1
|
Lemma T, de Barros Souza F, Tellez Soto CA, Martin AA. An FT-Raman, FT-IR, and Quantum Chemical Investigation of Stanozolol and Oxandrolone. BIOSENSORS 2017; 8:bios8010002. [PMID: 29278383 PMCID: PMC5872050 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and the Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectra of stanozolol and oxandrolone, and we have performed quantum chemical calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) with a B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of theory. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were collected in a solid phase. The consistency between the calculated and experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman data indicates that the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) can generate reliable geometry and related properties of the title compounds. Selected experimental bands were assigned and characterized on the basis of the scaled theoretical wavenumbers by their total energy distribution. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical spectra allowed positive assignment of the observed vibrational absorption bands. Finally, the calculation results were applied to simulate the Raman and IR spectra of the title compounds, which show agreement with the observed spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibebe Lemma
- Faculdade de Ciencias e Technologia (FCT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano de Barros Souza
- Fisiologia e Farmacodinamica, University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Shishima Hifumi Ave, 2911, Sao Jose dos Campos, São Paulo 12244-000, Brazil.
| | - Claudio A Tellez Soto
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center-Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-Rua Carolina Fonseca, Itaquera , São Paulo 235-08230-030, Brazil.
| | - Airton A Martin
- Biomedical Engineering Innovation Center-Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-Rua Carolina Fonseca, Itaquera , São Paulo 235-08230-030, Brazil.
- Departamento de Física, CCN, Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Bairro Ininga, Teresina/PI 64049-550, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fuentes-Orozco C, Cervantes-Guevara G, Muciño-Hernández I, López-Ortega A, Ambriz-González G, Gutiérrez-de-la-Rosa JL, Gómez-Herrera E, Hermosillo-Sandoval JM, González-Ojeda A. L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases infectious morbidity rate in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:403-11. [PMID: 18596311 DOI: 10.1177/0148607108319797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of parenteral GLN on recovery from severe acute pancreatitis has not been thoroughly investigated. The aims of this study were to determine whether parenteral GLN improves nutrition status and immune function, and to determine its ability to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. METHODS In a randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomly assigned to receive either standard PN (n = 22) or l-alanyl-l-glutamine-supplemented PN (n = 22) after hospital admission. Nitrogen balance, counts of leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and CD4 and CD8 subpopulations, and serum levels of immunoglobulin A, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were measured on days 0, 5, and 10. Hospital stay, infectious morbidity, and mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS Demographics, laboratory characteristics, and pancreatitis etiology and severity at entry to the study were similar between groups. The study group exhibited significant increases in serum IL-10 levels, total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts, and albumin serum levels. Nitrogen balance also improved to positive levels in the study group and remained negative in the control group. Infectious morbidity was more frequent in the control group than in the study group. The duration of hospital stay was similar between groups, as was mortality. CONCLUSION The results suggest that treatment of patients with GLN-supplemented PN may decrease infectious morbidity rate compared with those who treated with nonenriched PN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco
- Medical Research Unit in Clinical Epidemiology, Western Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banta S, Yokoyama T, Berthiaume F, Yarmush ML. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone administration on rat hepatic metabolism following thermal injury. J Surg Res 2005; 127:93-105. [PMID: 15882877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe burns cause dramatic alterations in liver and whole-body metabolism. Recently, there has been interest in using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as a treatment for trauma patients, and enhanced survival and immune function have been reported using DHEA in animal trauma models. The specific effects of DHEA on hepatic metabolism following burn injury have not been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats received either (1) a burn covering approximately 20% of the total body surface area or a sham burn or (2) burn injury followed by two intraperitoneal injections of DHEA or vehicle. After 4 days, the livers were isolated and perfused in vitro, and 28 metabolite fluxes were measured. Metabolic flux analysis was used to obtain the intracellular metabolic flux distribution and provide an overview of the metabolic state of the livers in each experimental group. RESULTS Burn injury decreased the uptake of lactate and the production of beta-hydroxybutyrate and increased the deamination of glutamine to glutamate and asparagine to aspartate. DHEA, compared to vehicle treatment, decreased pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) fluxes and the uptake of several amino acids in burned rats. Furthermore, DHEA treatment restored liver metabolism in burned rats to a state that was very similar to that of the sham control group. CONCLUSIONS DHEA administration appears to normalize hepatocellular metabolism in burned rats but also decreases the PPP flux, which may impair the liver's ability to recycle endogenous antioxidants. DHEA treatment combined with exogenous antioxidants should receive further consideration in the management of burn and trauma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Banta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Shriners Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The intestinal barrier function of GI tract is very important in the body except for the function of digestion and absorption. The functional status of gut barrier basically reflects the stress severity when body suffers from trauma and various stimulations. Many harmful factors such as drugs, illnesses, trauma and burns can damage the gut barrier, which can lead to the barrier dysfunction and bacterial/endotoxin translocation. The paper discusses and reviews the concepts, anatomy, pathophysiology of gut barrier and its clinical relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-An Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affilitated Hospital of Medical School, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ding LA, Li JS. Effects of glutamine on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in TPN-rats with endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1327-32. [PMID: 12800250 PMCID: PMC4611810 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i6.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of glutamine on the intestinal barrier function in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) rats with trauma or endotoxemia.
METHODS: To perform prospective, randomized and controlled animal experimentation of rats with surgical trauma, TPN and endotoxemia, thirty-four male, adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group (n = 8), TPN group (n = 9), trauma and endotoxemia group (LPS, n = 8) and trauma plus endotoxemia supplemented with glutamine in TPN solution group (Gln.group, n = 9). All groups except the control group were given TPN solutions in 7-day experimental period. For Gln group, 1000 mg/kg/d of glutamine was added to TPN solution during day 1-6. On the 7th day all the animals were gavaged with lactulose (66 mg) and mannitol (50 mg) in 2 mL of normal saline. Then 24 h urine with preservative was collected and kept at -20 °C. On day 8, under intra-peritoneal anesthesia using 100 mg/kg ketamin, the intestine, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and blood were taken for examination.
RESULTS: The body weight of LPS group decreased most among the four groups. The structure of small intestinal mucosa in TPN group, LPS group and Gln group showed impairments of different degrees, and the damage of small intestinal mucosa in Gln group was remarkably alleviated. The concentrations of interleukins in small intestine mucosa were lower (for IL-4 and IL-6) or the lowest (IL-10) in Gln group. The IgA level in the blood plasma and the mucosa of Gln group was the highest among all of the groups. The urine lactulose/mannitol test showed that the intestinal permeability in LPS group was lower than that in TPN group (P < 0.001), but there was no difference between LPS group and Gln group. The rate of bacterial translocation in Gln group was lower than that in LPS group (P < 0.02).
CONCLUSION: Prophylactic treatment with glutamine could minimize the increments of intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation caused by trauma and endotoxemia in rats treated with TPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-An Ding
- Clinical College of Nanjing University Medical School, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002 Jiangsu Province, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LWE, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E. Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34:47-51. [PMID: 11753164 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200201000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide growth factor with mitogenic effects on intestinal epithelial crypt cells occurs naturally in high concentrations in colostrum. The hypothesis for this study was that colostrum rich in IGF-1 could promote small bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. METHODS Twenty-four piglets, aged 7 days, underwent 75% small bowel resection and were fed 525 kJ x kg(-1) x d(-1) (125 kcal) of colostrum-based formula (Rs(+)) or placebo formula (Rs(-)). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) accounted for 35% of the protein and was compensated with casein and whey protein in the control feed. The piglets were weighed daily and killed 28 days after surgery. Bowel samples were taken at surgery and at death. RESULTS Relative body-weight increase did not differ between the Rs(+) and Rs(-) group (84% +/- 9% vs. 90% +/- 12%, P = 0.83). There was a significant relative increase in crypt depth in the Rs - compared with the Rs + group (201% +/- 15% vs. 147% +/- 17%, P = 0.02) and total protein (mg/cm bowel) (482 +/- 51 vs. 278 +/- 46, P = 0.008). Increase in villus length, DNA/RNA content, and mitotic index did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Colostrum supplement rich in IGF-1 has no benefits over protein-enriched feed with respect to growth and bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V H Heemskerk
- Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karwowska KA, Dworacki G, Trybus M, Zeromski J, Szulc R. Influence of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on nitrogen balance and immunologic status in patients undergoing elective aortic aneurysm repair. Nutrition 2001; 17:475-8. [PMID: 11399407 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. Thus, the systemic response to infection and its management remains a major challenge in clinical medicine. Apart from antibiotic administration, the majority of available therapies are limited to supportive strategies, although considerable efforts are being undertaken to devise innovative approaches that modulate host inflammatory responses. In suspected sepsis, 2 or 3 days' empiric antibiotic therapy should begin immediately after cultures have been obtained without awaiting results. Antibiotics should be re-evaluated when the results of the cultures and susceptibility tests are available. The initial antibiotic (combination) is determined by the likely causative agent, susceptibility patterns within a specific institution, CNS penetration, toxicity, and the patient's hepatic and renal function. The likely offending micro-organism in turn depends primarily on the patient's age, coexistence of any premorbid condition leading to impaired immune response, and the presenting signs and symptoms. Close attention to cardiovascular, respiratory, fluid and electrolyte, haematological, renal and metabolic/nutritional support is essential to optimise outcome. Fluid resuscitation is of utmost importance to overcome hypovolaemia on the basis of a diffuse capillary leak. Monitoring and normalisation of the heart rate is essential. In case of nonresponse to fluid resuscitation, inotropic and vasoactive agents are commonly used to increase cardiac output, maintain adequate blood pressure and enhance oxygen delivery to the tissue. Because respiratory distress syndrome is seen in about 40% of critically ill children with septic shock, increased inspired oxygen is essential. To provide optimal relief from respiratory muscle fatigue and facilitate the provision of positive airway pressure, early intubation and mechanical ventilation should be considered. Renal support is essential to avoid prolonged renal shutdown in hypoperfusion states. Haematological support comprises replacement therapy of clotting factors to overcome disseminated intravascular coagulation. Metabolic support may include glucose support, extraction of ammonia from the body and recognition of liver dysfunction. Nutritional support may modify the inflammatory host response, and early enteral feeding can improve outcome in critical illness. To date, glucocorticoid and non-glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory agents have not shown significant benefit in septic patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW, Breederveld RS. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354:2025-8. [PMID: 10636366 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)03059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is not clear, nor is there a definitive treatment for this syndrome. The morbidity, costs in health care, and loss of work time justify the search for a means to prevent post-traumatic dystrophy. Although the role of toxic oxygen radicals has not yet been clarified, we investigated vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as a prophylactic antioxidant drug. METHODS 123 adults with 127 conservatively treated wrist fractures were randomly allocated in a double-blind trial to take a capsule of 500 mg vitamin C or placebo daily for 50 days. Each participant's sex, age, side of fracture, dominance, fracture type, dislocation, reduction, and complaints with the plaster cast were recorded, and they were clinically scored for RSD. The follow-up lasted 1 year. FINDINGS Eight patients were withdrawn after randomisation. 52 patients with 54 fractures (male 22%, female 78%; mean age 57 years) received vitamin C and 63 patients with 65 fractures (male 20%, female 80%; mean age 60 years) received placebo. RSD occurred in four (7%) wrists in the vitamin C group and 14 (22%) in the placebo group 15% (95% CI for differences 2-26). Other significant prognostic variables for the occurrence of RSD were complaints while wearing the cast (relative risk 0.17 [0.07-0.41]) and fracture type (0.37 [0.16-0.89]). INTERPRETATION This prospective, double-blind study shows that vitamin C was associated with a lower risk of RSD after wrist fractures. Our hypothesis is that this beneficial effect of prophylaxis would be useful in other forms of trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Zollinger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leyenburg Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Lipids in enteral nutrition facilitate the presentation of a high energy source with low osmotic impact. Focus has shifted from macronutrients towards the inclusion of special nutrients and growth factors. Recent advances in the design of triacylglycerol lipids with specific structures facilitate the absorption of essential fatty acids of the n-3 series, which provide specific benefits with respect to tissue repair and to the immune system. Enteric formulations containing n-3 lipids are proving to be of value in sustaining seriously ill patients. Information from well-controlled trials is generally consistent in establishing the benefits of formulations containing n-3 lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Redgrave
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|