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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Rao MR, Li T, Agostino M, Wild JM, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of the brain: Achievements and future challenges. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:83-105. [PMID: 35253919 PMCID: PMC9314594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain MRI is a promising imaging modality currently under extensive development. HP 129 Xe is nontoxic, capable of dissolving in pulmonary blood, and is extremely sensitive to the local environment. After dissolution in the pulmonary blood, HP 129 Xe travels with the blood flow to the brain and can be used for functional imaging such as perfusion imaging, hemodynamic response detection, and blood-brain barrier permeability assessment. HP 129 Xe MRI imaging of the brain has been performed in animals, healthy human subjects, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease and stroke. In this review, the overall progress in the field of HP 129 Xe brain imaging is discussed, along with various imaging approaches and pulse sequences used to optimize HP 129 Xe brain MRI. In addition, current challenges and limitations of HP 129 Xe brain imaging are discussed, as well as possible methods for their mitigation. Finally, potential pathways for further development are also discussed. HP 129 Xe MRI of the brain has the potential to become a valuable novel perfusion imaging technique and has the potential to be used in the clinical setting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhwesha R Rao
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Agostino
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Grynko V, Shepelytskyi Y, Li T, Hassan A, Granberg K, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe multi-slice imaging of the human brain using a 3D gradient echo pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3175-3181. [PMID: 34272774 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the possibility of performing multi-slice in-vivo human brain MRI using hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) in two different orientations and to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). METHODS Two healthy female participants were imaged during a single breath-hold of HP 129 Xe using a Philips Achieva 3.0T MRI scanner (Philips, Andover, MA). Each HP 129 Xe multi-slice brain image was acquired during separate HP 129 Xe breath-holds using 3D gradient echo (GRE) imaging. The acquisition started 10 s after the inhalation of 1 L of HP 129 Xe. Overall, four sagittal and three axial images were acquired (seven imaging sessions per participant). The SNR was calculated for each slice in both orientations. RESULTS The first ever HP 129 Xe multi-slice images of the brain were acquired in axial and sagittal orientations. The HP 129 Xe signal distribution correlated well with the gray matter distribution. The highest SNR values were close in the axial and sagittal orientations (19.46 ± 3.25 and 18.76 ± 4.94, respectively). Additionally, anatomical features, such as the ventricles, were observed in both orientations. CONCLUSION The possibility of using multi-slice HP 129 Xe human brain magnetic resonance imaging was demonstrated for the first time. HP 129 Xe multi-slice MRI can be implemented for brain imaging to improve current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Grynko
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Granberg
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Antonacci MA, Zhang L, Burant A, McCallister D, Branca RT. Simple and robust referencing system enables identification of dissolved-phase xenon spectral frequencies. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:431-441. [PMID: 29266425 PMCID: PMC5910273 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of macroscopic susceptibility gradients on the gas-phase referenced dissolved-phase 129 Xe (DPXe) chemical shift (CS) and to establish the robustness of a water-based referencing system for in vivo DPXe spectra. METHODS Frequency shifts induced by spatially varying magnetic susceptibility are calculated by finite-element analysis for the human head and chest. Their effect on traditional gas-phase referenced DPXe CS is then assessed theoretically and experimentally. A water-based referencing system for the DPXe resonances that uses the local water protons as reference is proposed and demonstrated in vivo in rats. RESULTS Across the human brain, macroscopic susceptibility gradients can induce an apparent variation in the DPXe CS of up to 2.5 ppm. An additional frequency shift as large as 6.5 ppm can exist between DPXe and gas-phase resonances. By using nearby water protons as reference for the DPXe CS, the effect of macroscopic susceptibility gradients is eliminated and consistent CS values are obtained in vivo, regardless of shimming conditions, region of interest analyzed, animal orientation, or lung inflation. Combining in vitro and in vivo spectroscopic measurements finally enables confident assignment of some of the DPXe peaks observed in vivo. CONCLUSION To use hyperpolarized xenon as a biological probe in tissues, the DPXe CS in specific organs/tissues must be reliably measured. When the gas-phase is used as reference, variable CS values are obtained for DPXe resonances. Reliable peak assignments in DPXe spectra can be obtained by using local water protons as reference. Magn Reson Med 80:431-441, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alex Burant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Drew McCallister
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Ruppert K. Biomedical imaging with hyperpolarized noble gases. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:116701. [PMID: 25360484 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/11/116701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases (HNGs), polarized to approximately 50% or higher, have led to major advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of porous structures and air-filled cavities in human subjects, particularly the lung. By boosting the available signal to a level about 100 000 times higher than that at thermal equilibrium, air spaces that would otherwise appear as signal voids in an MR image can be revealed for structural and functional assessments. This review discusses how HNG MR imaging differs from conventional proton MR imaging, how MR pulse sequence design is affected and how the properties of gas imaging can be exploited to obtain hitherto inaccessible information in humans and animals. Current and possible future imaging techniques, and their application in the assessment of normal lung function as well as certain lung diseases, are described.
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6
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Lilburn DM, Pavlovskaya GE, Meersmann T. Perspectives of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI beyond 3He. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 229:173-86. [PMID: 23290627 PMCID: PMC3611600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies with hyperpolarized (hp) noble gases are at an exciting interface between physics, chemistry, materials science and biomedical sciences. This paper intends to provide a brief overview and outlook of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hp noble gases other than hp (3)He. A particular focus are the many intriguing experiments with (129)Xe, some of which have already matured to useful MRI protocols, while others display high potential for future MRI applications. Quite naturally for MRI applications the major usage so far has been for biomedical research but perspectives for engineering and materials science studies are also provided. In addition, the prospects for surface sensitive contrast with hp (83)Kr MRI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Meersmann
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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7
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Imai H, Kimura A, Akiyama K, Ota C, Okimoto K, Fujiwara H. Development of a fast method for quantitative measurement of hyperpolarized 129Xe dynamics in mouse brain. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:210-217. [PMID: 21755553 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A fast method has been established for the precise measurement and quantification of the dynamics of hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 ((129)Xe) in the mouse brain. The key technique is based on repeatedly applying radio frequency (RF) pulses and measuring the decrease of HP (129)Xe magnetization after the brain Xe concentration has reached a steady state due to continuous HP (129)Xe ventilation. The signal decrease of the (129)Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal was well described by a simple theoretical model. The technique made it possible to rapidly evaluate the rate constant α, which is composed of cerebral blood flow (CBF), the partition coefficient of Xe between the tissue and blood (λ(i)), and the longitudinal relaxation time (T(1i)) of HP (129)Xe in the brain tissue, without any effect of depolarization by RF pulses and the dynamics in the lung. The technique enabled the precise determination of α as 0.103 ± 0.018 s(-1) (± SD, n = 5) on healthy mice. To investigate the potential of this method for detecting physiological changes in the brain of a kainic acid (KA) -induced mouse model of epilepsy, an attempt was made to follow the time course of α after KA injection. It was found that the α value changes characteristically with time, reflecting the change in the physiological state of the brain induced by KA injection. By measuring CBF using (1)H MRI and (129)Xe dynamics simultaneously and comparing these results, it was suggested that the reduction of T(1i), in addition to the increase of CBF due to KA-induced epilepsy, are possible causes of the change in (129)Xe dynamics. Thus, the present method would be useful to detect a pathophysiological state in the brain and provide a novel tool for future brain study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Area of Medical Technology and Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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8
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Zhou X, Sun Y, Mazzanti M, Henninger N, Mansour J, Fisher M, Albert M. MRI of stroke using hyperpolarized 129Xe. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:170-175. [PMID: 20821723 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Because there is no background signal from xenon in biological tissue, and because inhaled xenon is delivered to the brain by blood flow, we would expect a perfusion deficit, such as is seen in stroke, to reduce the xenon concentration in the region of the deficit. Thermal polarization yields negligible xenon signal relative to hyperpolarized xenon; therefore, hyperpolarized xenon can be used as a tracer of cerebral blood flow. Using a rat permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion model, we demonstrated that hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI is able to detect, in vivo, the hypoperfused area of focal cerebral ischemia, that is the ischemic core area of stroke. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI has been used to explore normal and abnormal cerebral perfusion. Our study shows a novel application of hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI for imaging stroke, and further demonstrates its capacity to serve as a complementary tool to proton MRI for the study of the pathophysiology during brain hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Kimura A, Imai H, Wakayama T, Fujiwara H. A simple method for quantitative measurement and analysis of hyperpolarized (129)Xe uptake dynamics in mouse brain under controlled flow. Magn Reson Med Sci 2009; 7:179-85. [PMID: 19110512 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.7.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a simple method for measuring and quantifying uptake dynamics of hyperpolarized (HP) (129)Xe in mouse brain, which includes application of a saturation recovery pulse sequence under controlled flow of HP (129)Xe. The technique allows pursuit of the time-dependent change in (129)Xe nuclear magnetic resonance signal in the uptake process without effect from radiofrequency destruction of the polarization and the dynamics in mouse lung. The uptake behavior is well described by a simple model that depends only on a decay rate constant comprising cerebral blood flow and the longitudinal relaxation rate of HP (129)Xe in the brain tissue. The improved analysis enabled precise determination of the decay rate constant as 0.107+/-0.013 s(-1) (+/-standard deviation, n=5), leading to estimation of longitudinal relaxation time, T(1i), as 15.3+/-3.5 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Kimura
- Division of Medical Physics and Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University. Osaka, Japan.
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10
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Kershaw J, Nakamura K, Kondoh Y, Wakai A, Suzuki N, Kanno I. Confirming the existence of five peaks in129Xe rat head spectra. Magn Reson Med 2007; 57:791-7. [PMID: 17390344 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments were performed to investigate why two peaks (D and E) of the five dissolved phase peaks in hyperpolarized (129)Xe rat head spectra appeared inconsistently in previous work. Specifically, spectra were acquired under conditions of various shim states, anaesthetics, and arterial ligation. The shimming experiments showed that slice-shimming can be used to improve resolution of the dissolved phase peaks, but even so, subtle changes in the shim state that may dramatically alter the shape of peak E remain poorly understood. Also, the inability to shim gas spaces and tissue simultaneously may explain why inconsistent chemical shift values have been reported in the literature. A possible solution for this problem is suggested. The results of pre- and postligation spectra from the same animal indicated that two peaks (A and E) originate from brain. Changing the anaesthetic was found to have no effect on the number of dissolved peaks in xenon spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Kershaw
- Akita Research Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita City, Japan.
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11
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Olsson LE, Chai CM, Axelsson O, Karlsson M, Golman K, Petersson JS. MR coronary angiography in pigs with intraarterial injections of a hyperpolarized 13C substance. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55:731-7. [PMID: 16538605 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new diagnostic application of a water-soluble contrast medium (CM) based on the hyperpolarization of a 13C substance is introduced. The degree of polarization achieved is >30%, which is about a factor of 10(5) higher than the thermal equilibrium polarization level at 1.5 T. Imaging of hyperpolarized (HP) CM during a cardiac interventional MRI procedure was studied. Catheters were positioned in the left and right coronary arteries of pigs. A coil tuned to 13C was used for nonproton imaging. The HP-13C CM ( approximately 5 ml, 0.5 M, approximately 30% polarization) was injected during projection imaging using a fully balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence with and without cardiac gating. The contrast agent-filled catheter was clearly visible during the procedure. The coronary arteries were well depicted and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were in the range of 10-40. The use of HP-13C CM may provide a new diagnostic procedure for interventional MRI.
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Golman K, Petersson JS. Metabolic imaging and other applications of hyperpolarized 13C1. Acad Radiol 2006; 13:932-42. [PMID: 16843845 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaes Golman
- Amersham Health R&D AB, part of GE Healthcare, Medeon, SE-20512 Malmö, Sweden
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13
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Nakamura K, Kondoh Y, Wakai A, Kershaw J, Wright D, Kanno I. 129Xe spectra from the heads of rats with and without ligation of the external carotid and pterygopalatine arteries. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:528-34. [PMID: 15723409 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
After rats inhaled hyperpolarized (129)Xe gas, in vivo spectra from their heads revealed a dominant peak around 195 ppm, another easily resolvable peak near 189 ppm, a broad peak around 210 ppm, and two minor peaks around 198 ppm and 192 ppm. However, the source of each peak remains controversial. To further study the origin of each peak, we compared spectra obtained from the heads of normal rats with spectra taken from the heads of rats that had undergone ligation of the external carotid (ECA) and pterygopalatine (PPA) arteries, the major feeding vessels of nonbrain tissue in the rat head. The amplitude of the peak at around 189 ppm was greatly reduced in the ECA/PPA-ligated rats, while the peak around 195 ppm persisted. We conclude that the signal that originates from the rat brain after inhalation of (129)Xe gas is overwhelmingly dominated by the single resonance at 195 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Akita Research Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Noken Center, 6-10 Senshu-Kubota Machi, Akita 010-0874, Japan.
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Abstract
Hyperpolarized gases have found a steadily increasing range of applications in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and NMR imaging (MRI). They can be regarded as a new class of MR contrast agent or as a way of greatly enhancing the temporal resolution of the measurement of processes relevant to areas as diverse as materials science and biomedicine. We concentrate on the properties and applications of hyperpolarized xenon. This review discusses the physics of producing hyperpolarization, the NMR-relevant properties of 129Xe, specific MRI methods for hyperpolarized gases, applications of xenon to biology and medicine, polarization transfer to other nuclear species and low-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Oros
- Institute of Medicine, Research Centre Jiilich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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15
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Sato H, Enmi JI, Hayashi T, Takei N, Iwadate Y, Abe S, Teramoto N, Kawachi N, Hattori M, Watabe H, Sawada T, Uchiyama K, Tsukamoto T, Nagasawa K, Iida H. Development of a hyperpolarized 129Xe system on 3T for the rat lungs. Magn Reson Med Sci 2004; 3:1-9. [PMID: 16093614 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with 129Xe has gained much attention as a diagnostic methodology because of its affinity for lipids and possible polarization. The quantitative estimation of net detectability and stability of hyperpolarized 129Xe in the dissolved phase in vivo is valuable to the development of clinical applications. The goal of this study was to develop a stable hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental 3T system to statistically analyze the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs. The polarization of 129Xe with buffer gases at the optical pumping cell was measured under adiabatic fast passage against the temperature of an oven and laser absorption at the cell. The gases were insufflated into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15, 400-550 g) through an endotracheal tube under spontaneous respiration. Frequency-selective spectroscopy was performed for the gas phase and dissolved phase. We analyzed the 129Xe signal in the dissolved phase to measure the chemical shift, T2*, delay and its ratio in a rat lungs on 3T. The polarizer was able to produce polarized gas (1.1+/-0.47%, 120 cm3) hundreds of times with the laser absorption ratio (25%) kept constant at the cell. The optimal buffer gas ratio of 25-50% rendered the maximum signal in the dissolved phase. Two dominant peaks of 211.8+/-0.9 and 201.1+/-0.6 ppm were observed with a delay of 0.4+/-0.9 and 0.9+/-1.0 s from the gas phase spectra. The ratios of their average signal to that of the gas phase were 5.6+/-5.2% and 4.4+/-4.7%, respectively. The T2* of the air space in the lungs was 2.5+/-0.5 ms, which was 3.8 times shorter than that in a syringe. We developed a hyperpolarized 129Xe experimental system using a 3T MRI scanner that yields sufficient volume and polarization and quantitatively analyzed the dissolved-phase 129Xe signal in the rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Investigative Radiology, Research Institute of National Cardiovascular Center, Suita. Osaka, Japan.
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Johansson E, Månsson S, Wirestam R, Svensson J, Petersson JS, Golman K, Ståhlberg F. Cerebral perfusion assessment by bolus tracking using hyperpolarized13C. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51:464-72. [PMID: 15004786 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral perfusion was assessed with 13C MRI in a rat model after intravenous injections of the 13C-labeled compound bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-13C-cyclopropane-D8 in aqueous solutions hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Since the tracer acted as a direct signal source, several of the problems associated with techniques based on traditional dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI contrast agents were avoided. Maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated. The MTT was determined to be 2.8 +/- 0.8 sec. However, arterial partial-volume effects in the animal model prevented accurate absolute quantification of CBF and CBV. It was demonstrated that depolarization of the hyperpolarized 13C tracer via relaxation and the imaging sequence had little influence on CBF assessment when the time resolution of the imaging sequence was short compared to the MTT. However, CBV and MTT were increasingly underestimated as MTT or the depolarization rate increased if depolarization was not taken into account. With a modified bolus-tracking theory depolarization could be compensated for, assuming that the depolarization rate was known. Three separate compensation methods were investigated experimentally and by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Ziegler A, Hyacinthe JN, Choquet P, Duhamel G, Grillon E, Leviel JL, Constantinesco A. Laser-Polarized Xenon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, a Potential Tool for Brain Perfusion Imaging: Measurement of the Xenon T1In Vivo. Methods Enzymol 2004; 385:149-65. [PMID: 15130738 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)85009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ziegler
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire, Neuroimagerie Fonctionelle et Metabolique, Grenoble, France
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Choquet P, Hyacinthe JN, Duhamel G, Grillon E, Leviel JL, Constantinesco A, Ziegler A. Method to determine in vivo the relaxation time T1 of hyperpolarized xenon in rat brain. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49:1014-8. [PMID: 12768578 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic polarization of the stable (129)Xe isotope may be enhanced dramatically by means of optical techniques and, in principle, hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI should allow quantitative mapping of cerebral blood flow with better spatial resolution than scintigraphic techniques. A parameter necessary for this quantitation, and not previously known, is the longitudinal relaxation time (T(1) (tissue)) of (129)Xe in brain tissue in vivo: a method for determining this is reported. The time course of the MR signal in the brain during arterial injection of hyperpolarized (129)Xe in a lipid emulsion was analyzed using an extended two-compartment model. The model uses experimentally determined values of the RF flip angle and the T(1) of (129)Xe in the lipid emulsion. Measurements on rats, in vivo, at 2.35 T gave T(1) (tissue) = 3.6 +/- 2.1 sec (+/-SD, n = 6). This method enables quantitative mapping of cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Choquet
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique, Université Louis Pasteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
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Mansson S, Johansson E, Svensson J, Olsson LE, Stahlberg F, Petersson JS, Golman K. Echo-planar MR imaging of dissolved hyperpolarized 129Xe. Potential for MR angiography. Acta Radiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0455.2002.430503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Duhamel G, Choquet P, Grillon E, Leviel JL, Décorps M, Ziegler A, Constantinesco A. Global and regional cerebral blood flow measurements using NMR of injected hyperpolarized xenon-129. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 2:S498-500. [PMID: 12188320 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Duhamel
- Unité mixte INSERM/UJF U438, LRC-CEA, RMN bioclinique, Grenoble, France
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21
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Möller HE, Chen XJ, Saam B, Hagspiel KD, Johnson GA, Altes TA, de Lange EE, Kauczor HU. MRI of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47:1029-51. [PMID: 12111949 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear spin polarization of the noble gas isotopes (3)He and (129)Xe can be increased using optical pumping methods by four to five orders of magnitude. This extraordinary gain in polarization translates directly into a gain in signal strength for MRI. The new technology of hyperpolarized (HP) gas MRI holds enormous potential for enhancing sensitivity and contrast in pulmonary imaging. This review outlines the physics underlying the optical pumping process, imaging strategies coping with the nonequilibrium polarization, and effects of the alveolar microstructure on relaxation and diffusion of the noble gases. It presents recent progress in HP gas MRI and applications ranging from MR microscopy of airspaces to imaging pulmonary function in patients and suggests potential directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max-Planck-Institut für neuropsychologische Forschung, Leipzig, Germany.
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Duhamel G, Choquet P, Grillon E, Lamalle L, Leviel JL, Ziegler A, Constantinesco A. Xenon-129 MR imaging and spectroscopy of rat brain using arterial delivery of hyperpolarized xenon in a lipid emulsion. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46:208-12. [PMID: 11477622 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (129)Xe dissolved in a lipid emulsion constitutes an NMR tracer that can be injected into the blood stream, enabling blood-flow measurement and perfusion imaging. A small volume (0.15 ml) of this tracer was injected in 1.5 s in rat carotid and (129)Xe MR spectra and images were acquired at 2.35 T to evaluate the potential of this approach for cerebral studies. Xenon spectra consistently showed two resonances, at 194.5 ppm and 199.0 ppm relative to the gas peak. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained for the two peaks was sufficient (ranging from 12 to 90) to follow their time courses. 2D transverse-projection xenon images were obtained with an in-plane resolution of 900 microm per pixel (SNR range 8-15). Histological analysis revealed no brain damage except in two rats that had received three injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duhamel
- Laboratoire mixte INSERM U438 / Université Joseph Fourier "RMN Bioclinique," Laboratoire de Recherche Correspondant du CEA, Grenoble, France
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Kober F, Wolf PE, Vermeulen G, Duhamel G, Lamalle L, Leviel JL, Décorps M, Ziegler A. Rat lung MRI using low-temperature prepolarized helium-3. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45:1130-3. [PMID: 11378894 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recently proposed technique of 3He prepolarization at low temperature and high field (Kober et al. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41:1084-1087) for fast imaging of the lung. Helium-3 was cooled to 2.4 K in a magnetic field of 8 Tesla to obtain a polarization of 0.26%. The polarized 3He was warmed up to room temperature and transferred to a rat, with a final polarization of about 0.1%, large enough for acquiring a 3D image of the rat lung in 30 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kober
- Laboratoire mixte INSERM U438/Université Joseph Fourier: RMN Bioclinique, Laboratoire de Recherche Correspondant du CEA, Grenoble, France
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