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Danne L, Horn L, Feldhaus A, Fey D, Emde S, Schütze H, Adamek M, Hellmann J. Virus infections of the European Eel in North Rhine Westphalian rivers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:69-76. [PMID: 34585388 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have been suggested to play a role in the decline of the panmictic population of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). However, despite the importance of knowledge about pathogenic eel viruses, little is known about their spread in the wild European eel population and only a few eel pathogenic viruses have been described so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the health status of the A. anguilla stock in North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) State of Germany. For this purpose, we examined tissue samples of 16 elvers, 100 yellow eels and 6 silver eels, sampled from the rivers Rhine, Lippe and Ems. Virus detection was performed via a combination of cell culture and PCR. Next to the detection of frequently encountered pathogenic eel viruses (anguillid herpesvirus 1 and eel virus European X (EVEX)), we isolated the eel picornavirus 1 (EPV-1) from tissue of yellow eels and elvers and demonstrate the distribution of EPV-1 in wild eel population in NRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Danne
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Lisa Horn
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Anita Feldhaus
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Daniel Fey
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Emde
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
| | - Heike Schütze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - John Hellmann
- Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Kirchhundem-Albaum, Germany
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2
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Lyu SJ, Yuan XM, Zhang HQ, Shi WD, Hang XY, Liu L, Wu YL. Isolation and characterization of a novel strain (YH01) of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus and expression of its glycoprotein by the baculovirus expression system. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 20:728-739. [PMID: 31379143 PMCID: PMC6700348 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important aquatic fish, Micropterus salmoides suffers lethal and epidemic disease caused by rhabdovirus at the juvenile stage. In this study, a new strain of M. salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) was isolated from Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, China, and named MSRV-YH01. The virus infected the grass carp ovary (GCO) cell line and displayed virion particles with atypical bullet shape, 300-500 nm in length and 100-200 nm in diameter under transmission electron microscopy. The complete genome sequence of this isolate was determined to include 11 526 nucleotides and to encode five classical structural proteins. The construction of the phylogenetic tree indicated that this new isolate is clustered into the Vesiculovirus genus and most closely related to the Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus. To explore the potential for a vaccine against MSRV, a glycoprotein (1-458 amino acid residues) of MSRV-YH01 was successfully amplified and cloned into the plasmid pFastBac1. The high-purity recombinant bacmid-glycoprotein was obtained from DH10Bac through screening and identification. Based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence assay, recombinant virus, including the MSRV-YH01 glycoprotein gene, was produced by transfection of SF9 cells using the pFastBac1-gE2, and then repeatedly amplified to express the glycoprotein protein. We anticipate that this recombinant bacmid system could be used to challenge the silkworm and develop a corresponding oral vaccine for fish.
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McConville J, Fringuelli E, Evans D, Savage P. First examination of the Lough Neagh European eel (Anguilla anguilla) population for eel virus European, eel virus European X and Anguillid Herpesvirus-1 infection by employing novel molecular techniques. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1783-1791. [PMID: 30144086 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lough Neagh is home to the largest wild-caught European eel (Anguilla anguilla) commercial fishery in the EU, producing 14% of the EU catch and worth £3.2 million to the local economy. Viral infections have been suggested to play a contributory role in the decline of the worldwide eel stock, but previous studies of the Lough Neagh European eel population had not observed either acute or chronic viral signs. Eel virus European (EVE), Eel virus European X (EVEX) and Anguillid herpesvirus-1 (HVA) have been detected throughout Europe and as the Lough Neagh eel fishery is supplemented by re-stocking of eels from France, Spain and the United Kingdom and these viral infections may be asymptomatic, it is vital that the viral pathogen prevalence in the Lough is accurately determined. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of these viruses in the Lough Neagh European eel population by employing novel molecular techniques testing specifically for the presence of EVE, EVEX and HVA. No evidence was found of HVA infection, whereas EVE and EVEX were found, albeit at a very low prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McConville
- Disease Surveillance and Investigation Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Elena Fringuelli
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Derek Evans
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems, Sustainable Agri-food Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Savage
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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4
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Vázquez D, López-Vázquez C, Skall HF, Mikkelsen SS, Olesen NJ, Dopazo CP. A novel multiplex RT-qPCR method based on dual-labelled probes suitable for typing all known genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:467-482. [PMID: 25952496 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a notifiable fish disease, whose causative agent is a rhabdovirus isolated from a wide range of fish species, not only in fresh but also in marine and brackish waters. Phylogenetic studies have identified four major genotypes, with a strong geographical relationship. In this study, we have designed and validated a new procedure--named binary multiplex RT-qPCR (bmRT-qPCR)--for simultaneous detection and typing of all four genotypes of VHSV by real-time RT-PCR based on dual-labelled probes and composed by two multiplex systems designed for European and American/Asiatic isolates, respectively, using a combination of three different fluorophores. The specificity of the procedure was assessed by including a panel of 81 VHSV isolates covering all known genotypes and subtypes of the virus, and tissue material from experimentally infected rainbow trout, resulting in a correct detection and typing of all strains. The analytical sensitivity was evaluated in a comparative assay with titration in cell culture, observing that both methods provided similar limits of detection. The proposed method can be a powerful tool for epidemiological analysis of VHSV by genotyping unknown samples within a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vázquez
- Aquaculture Institute, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C López-Vázquez
- Aquaculture Institute, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H F Skall
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S S Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N J Olesen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C P Dopazo
- Aquaculture Institute, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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5
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Bellec L, Cabon J, Bergmann S, de Boisséson C, Engelsma M, Haenen O, Morin T, Olesen NJ, Schuetze H, Toffan A, Way K, Bigarré L. Evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity from three genes of Anguillid rhabdovirus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2390-2401. [PMID: 25081977 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild freshwater eel populations have dramatically declined in recent past decades in Europe and America, partially through the impact of several factors including the wide spread of infectious diseases. The anguillid rhabdoviruses eel virus European X (EVEX) and eel virus American (EVA) potentially play a role in this decline, even if their real contribution is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of anguiillid rhabdoviruses by analysing sequences from the glycoprotein, nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (P) genes of 57 viral strains collected from seven countries over 40 years using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Phylogenetic trees from the three genes are congruent and allow two monophyletic groups, European and American, to be clearly distinguished. Results of nucleotide substitution rates per site per year indicate that the P gene is expected to evolve most rapidly. The nucleotide diversity observed is low (2-3 %) for the three genes, with a significantly higher variability within the P gene, which encodes multiple proteins from a single genomic RNA sequence, particularly a small C protein. This putative C protein is a potential molecular marker suitable for characterization of distinct genotypes within anguillid rhabdoviruses. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first molecular characterization of EVA, brings new insights to the evolutionary dynamics of two genotypes of Anguillid rhabdovirus, and is a baseline for further investigations on the tracking of its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bellec
- European University of Brittany, France.,French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Disease of Fish, Plouzané, France
| | - Joelle Cabon
- European University of Brittany, France.,French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Disease of Fish, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Claire de Boisséson
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Biosecurity and Viral Genetics, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Haenen
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Morin
- European University of Brittany, France.,French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Disease of Fish, Plouzané, France
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Åarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anna Toffan
- Research & Innovation Department, Division of Biomedical Science, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK
| | - Laurent Bigarré
- European University of Brittany, France.,French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Disease of Fish, Plouzané, France
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van Beurden SJ, Engelsma MY, Roozenburg I, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, van Tulden PW, Kerkhoff S, van Nieuwstadt AP, Davidse A, Haenen OLM. Viral diseases of wild and farmed European eel Anguilla anguilla with particular reference to the Netherlands. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 101:69-86. [PMID: 23047193 DOI: 10.3354/dao02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are an important cause of losses and decreased production rates in freshwater eel farming, and have been suggested to play a contributory role in the worldwide decline in wild freshwater eel stocks. Three commonly detected pathogenic viruses of European eel Anguilla anguilla are the aquabirnavirus eel virus European (EVE), the rhabdovirus eel virus European X (EVEX), and the alloherpesvirus anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1). In general, all 3 viruses cause a nonspecific haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality rates. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the aetiology, prevalence, clinical signs and gross pathology of these 3 viruses. Reported experimental infections showed the temperature dependency and potential pathogenicity of these viruses for eels and other fish species. In addition to the published literature, an overview of the isolation of pathogenic viruses from wild and farmed A. anguilla in the Netherlands during the past 2 decades is given. A total of 249 wild A. anguilla, 39 batches of glass eels intended for farming purposes, and 239 batches of farmed European eels were necropsied and examined virologically. AngHV1 was isolated from wild yellow and silver A. anguilla from the Netherlands from 1998 until the present, while EVEX was only found sporadically, and EVE was never isolated. In farmed A. anguilla AngHV1 was also the most commonly isolated virus, followed by EVE and EVEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Galinier R, van Beurden S, Amilhat E, Castric J, Schoehn G, Verneau O, Fazio G, Allienne JF, Engelsma M, Sasal P, Faliex E. Complete genomic sequence and taxonomic position of eel virus European X (EVEX), a rhabdovirus of European eel. Virus Res 2012; 166:1-12. [PMID: 22401847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eel virus European X (EVEX) was first isolated from diseased European eel Anguilla anguilla in Japan at the end of seventies. The virus was tentatively classified into the Rhabdoviridae family on the basis of morphology and serological cross reactivity. This family of viruses is organized into six genera and currently comprises approximately 200 members, many of which are still unassigned because of the lack of molecular data. This work presents the morphological, biochemical and genetic characterizations of EVEX, and proposes a taxonomic classification for this virus. We provide its complete genome sequence, plus a comprehensive sequence comparison between isolates from different geographical origins. The genome encodes the five classical structural proteins plus an overlapping open reading frame in the phosphoprotein gene, coding for a putative C protein. Phylogenic relationship with other rhabdoviruses indicates that EVEX is most closely related to the Vesiculovirus genus and shares the highest identity with trout rhabdovirus 903/87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Galinier
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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van Beurden SJ, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, Roozenburg I, Boerlage AS, Haenen OLM, Engelsma MY. Development and validation of a two-step real-time RT-PCR for the detection of eel virus European X in European eel, Anguilla anguilla. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:352-9. [PMID: 21126538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eel virus European X (EVEX) is one of the most common pathogenic viruses in farmed and wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the Netherlands. The virus causes a hemorrhagic disease resulting in increased mortality rates. Cell culture and antibody-based detection of EVEX are laborious and time consuming. Therefore, a two-step real-time reverse transcriptase (RT-)PCR assay was developed for rapid detection of EVEX. Primers and probe for the assay were designed based on a sequence of the RNA polymerase or L gene of EVEX. The real-time RT-PCR assay was validated both for use with SYBR Green chemistry and for use with a TaqMan probe. The assay is sensitive, specific, repeatable, efficient and has a high r²-value. The real-time RT-PCR assay was further evaluated by testing field samples of European eels from the Netherlands, which were positive or negative for EVEX by virus isolation followed by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The real-time RT-PCR assay allows rapid, sensitive and specific laboratory detection of EVEX in RNA extracts from 10% eel organ suspensions and cell cultures with cytopathic effects, and is a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of viral diseases of eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Laboratory for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Essbauer S, Ahne W. Viruses of lower vertebrates. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:403-75. [PMID: 11550762 PMCID: PMC7159363 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of lower vertebrates recently became a field of interest to the public due to increasing epizootics and economic losses of poikilothermic animals. These were reported worldwide from both wildlife and collections of aquatic poikilothermic animals. Several RNA and DNA viruses infecting fish, amphibians and reptiles have been studied intensively during the last 20 years. Many of these viruses induce diseases resulting in important economic losses of lower vertebrates, especially in fish aquaculture. In addition, some of the DNA viruses seem to be emerging pathogens involved in the worldwide decline in wildlife. Irido-, herpes- and polyomavirus infections may be involved in the reduction in the numbers of endangered amphibian and reptile species. In this context the knowledge of several important RNA viruses such as orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, rhabdo-, retro-, corona-, calici-, toga-, picorna-, noda-, reo- and birnaviruses, and DNA viruses such as parvo-, irido-, herpes-, adeno-, polyoma- and poxviruses, is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Essbauer
- WHO Centre for Comparative Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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Björklund HV, Higman KH, Kurath G. The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus: analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses. Virus Res 1996; 42:65-80. [PMID: 8806175 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein genes and all of the internal gene junctions of the fish pathogenic rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) and hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) have been determined from cDNA clones generated from viral genomic RNA. The SVCV glycoprotein gene sequence is 1588 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes a 509 amino acid (aa) protein. The HIRRV glycoprotein gene sequence comprises 1612 nt, coding for a 508 aa protein. In sequence comparisons of 15 rhabdovirus glycoproteins, the SVCV glycoprotein gene showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (31.2-33.2%) with vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV), Chandipura virus (CHPV) and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV). The HIRRV glycoprotein gene showed a very high amino acid sequence identity (74.3%) with the glycoprotein gene of another fish pathogenic rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), but no significant similarity with glycoproteins of VSIV or rabies virus (RABV). In phylogenetic analyses SVCV was grouped consistently with VSIV, VSNJV and CHPV in the Vesiculovirus genus of Rhabdoviridae. The fish rhabdoviruses HIRRV, IHNV and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) showed close relationships with each other, but only very distant relationships with mammalian rhabdoviruses. The gene junctions are highly conserved between SVCV and VSIV, well conserved between IHNV and HIRRV, but not conserved between HIRRV/IHNV and RABV. Based on the combined results we suggest that the fish lyssa-type rhabdoviruses HIRRV, IHNV and VHSV may be grouped in their own genus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Aquarhabdovirus has been proposed for the name of this new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Björklund
- National Biological Service, Northwest Biological Science Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Ahne W, Thomsen I. The existence of three different viral agents in a tumour bearing European eel (Anguilla anguilla). ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1985; 32:228-35. [PMID: 3922177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1985.tb01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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