent. faecalis, n=387, and Ent. faecium, n=183) from pig manure were significantly more often resistant to high levels of doxycycline, rifampicin, erythromycin, and streptomycin than Ent. faecalis (n=44) and Ent. faecium (n=125) from sewage sludge. Significant differences in enterococcal resistance were also seen for tylosin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin high level, fosfomycin, clindamicin, enrofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. By contrast, aminopenicillins were more effective in enterococci from pig manure, and mean MIC-values of piperacillin+tazobactam and third generation cefalosporines were significantly lower in E. coli from pig manure than in E. coli from sewage sludge. 13.4% (E. coli) to 25.3% (Ent. faecium) of pig manure isolates were high-level multiresistant to substances from more than three different classes of antimicrobial agents. In sewage sludge, high-level-multiresistance reached from 0% (Ent. faecalis) to 16% (Ent. faecium). High rates of (multi-) resistant bacteria in pig manure emphasize the need for a prudent - cautious - use of antibiotics in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Hölzel
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany. 18940557
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Schwaiger K, Schmied EMV, Bauer J. Comparative Analysis on Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics ofListeriaspp. andEnterococcusspp. Isolated From Laying Hens and Eggs in Conventional and Organic Keeping Systems in Bavaria, Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tetracycline in liquid manure selects for co-occurrence of the resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) in Enterococcus faecalis. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Domig KJ, Mayer HK, Kneifel W. Methods used for the isolation, enumeration, characterisation and identification of Enterococcus spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 88:165-88. [PMID: 14596988 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the methodology applied for the identification and characterisation of enterococci and covers phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic techniques. Although conventional phenotypic typing schemes are useful for rapid and simple identification of enterococcal species for routine applications, other methods like standardised sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyMS) and vibrational spectroscopic methods allow a more in-depth characterisation of enterococci. Many of the recently described enterococcal species exhibit deviations from hitherto so-called classical enterococci with regard to their phenotypical properties. Therefore, genotypic methods have to be used to clarify their possible assignment to the genus Enterococcus. In this review, special emphasis is given on recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing methods such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), specific and random amplification (SARA) and modifications of PCR-ribotyping as well as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and partial sequence analysis. The use of PCR and probes for genus and species identification of enterococci is also considered like the application of sequence data of conserved DNA regions (e.g., ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes) in the case of species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad J Domig
- Department of Dairy Research and Bacteriology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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