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Movahhedi M, Geng B, Xue Q, Zheng X. Effects of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid interaction on voice control: Muscle activity, vocal fold biomechanics, flow, and acoustics. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:29. [PMID: 34340476 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An MRI-based three-dimensional computer model of a canine larynx was used to investigate the effect of cricothyroid (CT) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activity on vocal fold pre-phonatory posturing and glottic dynamics during voice production. Static vocal fold posturing in the full activation space of CT and TA muscles was first simulated using a laryngeal muscle mechanics model; dynamic flow-structure-acoustics interaction (FSAI) simulations were then performed to predict glottal flow and voice acoustics. The results revealed that TA activation decreased the length and increased the bulging, height, and contact area of the vocal fold. CT activation increased the length and contact area and decreased the height of the vocal fold. Both CT and TA activations increased the vocal fold stress, stiffness, and closure quotient; and only slightly affected the flow rate and voice intensity. Furthermore, CT and TA showed a complex control mechanism on the fundamental frequency pattern, which highly correlated with a combination of the stress, stiffness, and stretch of the vocal fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
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2
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Geng B, Pham N, Xue Q, Zheng X. A three-dimensional vocal fold posturing model based on muscle mechanics and magnetic resonance imaging of a canine larynx. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2597. [PMID: 32359330 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a high-fidelity three-dimensional continuum model of the canine laryngeal framework was developed for simulating laryngeal posturing. By building each muscle and cartilage from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the model is highly realistic in anatomy. The muscle mechanics is modeled using the finite-element method. The model was tested by simulating vocal fold postures under systematic activations of individual as well as groups of laryngeal muscles, and it accurately predicted vocal fold posturing parameters reported from in vivo canine larynges. As a demonstration of its application, the model was then used to investigate muscle controls of arytenoid movements, medial surface morphology, and vocal fold abduction. The results show that the traditionally categorized adductor and abductor muscles can have opposite effects on vocal fold posturing, making highly complex laryngeal adjustments in speech and singing possible. These results demonstrate that a realistic comprehensive larynx model is feasible, which is a critical step toward a causal physics-based model of voice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Ngoc Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
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Palaparthi A, Smith S, Mau T, Titze IR. A computational study of depth of vibration into vocal fold tissues. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:881. [PMID: 30823802 PMCID: PMC6380906 DOI: 10.1121/1.5091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effective depth of vocal fold vibration is self-regulated and generally not known a priori in vocalization. In this study, the effective depth was quantified systematically under various phonatory conditions using a fiber-gel finite element vocal fold model. The horizontal and vertical excursions of each finite element nodal point trajectory were recorded to compute trajectory areas. The extent of vibration was then studied based on the variation of trajectory radii as a function of depth in several coronal sections along the anterior-posterior direction. The results suggested that the vocal fold nodal trajectory excursions decrease systematically as a function of depth but are affected by the layered structure of the vocal folds. The effective depth of vibration was found to range between 15 and 55% of the total anatomical depth across all phonatory conditions. The nodal trajectories from the current study were compared qualitatively with the results from excised human hemi-larynx experiments published in Döllinger and Berry [(2006). J. Voice. 20(3), 401-413]. An estimate of the effective mass of a one-mass vocal fold model was also computed based on the effective depth of vibration observed in this study under various phonatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Palaparthi
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 136 South Main Street, Suite 320, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101, USA
| | - Simeon Smith
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 136 South Main Street, Suite 320, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101, USA
| | - Ted Mau
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 136 South Main Street, Suite 320, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101, USA
| | - Ingo R Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 136 South Main Street, Suite 320, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101, USA
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Düring DN, Knörlein BJ, Elemans CPH. In situ vocal fold properties and pitch prediction by dynamic actuation of the songbird syrinx. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11296. [PMID: 28900151 PMCID: PMC5595934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanics of sound production forms an integral part of the neuromechanical control loop of avian vocal motor control. However, we critically lack quantification of basic biomechanical parameters describing the vocal organ, the syrinx, such as material properties of syringeal elements, forces and torques exerted on, and motion of the syringeal skeleton during song. Here, we present a novel marker-based 3D stereoscopic imaging technique to reconstruct 3D motion of servo-controlled actuation of syringeal muscle insertions sites in vitro and focus on two muscles controlling sound pitch. We furthermore combine kinematic analysis with force measurements to quantify elastic properties of sound producing medial labia (ML). The elastic modulus of the zebra finch ML is 18 kPa at 5% strain, which is comparable to elastic moduli of mammalian vocal folds. Additionally ML lengthening due to musculus syringealis ventralis (VS) shortening is intrinsically constraint at maximally 12% strain. Using these values we predict sound pitch to range from 350–800 Hz by VS modulation, corresponding well to previous observations. The presented methodology allows for quantification of syringeal skeleton motion and forces, acoustic effects of muscle recruitment, and calibration of computational birdsong models, enabling experimental access to the entire neuromechanical control loop of vocal motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Düring
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Knörlein
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Control of the glottal configuration in ex vivo human models: quantitative anatomy for clinical and experimental practices. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 39:257-262. [PMID: 27600801 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this paper was to identify the determining factors of the glottal prephonatory configuration from the point of view of the resulting muscular actions (i.e., arytenoids adduction, membranous vocal fold adduction, and tension). MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 human non-embalmed excised larynges (12 females and 9 males) were studied. Experiment A (11 larynges) studied four conditions of adduction of the vocal folds and arytenoids. Experiment B (10 larynges) studied the effect of cricothyroid approximation on the vocal fold length and the cricothyroid angle. RESULTS Experiment A: The mean glottal area significantly decreased from 41.2 mm2 mean with no adduction, to 10.2 mm2 mean with arytenoid adduction, to 9.2 mm2 with membranous vocal fold adduction, and down to 1.1 mm2 with the combination of arytenoid and membranous adduction. The effect of the task was statistically significant. Experiment B: The length of vocal folds increased from 13.61 mm median to 14.48 mm median, and the cricothyroid angle decreased of 10.05 median along with cricothyroid approximation. DISCUSSION The results of experiment A emphasize the sub-division of adductor intrinsic muscles in arytenoids adductors (i.e., LCA and IA), and membranous vocal fold adductor (i.e., TA). The results of experiment B quantify the effect of cricothyroid approximation on the vocal folds length. The implications of these results can be useful in both clinical practice and experimental studies.
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Järvinen K, Laukkanen AM, Geneid A. Voice Quality in Native and Foreign Languages Investigated by Inverse Filtering and Perceptual Analyses. J Voice 2016; 31:261.e25-261.e31. [PMID: 27495969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Language shift from native (L1) to foreign language (L2) may affect speaker's voice production and induce vocal fatigue. This study investigates the effects of language shift on voice source and perceptual voice quality. STUDY DESIGN This is a comparative experimental study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-four subjects were recorded in L1 and L2. Twelve of the subjects were native Finnish speakers and 12 were native English speakers, and the foreign languages were English and Finnish. Two groups were created based on reports of fatigability. Group 1 had the subjects who did not report more vocal fatigue in L2 than in L1, and in group 2 those who reported more vocal fatigue in L2 than in L1. Acoustic analyses by inverse filtering were conducted in L1 and L2. Also, the subjects' voices were perceptually evaluated in both languages. RESULTS Results show that language shift from L1 to L2 increased perceived pressedness of voice. Acoustic analyses correlated with the perceptual evaluations. Also, the subjects who reported more vocal loading had poorer voice quality, more strenuous voice production, more pressed phonation, and a higher pitch. CONCLUSIONS Voice production was less optimal in L2 than in L1. Speech training given in L2 could be beneficial for people who need to use L2 extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Järvinen
- Speech and Voice Laboratory, School of Education, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Anne-Maria Laukkanen
- Speech and Voice Laboratory, School of Education, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ahmed Geneid
- Department of Otolaryngology and Phoniatrics, Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wolchok JC, Tresco PA. Using vocally inspired mechanical conditioning to enhance the synthesis of a cell-derived biomaterial. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:2358-66. [PMID: 23793412 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The collection of cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) to form implantable biomaterials has therapeutic potential. However, a significant challenge to the creation of these biomaterials is the ability to produce an adequate quantity of ECM from cells in culture. Mechanical stimulation has long been viewed as a practical means to enhance cellular matrix production. In this study we explored the influence of vocally inspired mechanical stimulation, a unique combination of high frequency vibration and low frequency strain, on the production of ECM. Using a custom fabricated vocal bioreactor, tracheal fibroblast seeded sacrificial foams were treated for 3 weeks using either isolated cyclic strain, combined cyclic strain and vibration (dual mode), or static conditioning. When compared to static controls, ECM production was significantly increased for samples conditioned with either cyclic strain or dual mode stimulation. The quantity of ECM harvested from sacrificial foams increased from 25 ± 1 mg for statically conditioned control foams, to 34 ± 3 and 52 ± 10 mg for cyclic strain and dual mode conditioned samples respectively. Furthermore, mechanical conditioning significantly increased the elastic modulus of ECM biomaterials collected from sacrificial foams. Static control modulus increased from 40 ± 2 to 63 ± 7 kPa and 92 ± 7 kPa following isolated cyclic strain and dual mode conditioning, respectively. These results indicate that cyclic strain conditioning can be used to accelerate the production of ECM by human tracheal cells during growth in culture, and that the addition of high frequency vibration to the conditioning program further enhances ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, 317 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA,
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Cho W, Hong J, Park H. Real-time ultrasonographic assessment of true vocal fold length in professional singers. J Voice 2013. [PMID: 23177752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess changing true vocal fold (TVF) length with ultrasonography. MATERIALS Thirty-five professional singers (12 tenors and 23 sopranos) were included in this study. Each subject had a documented TVF length with laryngeal ultrasonography (SonoAce X6 scanner; Samsung Medison, Seoul, Korea) during respiration, phonation, and singing. RESULTS The average TVF lengths could be measured in each situation with real-time laryngeal ultrasonography. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of TVF length was 1.71 cm (0.29) at inspiration, 1.56 cm (0.26) at expiration, 1.70 cm (0.21) at comfort phonation, 2.00 cm (0.22) at the highest tone, and 1.47 cm (0.19) at the lowest tone in tenors. In sopranos, the mean (SD) was 1.35 cm (0.12) at inspiration, 1.17 cm (0.12) at expiration, 1.42 cm (0.12) at comfort phonation, 1.65 cm (0.12) at the highest tone, and 1.14 cm (0.15) at the lowest tone. All variables had significant differences between both sexes (P<0.01). The lengths showed statistically significant differences in each phase (P<0.01). The differences in length between each phase were evaluated as well. When analyzed in each sex, all variables were statistically different except few of them. In both sexes, the highest tone and comfort phonation showed no difference (P=0.081 in tenors and P=0.289 in sopranos). The inspiratory phase and comfort phonation had significant difference only in sopranos (P<0.01) in contrast to tenors (P=0.905). CONCLUSION Ultrasonographic measurement of TVF could be used to assess physiological variation of TVF. To reach a high-pitched voice, the professional singers used similar range of TVF length at comfort phonation. TVF length was affected more by inspiration in tenors. In sopranos, TVF at comfort phonation was significantly lengthened than in tenors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Cho
- DAIN Ear Nose Throat Hospital Voice and Speech Center, Incheon, South Korea.
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Su SY, Yang CH, Chiu CC, Wang Q. Acoustic features for identifying constitutions in traditional Chinese medicine. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 19:569-76. [PMID: 23270320 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Constitutions are Traditional Chinese Medicine syndromes that are used to classify symptoms. The present study sought to identify objective acoustic features for eight commonly occurring abnormal constitutions. METHODS Speech signals were obtained from 281 subjects through a 1-second vowel sound, /a/, uttered by the subjects. For each constitution, differences in acoustic parameters between the low-score and high-score groups were compared. RESULTS Subjects in the high-score groups for Yin-deficiency, Qi-deficiency, Phlegm-wet, Blood-stasis, and Qi-depression showed lower acoustic intensities than subjects in the corresponding low-score groups (all p<0.05). Subjects in the high-score groups of Qi-deficiency and Blood-stasis exhibited higher maximum pitches and higher minimum pitches than subjects in the low-score groups (all p<0.01). The average number of zero-crossings was lower in the high-score groups of Qi-deficiency and Blood-stasis than in the low-score groups for both constitutions (p<0.05). Subjects in the high-score group of special diathesis demonstrated higher low-spectral-energy ratios than subjects in the low-score group (p<0.05), and subjects in the high-score group of Blood-stasis had higher middle spectral energy ratios than subjects in the low-score group (p<0.05). In contrast, the middle spectral energy ratio in the high-score group of special diathesis was lower than in its corresponding low-score group (p<0.05). The high spectral energy ratios were lower in the high-score groups for Yin-deficiency and Blood-stasis (both p<0.05) than in the low-score groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified acoustic features for constitutions and established objective methods for constitutional diagnosis. These acoustic features can potentially be applied in the expert system of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the diagnosis of constitutions in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yu Su
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Shaw SM, Thomson SL, Dromey C, Smith S. Frequency response of synthetic vocal fold models with linear and nonlinear material properties. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:1395-406. [PMID: 22271874 PMCID: PMC4028721 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0153)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to create synthetic vocal fold models with nonlinear stress-strain properties and to investigate the effect of linear versus nonlinear material properties on fundamental frequency (F0) during anterior-posterior stretching. METHOD Three materially linear and 3 materially nonlinear models were created and stretched up to 10 mm in 1-mm increments. Phonation onset pressure (Pon) and F0 at Pon were recorded for each length. Measurements were repeated as the models were relaxed in 1-mm increments back to their resting lengths, and tensile tests were conducted to determine the stress-strain responses of linear versus nonlinear models. RESULTS Nonlinear models demonstrated a more substantial frequency response than did linear models and a more predictable pattern of F0 increase with respect to increasing length (although range was inconsistent across models). Pon generally increased with increasing vocal fold length for nonlinear models, whereas for linear models, Pon decreased with increasing length. CONCLUSION Nonlinear synthetic models appear to more accurately represent the human vocal folds than do linear models, especially with respect to F0 response.
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Döllinger M, Kobler J, Berry DA, Mehta DD, Luegmair G, Bohr C. Experiments on Analysing Voice Production: Excised (Human, Animal) and In Vivo (Animal) Approaches. Curr Bioinform 2011; 6:286-304. [PMID: 26581597 DOI: 10.2174/157489311796904673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on human and on animal excised specimens as well as in vivo animal preparations are so far the most realistic approaches to simulate the in vivo process of human phonation. These experiments do not have the disadvantage of limited space within the neck and enable studies of the actual organ necessary for phonation, i.e., the larynx. The studies additionally allow the analysis of flow, vocal fold dynamics, and resulting acoustics in relation to well-defined laryngeal alterations. PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper provides an overview of the applications and usefulness of excised (human/animal) specimen and in vivo animal experiments in voice research. These experiments have enabled visualization and analysis of dehydration effects, vocal fold scarring, bifurcation and chaotic vibrations, three-dimensional vibrations, aerodynamic effects, and mucosal wave propagation along the medial surface. Quantitative data will be shown to give an overview of measured laryngeal parameter values. As yet, a full understanding of all existing interactions in voice production has not been achieved, and thus, where possible, we try to indicate areas needing further study. RECENT FINDINGS A further motivation behind this review is to highlight recent findings and technologies related to the study of vocal fold dynamics and its applications. For example, studies of interactions between vocal tract airflow and generation of acoustics have recently shown that airflow superior to the glottis is governed by not only vocal fold dynamics but also by subglottal and supraglottal structures. In addition, promising new methods to investigate kinematics and dynamics have been reported recently, including dynamic optical coherence tomography, X-ray stroboscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction with laser projection systems. Finally, we touch on the relevance of vocal fold dynamics to clinical laryngology and to clinically-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Döllinger
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Kobler
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, 620 Thier Building, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David A Berry
- The Laryngeal Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Head & Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Center, 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1794, USA
| | - Daryush D Mehta
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, 11 Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Georg Luegmair
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bohr
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, ENT-Hospital, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Riede T. Elasticity and stress relaxation of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) vocal folds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2924-32. [PMID: 20709920 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.044404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental frequency is an important perceptual parameter for acoustic communication in mammals. It is determined by vocal fold oscillation, which depends on the morphology and viscoelastic properties of the oscillating tissue. In this study, I tested if stress-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) vocal folds allows the prediction of a species' natural fundamental frequency range across its entire vocal repertoire as well as of frequency contours within a single call type. In tensile tests, the load-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of rhesus monkey vocal folds and ventricular folds has been examined. Using the string model, predictions about the species' fundamental frequency range, individual variability, as well as the frequency contour of 'coo' calls were made. The low- and mid-frequency range (up to 2 kHz) of rhesus monkeys can be predicted relatively well with the string model. The discrepancy between predicted maximum fundamental frequency and what has been recorded in rhesus monkeys is currently ascribed to the difficulty in predicting the behavior of the lamina propria at very high strain. Histological sections of the vocal fold and different staining techniques identified collagen, elastin, hyaluronan and, surprisingly, fat cells as components of the lamina propria. The distribution of all four components is not uniform, suggesting that different aspects of the lamina propria are drawn into oscillation depending on vocal fold tension. A differentiated recruitment of tissue into oscillation could extend the frequency range specifically at the upper end of the frequency scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology and National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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13
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Chan RW, Siegmund T, Zhang K. Biomechanics of fundamental frequency regulation: Constitutive modeling of the vocal fold lamina propria. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2010; 34:181-9. [PMID: 19415568 DOI: 10.3109/14015430902913501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of biomechanical characteristics of the vocal fold is critical for understanding the regulation of vocal fundamental frequency (F(0)), which depends on the active control of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles as well as the passive biomechanical response of the vocal fold lamina propria. Specifically, the tissue stress-strain response and viscoelastic properties under cyclic tensile deformation are relevant, when the vocal folds are subjected to length and tension changes due to posturing. This paper describes a constitutive modeling approach quantifying the relationship between vocal fold stress and strain (or stretch), and establishes predictions of F(0) with the string model of phonation based on the constitutive parameters. Results indicated that transient and time-dependent changes in F(0), including global declinations in declarative sentences, as well as local F(0) overshoots and undershoots, can be partially attributed to the time-dependent viscoplastic response of the vocal fold cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Chan
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9035, USA.
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Titze IR, Riede T. A cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000897. [PMID: 20808882 PMCID: PMC2924247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Male Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. A critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. Experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element model of the larynx and a wave propagation model of the vocal tract, both based on the morphology and biomechanics of the elk. The model can produce a wide range of fundamental frequencies. Low fundamental frequencies require low vocal fold strain, but large lung pressure and large glottal flow if sound intensity level is to exceed 70 dB at 10 m distance. A high-frequency bugle requires both large muscular effort (to strain the vocal ligament) and high lung pressure (to overcome phonation threshold pressure), but at least 10 dB more intensity level can be achieved. Glottal efficiency, the ration of radiated sound power to aerodynamic power at the glottis, is higher in elk, suggesting an advantage of high-pitched signaling. This advantage is based on two aspects; first, the lower airflow required for aerodynamic power and, second, an acoustic radiation advantage at higher frequencies. Both signal types are used by the respective males during the mating season and probably serve as honest signals. The two signal types relate differently to physical qualities of the sender. The low-frequency sound (Red Deer call) relates to overall body size via a strong relationship between acoustic parameters and the size of vocal organs and body size. The high-frequency bugle may signal muscular strength and endurance, via a 'vocalizing at the edge' mechanism, for which efficiency is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo R. Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias Riede
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Chhetri DK, Neubauer J, Berry DA. Graded activation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles for vocal fold posturing. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 127:EL127-33. [PMID: 20369979 PMCID: PMC2856174 DOI: 10.1121/1.3310274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations using in vivo models to study the role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in phonation have used neuromuscular stimulation to study voice parameters. However, these studies used coarse stimulation techniques using limited levels of neuromuscular stimulation. In the current investigation, a technique for fine control of laryngeal posturing was developed using graded stimulation of the laryngeal nerves. Vocal fold strain history to graded stimulation and a methodology for establishing symmetric laryngeal activation is presented. This methodology has immediate applications for the study of laryngeal paralysis and paresis, as well as general questions of neuromuscular control of the larynx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juergen Neubauer
- The Laryngeal Dynamics and Physiology Laboratories, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 62-132 CHS, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - David A. Berry
- The Laryngeal Dynamics and Physiology Laboratories, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 62-132 CHS, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Thomas LB, Stemple JC, Andreatta RD, Andrade FH. Establishing a new animal model for the study of laryngeal biology and disease: an anatomic study of the mouse larynx. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2009; 52:802-811. [PMID: 18806215 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/08-0087)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal models have contributed greatly to the study of voice, permitting the examination of laryngeal biology and the testing of surgical, medical, and behavioral interventions. Various models have been used. However, until recently, the mouse (Mus musculus) has not been used in laryngeal research, and features of the mouse larynx have not been defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively describe mouse laryngeal anatomy in relation to known human anatomy. METHODS Larynges of 7 C57BL mice were examined and photographed under stereotactic and light microscopy. RESULTS The authors found that mouse laryngeal organization was similar to that of humans. The hyoid bone and epiglottal, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages were identified. An additional cartilage was present ventrally. Thyroarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles were grossly positioned as in humans. Interarytenoid muscles were not present; however, a functional counterpart was identified. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide an initial description of mouse laryngeal anatomy. Because of its amenability to genetic engineering, the mouse is the premiere model for the study of disease and the testing of interventions. Introduction of the mouse model for laryngeal study offers a tool for the study of normal laryngeal cell biology and tissue response to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Thomas
- Department of Communication Disorders, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Zhang K, Siegmund T, Chan RW, Fu M. Predictions of fundamental frequency changes during phonation based on a biomechanical model of the vocal fold lamina propria. J Voice 2008; 23:277-82. [PMID: 18191379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the local and global changes of fundamental frequency (F(0)) during phonation and proposes a biomechanical model of predictions of F(0) contours based on the mechanics of vibration of vocal fold lamina propria. The biomechanical model integrates the constitutive description of the tissue mechanical response with a structural model of beam vibration. The constitutive model accounts for the nonlinear and time-dependent response of the vocal fold cover and the vocal ligament. The structural model of the vocal fold lamina propria is based on a composite beam model with axial stress. Results show that local fluctuations such as F(0) overshoots and undershoots can be characterized by the biomechanical model and might be related to the processes of stress relaxation of vocal fold tissues during length changes. The global changes of F(0) declination in declarative sentence production can also be characterized by the model. Such F(0) declination is partially attributed to the peak stress decay associated with stress relaxation of the vocal fold lamina propria and partially to neuromuscular control of the vocal fold length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Zhang K, Siegmund T, Chan RW. A two-layer composite model of the vocal fold lamina propria for fundamental frequency regulation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:1090-101. [PMID: 17672656 DOI: 10.1121/1.2749460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the vocal fold lamina propria, including the vocal fold cover and the vocal ligament, play an important role in regulating the fundamental frequency of human phonation. This study examines the equilibrium hyperelastic tensile deformation behavior of cover and ligament specimens isolated from excised human larynges. Ogden's hyperelastic model is used to characterize the tensile stress-stretch behaviors at equilibrium. Several statistically significant differences in the mechanical response differentiating cover and ligament, as well as gender are found. Fundamental frequencies are predicted from a string model and a beam model, both accounting for the cover and the ligament. The beam model predicts nonzero F(0) for the unstretched state of the vocal fold. It is demonstrated that bending stiffness significantly contributes to the predicted F(0), with the ligament contributing to a higher F(0), especially in females. Despite the availability of only a small data set, the model predicts an age dependence of F(0) in males in agreement with experimental findings. Accounting for two mechanisms of fundamental frequency regulation--vocal fold posturing (stretching) and extended clamping--brings predicted F(0) close to the lower bound of the human phonatory range. Advantages and limitations of the current model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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19
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Zhang K, Siegmund T, Chan RW. A constitutive model of the human vocal fold cover for fundamental frequency regulation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2006; 119:1050-62. [PMID: 16521767 DOI: 10.1121/1.2159433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The elastic as well as time-dependent mechanical response of the vocal fold cover (epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria) under tension is one key variable in regulating the fundamental frequency. This study examines the hyperelastic and time-dependent tensile deformation behavior of a group of human vocal fold cover specimens (six male and five female). The primary goal is to formulate a constitutive model that could describe empirical trends in speaking fundamental frequency with reasonable confidence. The constitutive model for the tissue mechanical behavior consists of a hyperelastic equilibrium network in parallel with an inelastic, time-dependent network and is combined with the ideal string model for phonation. Results showed that hyperelastic and time-dependent parameters of the constitutive model can be related to observed age-related and gender-related differences in speaking fundamental frequency. The implications of these findings on fundamental frequency regulation are described. Limitations of the current constitutive model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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20
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Caballero M, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Calvo C, Farrè X, Quintó L, Alòs L. Polydimethylsiloxane versus polytetrafluoroethylene for vocal fold medialization: histologic evaluation in a rabbit model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004; 67:666-74. [PMID: 14528465 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to study the tissue reaction of the paralyzed vocal cord in response to the injection of particulate plastics in a rabbit model. Forty-five New Zealand rabbits with surgical vocal-fold paralysis were used in the study. Histologic reactions of the larynx and the regional lymph nodes were analyzed by a single blinded pathologist at 6 weeks and 6 months after a vocal-cord injection of Teflon or of silicone elastomer. Macroscopic studies of the liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, and brain were performed. The histological study showed a greater proportion of chronic granulomatous inflammation in animals injected with silicone than in those injected with Teflon. The immunohistochemical study showed a higher degree of phagocytosis of Teflon particles than of the silicone particles. The silicone group presented a more severe fibrous reaction than the Teflon group, but the difference was not significant. No migration particles were found. It is concluded that silicone, having a greater viscosity than Teflon because of the size of its particles, induces more fibrosis and a larger proportion of foreign giant cells in the host. Due to this histological reaction, silicone particles present greater anchorage and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Caballero
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Spain
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Titze IR, Story BH. Rules for controlling low-dimensional vocal fold models with muscle activation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2002; 112:1064-1076. [PMID: 12243155 DOI: 10.1121/1.1496080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A low-dimensional, self-oscillation model of the vocal folds is used to capture three primary modes of vibration, a shear mode and two compressional modes. The shear mode is implemented with either two vertical masses or a rotating plate, and the compressional modes are implemented with an additional bar mass between the vertically stacked masses and the lateral boundary. The combination of these elements allows for the anatomically important body-cover differentiation of vocal fold tissues. It also allows for reconciliation of lumped-element mechanics with continuum mechanics, but in this reconciliation the oscillation region is restricted to a nearly rectangular glottis (as in all low-dimensional models) and a small effective thickness of vibration (<3 mm). The model is controlled by normalized activation levels of the cricothyroid (CT), thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles, and lung pressure. An empirically derived set of rules converts these muscle activities into physical quantities such as vocal fold strain, adduction, glottal convergence, mass, thickness, depth, and stiffness. Results show that oscillation regions in muscle activation control spaces are similar to those measured by other investigations on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo R Titze
- National Center of Voice and Speech, and Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Hsiao TY, Liu CM, Luschei ES, Titze IR. The effect of cricothyroid muscle action on the relation between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in an in vivo canine model. J Voice 2001; 15:187-93. [PMID: 11411473 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-1997(01)00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relation between subglottal pressure (Ps) and fundamental frequency (F0) in phonation was investigated with an in vivo canine model. Direct muscle stimulation was used in addition to brain stimulation. This allowed the Ps-F0 slope to be quantified in terms of cricothyroid muscle activity. Results showed that, for ranges of 0-2 mA constant current stimulation of the cricothyroid muscle, the Ps-F0 slope ranged from 10 Hz/kPa to 60 Hz/kPa. These results were compared to similar slopes obtained in a previous study on excised larynges in which the vocal fold length was varied instead of cricothyroid activation. A physical interpretation of the Ps-F0 slope is that the amplitude-to-length ratio of the vocal folds decreases with CT activity, resulting in a smaller time-varying stiffness. In other words, there is less dependence of F0 on amplitude of vibration when the vocal folds are long instead of short.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Abstract
This article examines the physiologic factors responsible for the production of phonation in humans. The article begins with an explanation of the control mechanisms of phonation and theories of vocal fold vibration. The physiologic concepts are based on the myoelastic-aerodynamic, body-cover, and mucosal wave theories. An evaluation of the cover-body theory is explained in terms of pitch control. The factors that regulate the vocal folds to produce pitch changes, intensity variation, and register effects are outlined. The changes in pitch, intensity, and voice qualities are related to the vocal fold mass, tension, subglottic pressure, and airflow generated by the phonatory systems. A brief summary of abnormal voice production is given in terms of disordered physiology and the emerging theory of chaos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.
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