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Siama Z, Zosang-Zuali M, Vanlalruati A, Jagetia GC, Pau KS, Kumar NS. Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:697-709. [PMID: 30668213 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1571255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The regular low dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation may induce deleterious health effects, which may be of particular interest to medical radiation workers who daily handle X-ray machines. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are able to retain the signature of radiation-induced DNA damage, therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the DNA damage and antioxidants status in hospital workers occupationally exposed to low doses of X-rays. Materials and methods: The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the occupationally exposed and control groups matched for age, gender, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption were cultured and micronuclei frequency was determined. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also estimated in their plasma. Results: The micronuclei frequency in the occupationally exposed group (n = 33), increased significantly (p < .0001) followed by reduced glutathione-s-transferase (p < .01) and catalase (p < .001) activities, and increased lipid peroxidation (p < .05) when compared to the control group (n = 33). Occupational exposure resulted in an effective dose ranging between 3.14 to 144.5 mSv (40.88 ± 39.86mSv) depending on the employment duration of 3-29 years (10.33 ± 7.05 years). A correlation between the micronuclei frequency (p < .05) and catalase activity (p < .05) existed in the occupationally exposed individuals depending on the smoking habit, age, duration of employment, cumulative exposure dose and number of patients handled per day. Conclusions: We have observed that protracted low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is an inevitable occupational hazard leading to persistence of oxidative stress and increased genomic instability in the radiological technicians depending on the time spent with X-rays, cumulative dose received and the number of patients handled daily raising the risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zothan Siama
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Mary Zosang-Zuali
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Annie Vanlalruati
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Jagetia
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Kham Suan Pau
- b Radiation Safety Agency, Directorate of Hospital and Medical Education , Aizawl , India
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Chu J, Zhang X, Jin L, Chen J, Du B, Pang Q. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against acute radiation-induced hepatic injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:683-689. [PMID: 25704035 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and it can eliminate the free radicals. The current study was intended to evaluate the protective effect of CAPE against the acute radiation-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered with CAPE (30 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days before exposing them to a single dose of 30 Gy of β-ray irradiation to upper abdomen. We found that pretreatment with CAPE significantly decreased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Histological evaluation further confirmed the protection of CAPE against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity. TUNEL assay showed that CAPE pretreatment inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis. Moreover, CAPE inhibited the nuclear transport of NF-κB p65 subunit, decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Taken together, these results suggest that pretreatment with CAPE offers protection against radiation-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianJun Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liugen Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Du
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Qingfeng Pang
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Korean Red Ginseng saponin fraction modulates radiation effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:208-14. [PMID: 25378996 PMCID: PMC4213838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous work, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng saponin fraction (RGSF) showed anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The present study investigated the radioprotective properties of RGSF by examining its effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-enhanced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses in murine macrophage cells. RESULTS RGSF induced strong downregulation of IR-enhanced and LPS-induced proinflammatory responses such as nitric oxide (NO) production (Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) = 5.1 ± 0.8 μM) and interleukin-1β levels. RGSF was found to exert its radioprotective effects by inhibition of a signaling cascade that activated checkpoint kinase 2-nuclear factor-κB. In addition, RGSF strongly inhibited IR-enhanced LPS-induced expression of hemoxyganase-1, implying that the latter may be a potential target of RGSF. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data suggest that RGSF can be considered and developed for use as an effective radioprotective agent with minimal adverse effects.
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Malyshev I. The Role of HSP70 in the Protection of: (A) The Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease and (B) The Heart in Cardiac Surgery. IMMUNITY, TUMORS AND AGING: THE ROLE OF HSP70 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5943-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Giliano NY, Konevega LV, Noskin LA. Changes in nitric oxide and superoxide levels in human endotheliocytes and carcinoma cells after exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:495-500. [PMID: 22977854 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of HeLa G63 and ECV-304 cells to γ-rays of (137)Cs as well as β-particles of (3)H(2)O and (3)H-thymidine induced changes in redox status of not only irradiated cells, but also their progeny. Increased intracellular levels of nitric oxide (NO) were observed only in HeLa G63 cells and persisted over three cell generations; β-particles from (3)H(2)O were most efficient. Intracellular superoxide (O(2)(-)) level had similar dynamics in both cell lines. Intracellular O(2)(-) level decreased immediately after irradiation, but then increased and significantly surpassed the control level. These changes in the intracellular level of O(2)(-) were accompanied by decondensation of nuclear chromatin. Increased level of free radicals in the progeny of irradiated cells and changes in chromatin conformation and the absence of correlation between radiation-induced structural damage to chromosomes and intracellular level of free radicals suggest participation of epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ya Giliano
- St. Petersburg B. P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia.
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Hur JM, Hyun MS, Lim SY, Lee WY, Kim D. The combination of berberine and irradiation enhances anti-cancer effects via activation of p38 MAPK pathway and ROS generation in human hepatoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:955-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Radioprotective effect of dl-α-lipoic acid on mice skin fibroblasts. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao W, Diz DI, Robbins ME. Oxidative damage pathways in relation to normal tissue injury. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S23-31. [PMID: 17704323 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/18237646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing population of long-term cancer survivors, the need to mitigate or treat late effects has emerged as a primary area of radiation biology research. Once thought to be irreversible, radiation-induced late effects are now viewed as dynamic multicellular interactions between multiple cell types within a particular program that can be modulated. The molecular, cellular and biochemical pathways responsible for radiation-induced late morbidity remain ill-defined. This review provides data in support of the hypothesis that these late effects are driven, in part, by a chronic oxidative stress. Irradiating late responding normal tissues leads to chronic increases in reactive oxygen/reactive nitrogen oxide species that serve as intracellular signaling species to alter cell function/phenotype, resulting in chronic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and ultimate fibrosis and/or necrosis. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of renin-angiotensin system blockers in preventing or mitigating the severity of radiation-induced late effects reflects, in part, inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation and the resultant chronic oxidative stress. These findings provide a robust rationale for anti-inflammatory-based interventional therapies in the treatment of late normal tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Chae HJ, Kim HR, Lee WG, Kwak YK, Kim WH, Hong ST, Cho GH, Kim JS, Chae SW. Radiation protects adriamycin-induced apoptosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 27:211-32. [PMID: 16114506 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200067715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy have represented major advance in the therapeutic management of cancer therapy. Anthracycline antineoplastic agents are limited by a high incidence of severe and usually irreversible cardiac toxicity, the cause of which remains controversial. When the primary cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats were preirradiated by gamma-ray, the cells were highly resistant to adriamycin-induced apoptosis. This study shows that irradiation inhibited apoptosis by enhancing Bcl-2, attenuating Bax induction, and preventing collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi), cytochrome c release into cytoplasm and caspase-3, -6 and -9 activations. In addition, the preirradiation stimulated the activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and the expression of Mn-SOD mRNA and protein. Adriamycin decreased Mn-SOD activity but did not change the activity of copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD under either pre- or nonirradiated condition. Phosphothioate-linked antisense against Mn-SOD, which specifically knocked down the activity of Mn-SOD but not that of Cu/Zn-SOD, reversed irradiation-induced protective effect in adriamycin-exposed cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that the irradiation-induced expression of Mn-SOD plays an important role in irradiation-mediated protection in adriamycin-exposed rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Caspase 3
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Gamma Rays
- Heart Ventricles
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/radiation effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Radiation Protection
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/biosynthesis
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Datta K, Mathur SG, Srivastava T, Shah P, Chattopadhyay P, Sinha S. Hydroxylamine potentiates the effect of low dose hydrogen peroxide in glioma cells independent of p53. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:1639-44. [PMID: 12962703 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(03)00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We had earlier shown that higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced p53-dependent apoptosis in glioma cell line with wild type p53 but had minimal effect on cells with mutated p53. Here we show a potentiating effect of hydroxylamine (HA), an inhibitor of catalase, on a nontoxic dose of H(2)O(2) in glioma cells. HA sensitized both p53 wild type and mutated glioma cells to 0.25 mM H(2)O(2). Potentiating effect of HA was independent of p53. Higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were observed in cells treated with HA+H(2)O(2) as compared to cells treated with each component alone in both the cell lines. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) protected cells. Cytosolic cytochrome c and activated caspase 3 were detected at 4h. The results suggest that higher levels of intracellular ROS, generated by HA+H(2)O(2) act as a molecular switch in activating a rapidly acting p53-independent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 110029 New Delhi, India
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Mikkelsen RB, Wardman P. Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms. Oncogene 2003; 22:5734-54. [PMID: 12947383 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, nuclear DNA damage-sensing mechanisms activated by ionizing radiation have been identified, including ATM/ATR and the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Less is known about sensing mechanisms for cytoplasmic ionization events and how these events influence nuclear processes. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in cytoprotection and mutagenesis. For cytoplasmic signaling, radiation-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are essential activators of these pathways. This review summarizes recent studies on the chemistry of radiation-induced ROS/RNS generation and emphasizes interactions between ROS and RNS and the relative roles of cellular ROS/RNS generators as amplifiers of the initial ionization events. Cellular mechanisms for regulating ROS/RNS levels are discussed. The mechanisms by which cells sense ROS/RNS are examined in terms of how ROS/RNS modify protein structure and function, for example, interactions with metal-thiol clusters, protein tyrosine nitration, protein cysteine oxidation, S-thiolation and S-nitrosylation. We propose that radiation-induced ROS are the initiators and that nitric oxide (NO*) or derivatives are the effectors activating these signal transduction pathways. In responding to cellular ionization events, the cell converts an oxidative signal to a nitrosative one because ROS are too reactive and unspecific in their reactions for regulatory purposes and the cell is equipped to precisely modulate NO* levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Mikkelsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Ibuki Y, Mizuno S, Goto R. gamma-Irradiation-induced DNA damage enhances NO production via NF-kappaB activation in RAW264.7 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1593:159-67. [PMID: 12581860 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 after gamma-irradiation. The cells treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed enhanced NO production by gamma-irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, accompanying the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation was induced 1 h after gamma-irradiation dose-dependently, which was detected by the degradation of I-kappaB. Inhibitors of I-kappaB degradation, MG132 and N(alpha)-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), suppressed the further increase by gamma-irradiation in IFN-gamma-induced NO production, showing that gamma-irradiation induced NO production via NF-kappaB activation. Although NF-kappaB is known to be a redox-sensitive transcription factor, the antioxidant agents N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) showed no suppression and treatment with H(2)O(2) showed only slight enhancement of IFN-gamma-induced NO production. The DNA damaging agents camptothecin and etoposide enhanced IFN-gamma-induced NO production and showed I-kappaB degradation, indicating that the increase in NO production was due to direct DNA damage. Furthermore, 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) and benzamide, inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) that are activated upon recognition of DNA strand breaks, suppressed the further increase by gamma-irradiation in IFN-gamma-induced NO production and the I-kappaB degradation by gamma-irradiation. We concluded that (1) the increase in NO production was due to direct DNA damage by gamma-irradiation, and that (2) PARP activation through DNA damage induced NF-kappaB activation, leading to iNOS expression and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, 422-8526, Shizuoka, Japan
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Pae HO, Seo WG, Oh GS, Kim NY, Kim YM, Kwon TO, Shin MK, Chai KY, Chung HT. Rhodiola sachalinesis induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by murine fetal hepatocytes (BNL CL.2). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:25-33. [PMID: 11322646 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the effect of the aqueous extract of Rhodiola sachalinensis root (RSE), a traditional herbal medicine, on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in murine fetal hepatocytes (BNL CL.2) by measuring the stable end-product nitrite and the mRNA of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by itself failed to induce NO synthesis in BNL CL.2 cells. RSE also did not elicit NO synthesis at concentrations up to 1,000 microg/ml, but dose- and time-dependently induced NO synthesis in the presence of IFN-gamma in BNL CL.2 cells. Whereas RSE or IFN-gamma failed to induce detectable levels of iNOS mRNA, a combination of RSE and IFN-gamma markedly induced iNOS mRNA in BNL CL.2 cells. Thus, we found that RSE triggered IFN-gamma-primed BNL CL.2 cells to synthesize NO by inducing iNOS gene expression. The capability of RSE to induce NO synthesis might be related to the therapeutic efficacy of RSE on the liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Pae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Medicinal Resources Research Center, Chonbuk, South Korea
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