Lycopene attenuates oxidative stress induced experimental cataract development: an in vitro and in vivo study

Lycopene regulates Nrf2 to Ameliorate Sulfamethoxazole -induced renal injury and apoptosis via inhibiting oxidative stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum stress

The overuse and long-term existence of Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in aquatic system have led to adverse effects on non-target organisms, remaining a challenge for aquaculture and human health. This study investigated whether the natural carotenoid lycopene (LYC, 10 mg/kg B.W.) could be used as a candidate to alleviate SMZ (0.3 μg/L)-induced kidney injury in grass carp; the underlying mechanisms were deciphered in vivo and in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL were observed to detect renal injury, structure and function. Various indexes belong to apoptosis (Bcl-2 and caspase families) and its upstream cellular processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy and the Nrf2 pathway were detected in kidney to suggest the alleviating effect of LYC on SMZ-induced renal toxicity. The same renal protection of LYC against SMZ-induced autophagic activation, apoptotic cell death, and Nrf2 blockage, were further confirmed in cultured grass carp kidney cells (CIK). Nrf2 siRNA abrogated LYC-dependent protection of the nephrocytes against SMZ-induced higher production of ROS and apoptosis level. LYC is demonstrated as a potential feed additive for both preventing and alleviating SMZ-induced renal toxicity in aquatic organisms.

Clinical management of eye diseases: carotenoids and their nanoformulations as choice of therapeutics

Eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), impose a substantial health cost on a worldwide scale. Carotenoids have emerged as intriguing candidates for pharmacological treatment of various disorders. Their therapeutic effectiveness, however, is hindered by poor solubility and vulnerability to degradation. Nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles, provide a transformational way to overcome these limits. This review explores the pharmacological potential of carotenoids, namely lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin, to treat several ocular disorders. The main emphasis is on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, which help to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress, crucial factors in the development of AMD and DR. The review evaluates the significant benefits of nano-formulated carotenoids, such as improved bioavailability, higher cellular absorption, precise administration to particular ocular tissues, and greater biostability, which make them superior to conventional carotenoids. Some clinical studies on the beneficial properties of carotenoids in eye diseases are discussed. Furthermore, safety and regulatory concerns are also taken into account. Ultimately, carotenoids, especially when created in their nano form, have significant potential for safeguarding eyesight and enhancing the overall well-being of several individuals afflicted with vision-endangering eye diseases.

Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective

INTRODUCTION

The therapeutic effect of different doses of the traditional aqueous extract of dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) was investigated in an experimental cataract model in chicken embryos.

METHODS AND RESULTS

LC-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of 53 metabolites. In the hydrocortisone-induced cataract model, lenses were examined morphologically after treatment and parameters related to oxidative stress (total antioxidant/oxidant status (TAS/TOS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were evaluated. Antiproliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase-3 H-scores were determined and crystallin alpha A (CRYAA) gene expression in the lenses was measured by RT-PCR. The degree of cataract decreased in all treatment groups. While there was no significant difference in TAS levels compared to the negative control, TOS, GSH, and MDA levels were dose-dependently regulated. Treatment groups other than the high-dose group regulated the decrease in PCNA and the increase in caspase-3. CRYAA gene expression increased significantly only at the lowest dose.

CONCLUSION

YM, which is becoming increasingly popular as a traditional tea, showed a therapeutic effect on hydrocortisone-induced cataracts in chicken embryos at relatively low doses.

Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant with Multiple Health Benefits

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid predominantly found in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Like other phytochemicals, it exhibits health beneficial biological activities that can be exploited when it is used as a dietary supplement. In vitro and in vivo, lycopene has been demonstrated to mitigate oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunctions and diseases including inflammation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Lycopene has been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases that affect the bone, eye, kidney, liver, lungs, heart, and nervous system. This review presents the state of the art regarding lycopene's health benefits and its potential applications in health system delivery. Furthermore, lycopene's protective effects against toxins, safety in its use, and possible toxicity are explored.

Potential Antitumor Activity of Combined Lycopene and Sorafenib against Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma via Targeting Autophagy and Apoptosis and Suppressing Proliferation

An FDA-approved kinase inhibitor called sorafenib (SOR) is used to treat primary kidney and liver cancer as well as to stop the spread of advanced breast cancer. Side effects from SOR, such as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, can negatively impact an individual's quality of life. There are a lot of data supporting the importance of lycopene (LYC) in preventing cancer. The antitumor properties of the combination of sorafenib and lycopene were examined in this study. A viability test against MDA-MB-231 was used to assess the anticancer efficacy of sorafenib, lycopene, and their combination in vitro. Moreover, a cell cycle analysis and Annexin-V/PI double staining were performed by using flow cytometry. In addition, the protein level of JNK-1, ERK-1, Beclin-1, P38, and P53 of the MDA-MB-231 cell line was estimated using ELISA kits. In addition, mice with SEC were divided into four equal groups at random (n = 10) to investigate the possible processes underlying the in vivo antitumor effect. Group IV (SEC-SOR-LYC) received SOR (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and LYC (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.); Group I received the SEC control; Group II received SEC-SOR (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.); and Group III received SEC-LYC (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.). The findings demonstrated that the combination of sorafenib and lycopene was superior to sorafenib and lycopene alone in causing early cell cycle arrest, suppressing the viability of cancer cells, and increasing cell apoptosis and autophagy. Likewise, the combination of sorafenib and lycopene demonstrated inhibition of the levels of Bcl-2, Ki-67, VEGF, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein. Otherwise, the quantities of the proteins BAX, P53, and caspase 3 were amplified. Furthermore, the combined treatment led to a substantial increase in TNF-α, caspase 3, and VEGF gene expression compared to the equivalent dosages of monotherapy. The combination of sorafenib and lycopene enhanced apoptosis and reduced inflammation, as seen by the tumor's decreased weight and volume, hence demonstrating its potential anticancer effect.

An insight on ophthalmic drug delivery systems: Focus on polymeric biomaterials-based carriers

Presently, different types of eye diseases, such as glaucoma, myopia, infection, and dry eyes are treated with topical eye drops. However, due to ocular surface barriers, eye drops require multiple administrations, which may cause several risks, thereby necessitating additional strategies. Some of the key characteristics of an ideal ocular drug delivery system are as follows: (a) good penetration into cornea, (b) high drug retention in the ocular tissues, (c) targetability to the desired regions of the eye, and (d) good bioavailability. It is worthy to note that the corneal epithelial tight junctions hinder the permeation of therapeutics through the cornea. Therefore, it is necessary to design nanocarriers that can overcome these barriers and enhance drug penetration into the inner parts of the eye. Moreover, intelligent multifunctional nanocarriers can be designed to include cavities, which may help encapsulate sufficient amount of the drug. In addition, nanocarriers can be modified with the targeting moieties. Different types of nanocarriers have been developed for ocular drug delivery applications, including emulsions, liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles. However, these formulations may be rapidly cleared from the eye. The therapeutic use of the nanoparticles (NPs) is also hindered by the non-specific adsorption of proteins on NPs, which may limit their interaction with the cellular moieties or other targeted biological factors. Functional drug delivery systems (DDS), which can offer targeted ocular drug delivery while avoiding the non-specific protein adsorption could exhibit great potential. This could be further realized by the on-demand DDS, which can respond to the stimuli in a spatio-temporal fashion. The cell-mediated DDS offer another valuable platform for ophthalmological drug delivery.

Is Cataract in Patients under 60 Years Associated with Oxidative Stress?

Oxidative stress is considered as a possible factor in the genesis of cataract. The study aimed to determine the systemic antioxidant status in cataract patients under 60 years. We studied 28 consecutive cataract patients, mean of 53 years (SD = 9.2), a range of 22-60 and 37 controls. In erythrocytes, activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in contrast with plasma concentrations of vitamin A and E. Conjugated dienes (CD) level and protein carbonyls (PC) concentration were also determined in plasma. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma were also measured. SOD and GPx activity and vitamin A and E concentrations were lower in cataract patients (p = 0.000511, 0.02, 0.022, and 0.000006, respectively). MDA plasma and erythrocytes concentrations were higher in cataract patients (p = 0.000001 and 0.0000001, respectively). PC concentration was higher in cataract patients than in controls (p = 0.00000013). There were statistically significant correlations between oxidative stress markers both in the cataract patients group as well as in the control group. Cataract incidence in patients under 60 years seems to be accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, as well as antioxidant defense depletion. Thus, supplementation with antioxidants could be beneficial in this group of patients.

Vitamin D Supplementation and the Incidence of Cataract Surgery in Older Australian Adults

PURPOSE

Observational studies suggest that higher serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration may be associated with lower risk of cataract. However, no randomized controlled trials have assessed the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of cataract. We aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation reduces the incidence of cataract surgery.

DESIGN

We conducted an ancillary study of the D-Health Trial, a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of monthly vitamin D conducted from 2014 through 2020 within the Australian general population.

PARTICIPANTS

We invited 421 207 men and women 60 to 84 years of age to participate; including an additional 1896 volunteers, 40 824 expressed interest. Those with hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, kidney stones, osteomalacia, or sarcoidosis or those who were taking more than 500 international units (IU) supplemental vitamin D per day were excluded. A total of 21 315 were randomized, and 1390 participants did not fulfil the eligibility criteria for this analysis (linked data available, no cataract within first 6 months), leaving 19 925 included. The median follow-up was 5 years.

METHODS

Participants took 60 000 IU of vitamin D₃ (n = 10 662) or placebo (n = 10 653) orally once per month for a maximum of 5 years.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome for this analysis was the first surgical treatment for cataract, ascertained through linkage to universal health insurance records and hospital data.

RESULTS

Among 19 925 participants eligible for this analysis (mean age, 69.3 years; 46% women) 3668 participants (18.4%) underwent cataract surgery during follow-up (vitamin D: n = 1841 [18.5%]; placebo: n = 1827 [18.3%] ). The incidence of cataract surgery was similar between the two groups (incidence rate, 41.6 and 41.1 per 1000 person-years in the vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.09). In prespecified subgroup analyses, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of cataract surgery was not modified by age, sex, body mass index, predicted serum 25(OH)D concentration, or ambient ultraviolet radiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Routinely supplementing older adults who live in an area with a low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with high-dose vitamin D is unlikely to reduce the need for cataract surgery.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S)

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Role of Rapamycin and 3-MA in oxidative damage of HLECs caused by two doses of UVB radiation

Background

This study compared the role of autophagy regulators Rapamycin and 3-MA in oxidative damage and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) caused by two doses of Ultraviolet Radiation B (UVB).

Methods

HLECs were irradiated with UVB, and two doses of UVB damage models were constructed. After treatment with autophagy regulators, cell damage tests such as CCK-8, LDH activity, and Ros detection were performed. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA leve of secondary antioxidant enzymes.Flow cytometry was used to examine cell viability and apoptosis. Finally, the proportion of autophagy and apoptosis was observed by electron microscope.

Results

Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA promoted oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs at low doses of UVB (5 mJ/cm2), which corresponds to 1.3 ​h of exposure to sunlight in human eyes. Under the high dose of UVB (50mJ/cm2), which is equivalent to 13 ​h of exposure to sunlight in human eyes, the autophagy inducer Rapamycin caused more extensive oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs. 3-MA was able to reduce this damage, indicating that moderate autophagy is necessary for HLECs to cope with mild oxidative stress. For high dose UVB-induced oxidative stress, the use of 3-MA inhibiting autophagy is more beneficial to reduce cell damage and apoptosis. The mechanisms include degradation of damaged organelles, regulation of the expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1, NQO1, GCS and regulation of apoptosis-related proteins.

Conclusions

Autophagy played different roles in HLECs oxidative stress induced by two doses of UVB. It provides new ideas for reducing oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs to prevent or delay the progression of age-related cataract (ARC).

Better oral hygiene is associated with a reduced risk of cataract: A nationwide cohort study

Objective

To investigate the association of oral health status and oral hygiene behaviors with cataract occurrence longitudinally.

Materials and methods

Based on the National Health Screening cohort database of Korea, participants who underwent oral health screening by dentists in 2003 were included. Cataract was defined as two or more claims of disease classification for the International Classification of Diseases-10 (E10.34, E11.34, E12.34, E13.34, E14.34, H25, and H26) with cataract specific treatment or surgery procedure claim codes. The occurrence of cataract was analyzed with Cox proportional hazard model according to the presence of periodontitis and oral health examination findings, including missing teeth, caries, tooth brushing, and dental scaling.

Results

Overall, 103,619 subjects were included. During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, cataract developed in 12,114 (11.7%) participants. Poor oral health status such as the presence of periodontitis (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% CI [confidence interval] 0.99-1.17, p = 0.088) and increased number of missing teeth (adjusted HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.55-1.96, p < 0.001) was associated with the increased cataract risk. Better oral hygiene behaviors such as increased frequency of tooth brushing (adjusted HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79-0.88, p < 0.001) and performed dental scaling within 1 year (adjusted HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86-0.94, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with cataract occurrence.

Conclusion

Periodontitis and increased number of missing teeth may increase the risk of cataract. However, maintaining good oral hygiene through tooth brushing and dental scaling may reduce the risk of future cataract occurrence. Further studies should be performed to confirm the association between chronic oral inflammation and cataract.

Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants

The gradual ageing of the world population has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue dysfunction associated with ageing and obesity shares many common physiological features, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity may help elucidate the processes that contribute to the metabolic disturbances that occur with ageing. This, in turn, may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and age-related metabolic disorders. Because oxidative stress plays a critical role in these pathological processes, antioxidant dietary interventions could be of therapeutic value for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases and obesity and their complications. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which obesity predisposes individuals to accelerated ageing. Additionally, we critically review the potential of antioxidant dietary interventions to counteract obesity and ageing.

Potential Benefits of Lycopene Consumption: Rationale for Using It as an Adjuvant Treatment for Malaria Patients and in Several Diseases

Malaria is a disease that affects thousands of people around the world every year. Its pathogenesis is associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and lower levels of micronutrients and antioxidants. Patients under drug treatment have high levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in the body tissues, which limits the use of these drugs. Therefore, several studies have suggested that RONS inhibition may represent an adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the treatment of these patients by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the host. In this sense, supplementation with antioxidant compounds such as zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, C, and E has been suggested as part of the treatment. Among dietary antioxidants, lycopene is the most powerful antioxidant among the main carotenoids. This review aimed to describe the main mechanisms inducing oxidative stress during malaria, highlighting the production of RONS as a defense mechanism against the infection induced by the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, the metabolism of the parasite, and the metabolism of antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, the effects of lycopene on several diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a cause are outlined, providing information about its mechanism of action, and providing an evidence-based justification for its supplementation in malaria.

Effects of Lycopene Attenuating Injuries in Ischemia and Reperfusion

Tissue and organ ischemia can lead to cell trauma, tissue necrosis, irreversible damage, and death. While intended to reverse ischemia, reperfusion can further aggravate an ischemic injury (ischemia-reperfusion injury, I/R injury) through a range of pathologic processes. An I/R injury to one organ can also harm other organs, leading to systemic multiorgan failure. A type of carotenoid, lycopene, has been shown to treat and prevent many diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, male infertility, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease), making it a hot research topic in health care. Some recent researches have suggested that lycopene can evidently ameliorate ischemic and I/R injuries to many organs, but few clinical studies are available. Therefore, it is essential to review the effects of lycopene on ischemic and I/R injuries to different organs, which may help further research into its potential clinical applications.

Nutrition knowledge and dietary patterns in ophthalmic patients

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Ophthalmic nutrition education programs and good dietary patterns are of considerable significance to ocular health outcomes.

BACKGROUND

The study aimed at assessing the level of ophthalmic nutrition knowledge and to compare the dietary patterns between different ophthalmic patients.

METHODS

Four hundred and ninety-two adults (mean age 54.7 ± 19.4-years) receiving care at three eye-care facilities in Ghana were surveyed: 171 had senile cataract, 162 had open-angle glaucoma, and 159 had healthy eyes. A modified food frequency questionnaire was administered to elicit ophthalmic nutrition knowledge and dietary intake information of participants over the last 30-days. The results were compared between the three groups.

RESULTS

More than half of the participants (n = 267; 54.3 per cent) had received some form of education on food sources that are good for the eyes and vision, with healthy participants accounting for 50.6 per cent of this proportion. Television (55.1 per cent; 147/267), radio (49.1 per cent; 131/267) and the eye doctor (34.1 per cent; 91/267) were the most frequent sources of ophthalmic nutritional knowledge. Overall, less than one-quarter of the participants (n = 108; 22.2 per cent) were able to correctly identify one food source for at least four out of seven selected ophthalmic nutrients. Vitamin C was the most frequently consumed ophthalmic nutrient, whereas lycopene was the least taken across all groups. The average ophthalmic nutrients intake score for those with healthy eyes (59.16 [53.39-64.93]) was significantly greater than for both glaucoma patients (37.73 [32.01-43.44]) and cataract patients (34.81 [29.24-40.37]).

CONCLUSION

In addition to poor ophthalmic nutrition awareness and knowledge, both cataract and glaucoma patients, compared to those with healthy eyes, consumed a lesser amount of nutrients considered vital for eye health and vision. Ophthalmic nutrition education is needed to improve eye-health outcomes.

Hallmarks of lens aging and cataractogenesis

Lens homeostasis and transparency are dependent on the function and intercellular communication of its epithelia. While the lens epithelium is uniquely equipped with functional repair systems to withstand reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative insult, ROS are not necessarily detrimental to lens cells. Lens aging, and the onset of pathogenesis leading to cataract share an underlying theme; a progressive breakdown of oxidative stress repair systems driving a pro-oxidant shift in the intracellular environment, with cumulative ROS-induced damage to lens cell biomolecules leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of the sources and essential functions of lens ROS, antioxidative defenses, and changes in the major regulatory systems that serve to maintain the finely tuned balance of oxidative signaling vs. oxidative stress in lens cells. Age-related breakdown of these redox homeostasis systems in the lens leads to the onset of cataractogenesis. We propose eight candidate hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging and cataractogenesis in the mammalian lens: oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated ion homeostasis, cell senescence, genomic instability and intrinsic apoptotic cell death.

Environmentally relevant concentration of sulfamethoxazole-induced oxidative stress-cascaded damages in the intestine of grass carp and the therapeutic application of exogenous lycopene

Due to the unreasonable use and discharge of the aquaculture industry, over standard of the antibiotics has been frequent in different types of water environments, causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Lycopene (LYC) is an esculent carotenoid, which is considered to be a strong antioxidant. This study was designed to explore the therapeutic effect of LYC on antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)) induced intestinal injury in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The 120 carps (the control, LYC, SMZ, and co-administration groups) were treated for 30 days. We found that treatment with LYC significantly suppressed SMZ-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage and tight junction protein destruction through histopathological observation, transmission electron microscopy and detection of related genes (Claudin-1/3/4, Occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1/2). Furthermore, LYC mitigated SMZ-induced dysregulation of oxidative stress markers, including elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and consumed super oxide dimutese (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) content. In the same treatment, LYC reduced inflammation and apoptosis by a detectable change in pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-β), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8), anti-inflammatory factors (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and IL-10) and pro-apoptosis related genes (p53, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3/9). In addition, activation of autophagy (as indicated by increased autophagy-related genes through AMPK/ATK/MTOR signaling pathway) under the stress of SMZ was also dropped back to the original levels by LYC co-administration. Collectively, our findings identified that LYC can serve as a protectant agent against SMZ-induced intestinal injury.

Exploring the possible neuroprotective and antioxidant potency of lycopene against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats' brain

Acrylamide (Ac) is a carbonyl compound extracted from hydrated acrylonitrile with a significantly high chemical activity. It is widely existed and used in food processing, industrial manufacturing and laboratory personnel work. However, lycopene (Ly) is a most potent natural antioxidant among various common carotenoids extracted from red plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship of Ac-induced neurotoxicity and the ameliorative role of Ly in the regulation of oxidative and antioxidant capacity during Ac exposure. Therefore, this work sought to investigate the neurotoxicity induced by Ac exposure and the potential modulatory role of Ly by reversing the brain dysfunctions during Ac exposure. For this purpose, forty male albino rats were assigned into four equal groups. Control group received distilled water, Ly group was given with a daily dose of 10 mg/kg bw, Ac group was given with a daily dose of 25 mg/kg bw, and Ac-Ly group was gavaged Ac plus Ly at the same doses as the former groups. All treatments were given orally for 21 consecutive days. The concentrations of antioxidants (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and protein carbonyl) biomarkers, as well as neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in the brain homogenates. An immunohistochemical staining was applied with anti-GFPA antibody to determine the severity of astrocytosis. The in vivo study with rat model demonstrated that Ac exposure significantly decline the hematological parameters, brain neurotransmitters concentrations and AChE activity, as well as levels of antioxidant biomarkers but markedly elevate the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Moreover, marked histological alterations and astrocytosis were observed through the increased number of GFAP immunopositively cells in cerebral, cerebellar and hippocampal tissues compared with the other groups. Interestingly, almost all of the previously mentioned parameters were retrieved in Ac-Ly group compared to Ac group. These findings conclusively indicate that Ly oral administration provides adequate protection against the neurotoxic effects of Ac on rat brain tissue function and structure through modulations of oxidative and antioxidant activities.

Carotenoids and Some Other Pigments from Fungi and Yeasts

Carotenoids are an essential group of compounds that may be obtained by microbiological synthesis. They are instrumental in various areas of industry, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. The increase of carotenoids' demand at the global market is now essential. At the moment, the production of natural carotenoids is more expensive than obtaining their synthetic forms, but several new approaches/directions on how to decrease this difference were developed during the last decades. This review briefly describes the information accumulated until now about the beneficial effects of carotenoids on human health protection, their possible application in the treatments of various diseases, and their use in the food and feed industry. This review also describes some issues that are linked with biotechnological production of fungal and yeasts carotenoids, as well as new approaches/directions to make their biotechnological production more efficient.

The potential health benefits of dietary natural plant products in age related eye diseases

In the past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of cases of age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. These diseases are the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness all over the world and are associated with many pathological risk factors such as aging, pollution, high levels of glucose (hyperglycaemia), high metabolic rates, and light exposure. These risk factors lead to the generation of uncontrollable reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of age-related eye diseases through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and lipid peroxidation, which leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, protein and DNA damages, apoptosis that causes macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. This review provides updated information on the beneficial effects of dietary natural plant products (DPNPs) against age-related eye diseases. In this review, supplementation of DPNPs demonstrated preventive and therapeutic effects on people at risk of or with age-related eye diseases due to their capacity to scavenge free radicals, ameliorate inflammatory molecules, neutralize the oxidation reaction that occurs in photoreceptor cells, decrease vascular endothelial growth factor and the blood-retinal barrier and increase the antioxidant defence system. However, further experiments and clinical trials are required to establish the daily doses of DPNPs that will safely and effectively prevent age-related eye diseases.

Cytoprotective role of humanin in lens epithelial cell oxidative stress‑induced injury

Oxidative stress-induced injury and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) are early events in the development of age-related cataracts (ARCs). Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-related peptide that serves a cytoprotective role in various cell types and animal models. Following HN knockdown or overexpression, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA copy number, cell viability, LDH activity and apoptosis of HLECs under oxidative stress were detected, and apoptosis and autophagy were detected via transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that HN may be involved in the response of HLECs to oxidative stress, and that HN expression was significantly upregulated under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, exogenous HN reduced intracellular ROS content and mitochondrial damage, and enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis; however, this protection was lost in an endogenous HN knockdown cell model. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to identify that HN increased mitochondrial autophagy, which was involved in reducing ROS production under oxidative stress. The present study indicated a potential mechanism underlying the anti-oxidative damage and apoptotic effects of HN under oxidative stress. In conclusion, HN may be a potential therapeutic target for ARCs as it has a significant cellular protective effect on HLECs under oxidative stress; therefore, further study is required to investigate its role in the occurrence and development of ARCs.

Esculetin and idebenone ameliorate galactose-induced cataract in a rat model

Cataract is the principal cause of blindness. The enzyme, aldose reductase (AR) is a key player in polyol pathway. Buildup of polyols and oxidative stress are the main causes of cataractogenesis. This study investigated the cytoprotective properties of esculetin and idebenone in galactose-induced cataract. Rats were partitioned into four groups each of ten rats. Control group was fed with normal diet; group 2 rats were fed with galactose diet (50%); groups 3, 4 rats were fed with galactose diet concurrently with either esculetin (50 mg/kg BW) or idebenone (100 mg/kg BW), for 20 days. The study revealed that esculetin and idebenone significantly reduced the elevated levels of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, malondialdehyde, and DNA fragmentation and increased total antioxidant capacity level in lenses compared to the cataract-induced group. Only esculetin decreased AR, galactitol, and advanced glycated end products levels in lenses. Histopathological examinations supported the biochemical findings. Esculetin and idebenone may have chemopreventive effects for sugar cataract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cataract is an age-related disease that might cause blindness in older adult people. Presently, no absolute pharmacological treatment is accessible for cataract. The use of natural products or their derivatives attract particular attention in modern medicines as they are believed to be safer with few or no side effects. Esculetin is a polyphenolic compound found in many medicinal plants. Idebenone is a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q10. The current study is an approach to explore the anticataract effects of esculetin and idebenone in galactose-induced cataract in rats. Our study proved that both agents have anticataractogenic potentials due to their antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.

Current Trends in the Pharmacotherapy of Cataracts

Cataracts, one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide, refers to lens degradation that is characterized by clouding, with consequent blurry vision. As life expectancies improve, the number of people affected with cataracts is predicted to increase worldwide, especially in low-income nations with limited access to surgery. Although cataract surgery is considered safe, it is associated with some complications such as retinal detachment, warranting a search for cheap, pharmacological alternatives to the management of this ocular disease. The lens is richly endowed with a complex system of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants which scavenge reactive oxygen species to preserve lens proteins. Depletion and/or failure in this primary antioxidant defense system contributes to the damage observed in lenticular molecules and their repair mechanisms, ultimately causing cataracts. Several attempts have been made to counteract experimentally induced cataract using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques. The majority of the anti-cataract compounds tested, including plant extracts and naturally-occurring compounds, lies in their antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging and/or anti-inflammatory propensity. In addition to providing an overview of the pathophysiology of cataracts, this review focuses on the role of various categories of natural and synthetic compounds on experimentally-induced cataracts.

Protective effects of pharmacological agents against aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity: A systematic review

Introduction: Aminoglycosides have been long used for antibacterial treatment and are still commonly used in clinical practice. Despite their extensive application and positive effects, drug-related toxicity is considered as the main obstacle for aminoglycosides. Aminoglycosides induce nephrotoxicity through the endocytosis and accumulation of the antibiotics in the epithelial cells of proximal tubule. Most importantly, however, a number of pharmacological agents were demonstrated to have protective activities against nephrotoxicity in experimental animals.Areas covered: In the present systematic review, the authors provide and discuss the mechanisms and epidemiological features of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity, and focus mainly on recent discoveries and key features of pharmacological interventions. In total, 39 articles were included in this review.Expert opinion: The majority of studies investigated gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in animal models. Antioxidants, chemicals, synthetic drugs, hormones, vitamins, and minerals showed potential values to prevent gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Indicators used to evaluate the effectiveness of nephroprotection included antioxidative indexes, inflammatory responses, and apoptotic markers. Among the nephroprotective agents studied, herbs and natural antioxidant agents showed excellent potential to provide a protective strategy against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Ethylene glycol coated nanoceria protects against oxidative stress in human lens epithelium

Chronic diseases are rising in incidence and prevalence because of increases in life expectancy in many parts of the world coupled with advances in medicine which manage disease progression, rather than curing and alleviating the causes. Cataract is one such chronic condition. Identifying a therapeutic intervention that is successful in reversing or preventing cataracts may have applications for other chronic diseases of protein misfolding, such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease as these have similar causation factors, notably oxidative stress and/or glycation. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) which have antioxidant, radioprotective and enzyme-mimetic properties have the potential to lead to an effective non-surgical treatment. However, nanoceria stability in physiological media is poor thus hindering their effective use in biomedical applications. Here we report a highly efficient one-pot synthesis of nanoceria (2-5 nm) coated with ethylene glycol, that is colloidally stable in physiological media and exhibits multiwavelength photoluminescence. The formulation, up to concentrations of 200 μg ml-1, was not toxic to human lens epithelial cells and had no adverse effect on the cellular morphology or proliferation rate. More significantly, these nanoceria showed protective effects against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in lens epithelial cells. Electron microscopy studies show the internalization and cytoplasmic localization of the nanoceria was found to be largely in the perinuclear region.

Enhanced Antioxidant Activity of Bioactives in Colored Grains by Nano-Carriers in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The use of phytochemicals for preventing chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress such as cataracts is hindered by their low bioavailability. The effects of nano-carriers on the antioxidant activities of extracts of black rice with giant embryo (BRGEx) and soybeans (SBx) have been determined in human lens epithelial B3 cells. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that rGO (reduced graphene oxide) has a flat surface unlike GO (graphene oxide), which has a distinctive wrinkled structure with defects. UPLC analysis revealed 41.9 μg/100 g of γ-oryzanols in water extract of BRGE, and 111.8 μg /100 g of lutein, 757.7 μg/100 g of γ-tocotrienol, 4071.4 μg/100 g of γ-tocopherol in 40% ethanol extract of soybeans, respectively. Even though a low concentration of BRGEx alone did not show any antioxidant activity in B3 cells, co-treatment of BRGEx with rGO together substantially reduced hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal-induced DNA damage, as determined by phosphorylated γH2AX. In addition, SBx with rGO also attenuated DNA damage. Furthermore, intracellular reactive oxygen species were significantly decreased by combining extracts of these colored grains with rGO. These results suggest a potential application of nanocarriers for enhancing the bioavailability of phytochemicals.

Drug delivery to the lens for the management of cataracts

Cataracts are one of the most prevalent diseases of the lens, affecting its transparency and are the leading cause of reversible blindness in the world. The clarity of the lens is essential for its normal physiological function of refracting light onto the retina. Currently there is no pharmaceutical treatment for prevention or cure of cataracts and surgery to replace the affected lens remains the gold standard in the management of cataracts. Pharmacological treatment for prevention of cataracts is hindered by many physiological barriers that must be overcome by a therapeutic agent to reach the avascular lens. Various therapeutic agents and formulation strategies are currently being investigated to prevent cataract formation as access to surgery is limited. This review provides a summary of recent research in the field of drug delivery to the lens for the management of cataracts including models used to study cataract treatments and discusses the future perspectives in the field.

Chlorogenic acid attenuates hydrogen peroxide‑induced oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells

Oxidative stress has an important role in the degradation, oxidation, cross‑linking and aggregation of lens proteins, and can trigger lens epithelial cell apoptosis. To investigate the protective effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced oxidative stress, human lens epithelial cells (hLECs) were exposed to various concentrations of H2O2 in the presence and absence of CGA. Using MTT assay, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and ELISA techniques, cell viability, and protein/mRNA levels of BCL2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl‑2) and BCL2 associated X apoptosis regulator (Bax) were investigated. Additionally, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis within cells were measured using flow cytometry to determine the protective effect of CGA on H2O2‑induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the protective effect of CGA on H2O2‑induced apoptosis was also examined using rabbit lenses ex vivo. The results indicated that CGA reduced H2O2‑induced cytotoxicity in a dose‑dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that simultaneous exposure of hLECs to H2O2 and CGA significantly decreased apoptosis and the levels of ROS. RT‑qPCR analysis revealed a decrease in Bcl‑2 and an increase in Bax in hLECs following exposure to H2O2 for 24 h, regardless of CGA presence. Furthermore, ELISA results indicate that CGA increased Bcl‑2 expression and decreased Bax expression following treatment with H2O2 for 24 h and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly decreased by CGA treatment. Lens organ culture experiments indicated a dose‑dependent decrease in H2O2‑induced lens opacity following CGA treatment. These results suggest that CGA suppresses hLECs apoptosis and prevents lens opacity induced by H2O2 via Bax/Bcl‑2 signaling pathway. CGA may provide effective defenses against oxidative stress and, thus, haσ potential as treatment for a variety of diseases in clinical practice.

Modulatory effect of lycopene against carbofuran toxicity in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

In the current study, African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to a sublethal concentration of carbofuran (CF) to investigate its negative effects on biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers. Also, the putative role of lycopene (LYC) administration in alleviating these negative effects was evaluated. Fish were divided into six groups in triplicates as follows: group I was without treatment, group II was orally administered corn oil, group III was orally administered 18 mg LYC/kg body weight, group IV was exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L, group V was orally administered 9 mg LYC/kg body weight and exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L, and group VI was orally administered 18 mg LYC/kg body weight and exposed to 0.121 mg CF/L for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver and kidney) samples were collected and biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers were analysed. Also, histopathological changes were determined. Carbofuran caused significant increments of glucose, cortisol, aspartic amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine; meanwhile, serum acetylcholinesterase, total protein, albumin, and total lipids were significantly reduced. Significant increments in hepatic and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and marked reduction in hepatic and renal catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were observed in CF-exposed fish comparing to the control group. Treatment with LYC attenuated the CF-induced oxidative stress, and this improvement was more pronounced in fish received the high LYC dose (18 mg/kg body weight). Further, congestion of the central vein with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, vacuolar necrosis, and haemorrhage was observed in the livers of CF-exposed fish. Oral administration of LYC reduced behavioural changes and histopathological alterations. All the altered biochemical parameters and antioxidant biomarkers were also restored to be near the normal levels. The obtained results evoked that LYC administration alleviated the destructive effects of carbofuran and reduced its toxicity effect on African catfish.

Prevention and reversal of selenite-induced cataracts by N-acetylcysteine amide in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) eye drops in reversing the cataract formation induced by sodium selenite in male Wistar rat pups.

METHODS

Forty male Wistar rat pups were randomly divided into a control group, an N-acetylcysteine amide-only group, a sodium selenite-induced cataract group, and a NACA-treated sodium selenite-induced cataract group. Sodium selenite was injected intraperitoneally on postpartum day 10, whereas N-acetylcysteine amide was injected intraperitoneally on postpartum days 9, 11, and 13 in the respective groups. Cataracts were evaluated at the end of week 2 (postpartum day 14) when the rat pups opened their eyes. N-acetylcysteine amide eye drops were administered beginning on week 3 until the end of week 4 (postpartum days 15 to 30), and the rats were sacrificed at the end of week 4. Lenses were isolated and examined for oxidative stress parameters such as glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and calcium levels along with the glutathione reductase and thioltransferase enzyme activities. Casein zymography and Western blot of m-calpain were performed using the water soluble fraction of lens proteins.

RESULTS

Morphological examination of the lenses in the NACA-treated group indicated that NACA was able to reverse the cataract grade. In addition, glutathione level, thioltransferase activity, m-calpain activity, and m-calpain level (as assessed by Western blot) were all significantly higher in the NACA-treated group than in the sodium selenite-induced cataract group. Furthermore, sodium selenite- injected rat pups had significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione reductase enzyme activity, and calcium levels, which were reduced to control levels upon treatment with NACA.

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggest that NACA has the potential to significantly improve vision and decrease the burden of cataract-related loss of function. Prevention and reversal of cataract formation could have a global impact. Development of pharmacological agents like NACA may eventually prevent cataract formation in high-risk populations and may prevent progression of early-stage cataracts. This brings a paradigm shift from expensive surgical treatment of cataracts to relatively inexpensive prevention of vision loss.

On the Anticataractogenic Effects of L-Carnosine: Is It Best Described as an Antioxidant, Metal-Chelating Agent or Glycation Inhibitor?

Purpose. L-Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide which recently gained popularity as an anticataractogenic agent due to its purported antioxidant activities. There is a paucity of research and conclusive evidence to support such claims. This work offers compelling data that help clarify the mechanism(s) behind the anticataract properties of L-carnosine. Methods. Direct in vitro antioxidant free radical scavenging properties were assayed using three different antioxidant (TEAC, CUPRAC, and DPPH) assays. Indirect in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant assays were studied by measuring glutathione bleaching capacity and total sulfhydryl (SH) capacity of bovine lens homogenates as well as hydrogen-peroxide-stress assay using human lens epithelial cells. Whole porcine lenses were incubated in high galactose media to study the anticataract effects of L-carnosine. MTT cytotoxicity assays were conducted on human lens epithelial cells. Results. The results showed that L-carnosine is a highly potent antiglycating agent but with weak metal chelating and antioxidant properties. There were no significant decreases in lens epithelial cell viability compared to negative controls. Whole porcine lenses incubated in high galactose media and treated with 20 mM L-carnosine showed a dramatic inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation as evidenced by NBT and boronate affinity chromatography assays. Conclusion. L-Carnosine offers prospects for investigating new methods of treatment for diabetic cataract and any diseases that are caused by glycation.

Lycopene Deficiency in Ageing and Cardiovascular Disease

Lycopene is a hydrocarbon phytochemical belonging to the tetraterpene carotenoid family and is found in red fruit and vegetables. Eleven conjugated double bonds predetermine the antioxidant properties of lycopene and its ability to scavenge lipid peroxyl radicals, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. Lycopene has a low bioavailability rate and appears in the blood circulation incorporated into chylomicrons and other apo-B containing lipoproteins. The recent body of evidence suggests that plasma concentration of lycopene is not only a function of intestinal absorption rate but also lycopene breakdown via enzymatic and oxidative pathways in blood and tissues. Oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide may represent a major cause of lycopene depletion in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been shown recently that low carotenoid levels, and especially decreased serum lycopene levels, are strongly predictive of all-cause mortality and poor outcomes of cardiovascular disease. However, there is a poor statistical association between dietary and serum lycopene levels which occurs due to limited bioavailability of lycopene from dietary sources. Hence, it is very unlikely that nutritional intervention alone could be instrumental in the correction of lycopene and carotenoid deficiency. Therefore, new nutraceutical formulations of carotenoids with enhanced bioavailability are urgently needed.

Protective Effect of D-Limonene against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage in Human Lens Epithelial Cells via the p38 Pathway

Oxidative stress, as mediated by ROS, is a significant factor in initiating the development of age-associated cataracts; D-limonene is a common natural terpene with powerful antioxidative properties which occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. It has been shown to have antioxidant effect; we found that D-limonene can effectively prevent the oxidative damage caused by H₂O₂ and propose that the main mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of D-limonene is the inhibition of HLECs apoptosis. In the present study, we used confocal-fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry analysis, Hoechst staining, H₂DCFDA staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoblot analysis; the results revealed that slightly higher concentrations of D-limonene (125–1800 μM) reduced the H₂O₂-induced ROS generation and inhibited the H₂O₂-induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation and decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, it inhibited H₂O₂-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, we conclude that D-limonene could effectively protect HLECs from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress and that its antioxidative effect is significant, thereby increasing the cell survival rate.

The Effect of Tomato Juice Consumption on Antioxidant Status in Overweight and Obese Females

Tomatoes and their products are the main source of lycopene, a powerful potent antioxidant. Tomato products improve antioxidant defenses and reduce the risk of oxidative stress, at least partly, due to the presence of lycopene. Lycopene, as an antioxidant, induces the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and reinforces the total enzyme capacity of the human body. Obesity is a chronic condition in which destructive mechanisms increase the reactive oxygen species and attenuation of antioxidant status. We hypothesized that the consumption of a lycopene-rich food would improve the antioxidant defense of women who were overweight or obese. A total of seventy-five overweight or obese female students of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of two groups, intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 35), consuming 330 ml/d of tomato juice or water, respectively, for a 20-day period. At baseline and day 20, total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) were analyzed using ELISA kits and spectrophotometric methods and then compared between the two groups. Lycopene consumption had no effect on these aforementioned variables. Therefore, it seems that more research with longer duration and more sensitive indicators will be required.

Age-related cataract and drug therapy: opportunities and challenges for topical antioxidant delivery to the lens

Objectives

The search for anticataract drugs has been continuing for decades; some treatments no longer exist but antioxidants are still of much interest.

Key findings

The primary function of the human lens, along with the cornea, is to refract light so that it is correctly focused onto the retina for optimum image quality. With age, the human lens undergoes morphological, biochemical and physical changes leading to opacification. Age-related or senile cataract is one of the main causes of visual impairment in the elderly; given the lack of access to surgical treatment in many parts of the world, cataract remains a major cause of sight loss. Surgical treatment is the only means of treating cataract; this approach, however, has limitations and complications.

Summary

This review discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lens and the changes that are understood to occur with ageing and cataract formation to identify potential areas for effective therapeutic intervention. Experimental techniques and agents used to induce cataract in animal models, the advantages and disadvantages of potential pharmacological treatments specific barriers to delivery of exogenous antioxidants to the lens and the prospects for future research are discussed.

Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases

Free radicals and other oxidants have gained importance in the field of biology due to their central role in various physiological conditions as well as their implication in a diverse range of diseases. The free radicals, both the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are derived from both endogenous sources (mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, phagocytic cells etc.) and exogenous sources (pollution, alcohol, tobacco smoke, heavy metals, transition metals, industrial solvents, pesticides, certain drugs like halothane, paracetamol, and radiation). Free radicals can adversely affect various important classes of biological molecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, thereby altering the normal redox status leading to increased oxidative stress. The free radicals induced oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in several diseased conditions such as diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease-PD, Alzheimer's disease-AD and Multiple sclerosis-MS), cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and hypertension), respiratory diseases (asthma), cataract development, rheumatoid arthritis and in various cancers (colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, bladder cancers). This review deals with chemistry, formation and sources, and molecular targets of free radicals and it provides a brief overview on the pathogenesis of various diseased conditions caused by ROS/RNS.

Supplements for exotic pets

The use of supplements has become commonplace in an effort to complement traditional therapy and as part of long-term preventive health plans. This article discusses historical and present uses of antioxidants, vitamins, and herbs. By complementing traditional medicine with holistic and alternative nutrition and supplements, the overall health and wellness of exotic pets can be enhanced and balanced. Further research is needed for understanding the strengths and uses of supplements in exotic species. Going back to the animals' origin and roots bring clinicians closer to nature and its healing powers.

Effects of melatonin on Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats

Introduction:

Melatonin has been considered a potent antioxidant that detoxifies a variety of reactive oxygen species in many pathophysiological states of eye. The present study was designed to determine the effects of Wi-Fi exposure on the lens oxidant, antioxidant redox systems, as well as the possible protective effects of melatonin on the lens injury induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR).

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-two rats were used in the current study and they were randomly divided into four equal groups as follows: First and second groups were cage-control and sham-control rats. Rats in third group were exposed to Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) for duration of 60 min/day for 30 days. As in the third group, the fourth group was treated with melatonin. The one-hour exposure to irradiation in second, third and fourth took place at noon each day.

Results:

Lipid peroxidation levels in the lens were slightly higher in third (Wi-Fi) group than in cage and sham control groups although their concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by melatonin supplementation. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Wi-Fi group than in cage and sham control groups although GSH-Px (P < 0.01) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.05) values were significantly higher in Wi-Fi + melatonin group than in Wi-Fi group.

Conclusions:

There are poor oxidative toxic effects of one hour of Wi-Fi exposure on the lens in the animals. However, melatonin supplementation in the lens seems to have protective effects on the oxidant system by modulation of GSH-Px activity.

Etiopathogenesis of cataract: an appraisal

Natural eye lens is a crystalline substance to produce a clear passage for light. Cataract is opacity within the clear lens of the eye and is the dominant cause of socio-medical problem i.e., blindness worldwide. The only available treatment of cataract is surgery. However, insufficient surgical facilities in poor and developing countries and post-operative complications inspire researchers to find out other modes of treatment for cataract. In this review, an attempt has been made to appraise various etiological factors of cataract to make their perception clear to build up counterpart treatment. Present study is an assortment of various available literatures and electronic information in view of cataract etiopathogenesis. Various risk factors have been identified in development of cataracts. They can be classified in to genetic factors, ageing (systemic diseases, nutritional and trace metals deficiencies, smoking, oxidative stress etc.), traumatic, complicated (inflammatory and degenerative diseases of eye), metabolic (diabetes, galactosemia etc.), toxic substances including drugs abuses, alcohol etc., radiation (ultraviolet, electromagnetic waves etc.) are implicated as significant risk factors in the development of cataract.

Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant, significantly reduces the development of the adhesion phenotype

Postoperative adhesions are a common medical complication of gynecologic and other pelvic surgeries resulting in persistent pelvic pain, obstruction of the intestines, and even infertility. The molecular mechanisms of postoperative adhesion development remain to be elucidated. We have recently described a role for reactive oxygen species, specifically superoxide, in the development of postoperative adhesions. In this study, we sought to determine whether lycopene, a potent antioxidant, reduces markers characteristic of the adhesion phenotype. Primary fibroblast cultures from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues were utilized to determine mRNA levels of adhesion phenotype markers type I collagen, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to lycopene (24 hours, 10 μM) treatment. There was a 2 (p < 0.003), 4.7 (p < 0.004), and 1.6 fold (p < 0.004) increase in mRNA levels of type I collagen, TGF-β1, and VEGF, respectively, in adhesion as compared to normal peritoneal fibroblasts. Lycopene treatment led to a 6.8 and a 12.4 fold decrease in type I collagen mRNA levels, in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts, respectively (p < 0.005). Lycopene treatment led to a 4.2 (p < 0.03) and a 4.6 (p < 0.05) fold decrease in VEGF mRNA levels, in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts, respectively. Lycopene treatment led to a 7.0 fold decrease in TGF-β1 mRNA levels, in adhesion fibroblasts (p < 0.03). A 1.9 fold decrease in TGF-β1 mRNA was observed in normal peritoneal fibroblasts in response to treatment, although it was not significant. Lycopene substantially reduced levels of adhesion phenotype markers in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts and whether it will reduce postoperative adhesions needs to be further investigated.

Protective effect of lycopene on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Cyprinus carpio during cypermethrin exposure

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of lycopene against the toxic effects of cypermethrin (CYP) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into seven groups of 10 fish each and received the following treatments: group 1, no treatment; group 2, orally administered corn oil; group 3, oral lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight); group 4, exposure to 0.202 μg/L CYP; group 5, exposure to 0.202 μg/L CYP plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene; group 6, exposure to 0.404 μg/L CYP; and group 7, exposure to 0.404 μg/L CYP plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene. Treatment was continued for 28 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. MDA level, as an index of lipid peroxidation, increased in blood and tissues. Antioxidant enzyme activities in blood and tissues were modified in CYP groups compared with controls. Administration of lycopene ameliorated these parameters. The present results suggest that administration of lycopene might alleviate CYP-induced oxidative stress.

Lycopene protects against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity by maintaining mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Lycopene, a member of the carotenoid family of phytochemicals, exerts its neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage and improving mitochondrial function in several experimental models. In an attempt to clarify the protective effect of lycopene on toxin-insulted dopaminergic neuronal death, the present study was carried out by using a typical PD-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cellular model. SH-SY5Y cells were preincubated with different dose of lycopene for 2 h, followed by the challenge with 500 μM MPP(+) for 24 h. It is found that lycopene attenuated MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity, as evidenced by the improved cell viability and the decreased apoptotic rate. Additionally, lycopene suppressed the reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation caused by MPP(+). Lycopene also ameliorated MPP(+)-induced mitochondria-derived ROS production and mitochondrial morphological changes. Furthermore, lycopene attenuated MPP(+)-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the concomitant disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, reversed MPP(+)-induced reduction in ATP concentration and decreases in mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and mitochondrial RNA transcript levels. Together, the protective effects of lycopene against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity may be attributable to its roles in improving mitochondrial function. These data suggest that lycopene may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD.

Rutin ameliorates free radical mediated cataract by enhancing the chaperone activity of α-crystallin

BACKGROUND

Cataract, the leading cause of blindness, is associated with oxidative damage and protein modification in the lens. The present study was carried out to assess the efficacy of rutin on rat-lens crystallins in selenite-induced in-vivo cataract models.

METHODS

Eight-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were grouped as control (G I), experimental (G II) and rutin-treated (G III). The rat pups in G II, and G III received a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (4 μg/g body weight) and G I received a single subcutaneous injection of sterile water on the 10th day. The treatment groups (G III) were administered with rutin (1 μg/g body weight) respectively from the 8th to 15th day. Cataract was visualized from the 16th day. Lens crystallins (α, β, and γ) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography. Chaperone activity of isolated crystallins was measured by heat, DTT, and oxidation-induced aggregation and refolding assays. Concentration of total protein (soluble and insoluble) and SDS-PAGE analysis of soluble proteins were also done.

RESULTS

Treatment with rutin prevented the loss of α crystallin chaperone property, and protein insolubilization prevailed during selenite-induced cataract.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest the therapeutic potential of rutin, a bioflavonoid, against selenite-induced cataract, which has been reported in this paper for the first time. The work assumes significance, as this is a novel approach in modulating the chaperone activity of lens crystallins in selenite-induced cataract by a natural product.

Lycopene supplementation suppresses oxidative stress induced by a high fat diet in gerbils

The effect of lycopene supplementation on the antioxidant system was investigated by analyzing lipid peroxide levels, glutathione contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities in Mongolian gerbils fed a high fat diet. Gerbils were fed on each experimental diet for 6 weeks; normal diet (NC), normal diet with 0.05% lycopene (NL), high fat diet (HF), and a high fat diet with 0.05% lycopene (HFL). Dietary supplementation of lycopene increased hepatic lycopene level in gerbils fed a normal or high fat diet (P < 0.05). Liver and erythrocyte concentrations of lipid peroxide increased in gerbils fed a high fat diet, whereas lycopene supplementation decreased liver and erythrocyte concentrations of lipid peroxide (P < 0.05). Hepatic total glutathione content was higher in the NL group than that in the NC group (P < 0.05). Total antioxidant status in plasma increased following lycopene supplementation compared with that of the non-lycopene supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Hepatic catalase activity increased following dietary lycopene supplementation (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity in liver remained unchanged with lycopene supplementation, but erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity increased in NL group compared with NC group (P < 0.05). Glutathione-S-transferase activity increased in the NL group compared to NC group (P < 0.05). Liver and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly in the NL group compared to that in the HF group (P < 0.05). Liver glutathione reductase activity was higher in the NL group than that in the NC group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that lycopene supplementation may be efficient for preventing chronic diseases induced by oxidative stress related to high fat diet.

The Protective Effect of Curcumin on Ionizing Radiation-induced Cataractogenesis in Rats

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to determine the protective effect of curcumin against ionizing radiation-induced cataract in the lens of rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Rats were divided into six groups. Group 1: Control, Group 2: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Group 3: DMSO+curcumin, Group 4: Irradiation, Group 5: Irradiation+DMSO, Group 6: Irradiation+DMSO+curcumin. A 15 Gy total dose was given to 4, 5, 6 groups for radiation damage. Curcumin (100 mg/kg) was dissolved in DMSO and given by intragastric intubation for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, lenses were graded and enucleated. The lenticular activity of the antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured.

RESULTS

100% Cataract was seen in the irradiation group. Cataract rate fell to 40% and was limited at grade 1 and 2 in the curcumin group. In the irradiation group, antioxidant enzyme levels were decreased, MDA levels were increased. There was an increase in antioxidant enzyme levels and a significant decrease in MDA in the group which was given curcumin.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin has antioxidant and radioprotective properties and is likely to be a valuable agent for protection against ionizing radiation. Hence, it may be used as an antioxidant and radioprotector against radiation-induced cataractogenesis.