1
|
Blanc F, Waechter C, Vogel T, Schorr B, Demuynck C, Hunyadi CM, Meyer M, Mutelica D, Bougaa N, Fafi-Kremer S, Calabrese L, Schmitt E, Imperiale D, Jehl C, Boussuge A, Suna C, Weill F, Matzinger A, Muller C, Karcher P, Kaltenbach G, Sauleau E. Therapeutic prevention of COVID-19 in elderly: a case-control study. GeroScience 2021; 43:2333-2343. [PMID: 34273049 PMCID: PMC8285285 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a particularly aggressive disease for the elderly as 86% of deaths related to COVID-19 occur in people over 65 years of age. Despite the urgent need for a preventive treatment, there are currently no serious leads, other than the vaccination. The aim of this retrospective case-control study is to find a pharmacological preventive treatment of COVID-19 in elderly patients. One-hundred-seventy-nine patients had been in contact with other COVID-19 patients at home or in hospital, of whom 89 had tested RT-PCR-positive (COVID-pos) for the virus and 90 had tested RT-PCR-negative (COVID-neg). Treatments within 15 days prior to RT-PCR (including antihypertensive drugs, antipsychotics, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), oral antidiabetics (OADs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants), comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory values, and clinical outcome were all collected. COVID-pos patients more frequently had a history of diabetes (P = .016) and alcoholism (P = .023), a lower leukocyte count (P = .014) and a higher mortality rate - 29.2% versus 14.4% - (P = .014) when compared to COVID-neg patients. Patients on PPIs were 2.3 times less likely (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4381, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.2331, 0.8175], P = .0053) to develop COVID-19 infection, compared to those not on PPIs. No other treatment decreased or increased this risk. COVID-pos patients on antipsychotics (P = .0013) and OADs (P = .0153), particularly metformin (P = .0237), were less likely to die. Thus, patients on treatment with PPI were less likely to develop COVID-19 infection, and those on antipsychotics or metformin had a lower risk of mortality. However, prospective studies, including clinical trials, are needed to confirm or not these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Blanc
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357 and CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Cedric Waechter
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Vogel
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Schorr
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Demuynck
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Martin Hunyadi
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxence Meyer
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Denata Mutelica
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadjiba Bougaa
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lidia Calabrese
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Schmitt
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Imperiale
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Jehl
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Boussuge
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carmen Suna
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Weill
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexia Matzinger
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Candice Muller
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Karcher
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Kaltenbach
- Pôle de Gériatrie, La Robertsau Geriatric Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Erik Sauleau
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357 and CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos FRS, Nunes DAF, Lima WG, Davyt D, Santos LL, Taranto AG, M. S. Ferreira J. Identification of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitors by Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Drug Repurposing Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:731-737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Damiana A. F. Nunes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - William G. Lima
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Danilo Davyt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Luciana L. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São, João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alex G. Taranto
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline M. S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Médica, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Divinópolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inhibition of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Reactivation by the Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Clozapine. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050450. [PMID: 31108875 PMCID: PMC6563273 DOI: 10.3390/v11050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, maintains a lifelong latent infection in human B cells. Switching from the latent to the lytic phase of its lifecycle allows the virus to replicate and spread. The viral lytic cycle is induced in infected cultured cells by drugs such as sodium butyrate and azacytidine. Lytic reactivation can be inhibited by natural products and pharmaceuticals. The anticonvulsant drugs valproic acid and valpromide inhibit EBV in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Therefore, other drugs that treat neurological and psychological disorders were investigated for effects on EBV lytic reactivation. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, was found to inhibit the reactivation of the EBV lytic cycle. Levels of the viral lytic genes BZLF1, BRLF1, and BMLF1 were decreased by treatment with clozapine in induced Burkitt lymphoma cells. The effects on viral gene expression were dependent on the dose of clozapine, yet cells were viable at an inhibitory concentration of clozapine. One metabolite of clozapine—desmethylclozapine—also inhibited EBV lytic reactivation, while another metabolite—clozapine-N-oxide—had no effect. These drugs may be used to study cellular pathways that control the viral lytic switch in order to develop treatments for diseases caused by EBV.
Collapse
|
4
|
Manghera M, Ferguson J, Douville R. Endogenous Retrovirus-K and Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:488. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Douville RN, Nath A. Human endogenous retroviruses and the nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:465-85. [PMID: 25015500 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renée N Douville
- Department of Microbiology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dickerson F, Lillehoj E, Stallings C, Wiley M, Origoni A, Vaughan C, Khushalani S, Sabunciyan S, Yolken R. Antibodies to retroviruses in recent onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:198-205. [PMID: 22542615 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological abnormalities involving the upregulation of endogenous retroviruses have been associated with schizophrenia in small studies. METHODS Blood samples from 666 individuals (163 with recent onset psychosis, 268 with multi-episode schizophrenia, and 235 controls) were assayed for IgG antibodies to murine leukemia virus (MuLV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) by enzyme immunoassay utilizing whole virus and viral components. Antibody levels in the psychiatric groups were compared to controls by multivariate linear regression. Odds ratios associated with increased antibody levels were calculated based on values ≥ 75th percentile of the controls. Samples were also tested for antibodies to viral proteins by Western blotting and for DNA from infectious retroviruses by real time PCR. Homology between the target virus and the prototype human genome was determined using sequence analysis methods. RESULTS Compared with controls, individuals with recent onset of psychosis had increased levels of antibodies to MPMV and MuLV (both p<.001 adjusted for covariates), and increased antibody levels for defined portions of the MPMV and MuLV gag, pol and env proteins. The specificity of these antibodies was confirmed by Western blotting. Individuals with multi-episode schizophrenia did not show elevated antibody levels to any of the retroviruses measured. Infectious retroviruses were not detected in the blood of any participants. Homology analyses indicated that there are multiple regions of the human genome homologous with MPMV and MuLV proteins, the highest being with the MuLV gag protein. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies to retroviral proteins are elevated in individuals with recent onset psychosis but not in individuals with multi-episode schizophrenia. The immunopathological consequences of this antibody response should be the subject of additional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- The Stanley Research Program at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in first-episode schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:529-30. [PMID: 21298501 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical use and the safety of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in 155 patients with the suspected diagnosis of first-episode schizophrenia. Five patients (3.2%) revealed pathological findings that lead to diagnostic re-evaluation and changes in clinical management. No serious adverse events occurred, but we documented 16 (10.3%) cases of mild to moderate headache or local pain at the puncture site. Our results underline the value of lumbar puncture in the clinical workup of first-episode patients with suspected schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In humans, exogenous retroviruses are known to cause immunodeficiency and neurological disease. While endogenous retroviruses are firmly established pathogens in other species, the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may well be considered as emerging pathogens. HERVs also exhibit complex interactions with exogenous retroviruses and herpesviruses. Two neurological disorders in particular are associated with HERVs: multiple sclerosis (MS) and schizophrenia. HERV-H/F and HERV-W are specifically activated both in the circulation and the central nervous system (CNS) in a majority of MS patients, and particularly, the envelopes (env transcription and Env proteins) appear strongly associated with disease activity. Interferon beta (IFN-beta) therapy is well-established for MS. IFN-beta is also known to have anti-retroviral activities toward exogenous retroviruses (HIV and HTLV-I). New reports show that IFN-beta also mediate down-regulation of HERV-H/F and HERV-W in MS patients. HERV-W and HERV-K transcription (gag and pol) appears, to some extent, to be up-regulated in the circulation and the CNS of patients with schizophrenia. The expression of anti-HERV-W Gag reactive epitopes is reported to be down-regulated in the brain but up-regulated in the blood from schizophrenia patients. The pathogenic potential of HERVs certainly merits further studies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This article reviews the epidemiology of autoimmune conditions in schizophrenia, symptom manifestations of autoimmune conditions resembling schizophrenia, and the immunological changes observed in schizophrenia; and reflects on their associations with neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, clinical course, and management of schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stagliano KW, Emadi A, Lu Z, Malinakova HC, Twenter B, Yu M, Holland LE, Rom AM, Harwood JS, Amin R, Johnson AA, Pommier Y. Regiocontrolled synthesis and HIV inhibitory activity of unsymmetrical binaphthoquinone and trimeric naphthoquinone derivatives of conocurvone. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5651-65. [PMID: 16737818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical biquinone and trimeric quinone derivatives were synthesized using halotriflate-biselectrophilic naphthoquinones through stepwise regioselective quinone substitution chemistry and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the cytopathogenic effects of HIV-1 using an MTT colorimetric assay. Compounds were also screened for their ability to inhibit the activity of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. Pyranylated trimeric quinones and biquinones exhibited both antiviral activity and integrase inhibitory activity. Conocurvone 1 and trimeric quinone 21 were the most potent HIV integrase inhibitors in the series. All of the biquinones showed HIV inhibitory activity. Simple methoxy substituted biquinones did not inhibit HIV-1 integrase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Stagliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 60616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frank O, Giehl M, Zheng C, Hehlmann R, Leib-Mösch C, Seifarth W. Human endogenous retrovirus expression profiles in samples from brains of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. J Virol 2005; 79:10890-901. [PMID: 16103141 PMCID: PMC1193590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.10890-10901.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and identification of retroviral transcripts in brain samples, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders suggest that activation or upregulation of distinct human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comprehensive microarray-based analysis of HERV transcriptional activity in human brains. We investigated 50 representative members of 20 HERV families in a total of 215 brain samples derived from individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders and matched controls. A characteristic brain-specific retroviral activity profile was found that consists of members of the class I families HERV-E, HERV-F, and ERV9 and members of HERV-K taxa. In addition to these constitutively expressed HERVs, a number of differentially active HERV elements were identified in all brain samples independent of the disease pattern that may reflect differences in the genetic background of the tested individuals. Only a subgroup of the HML-2 family (HERV-K10) was significantly overrepresented in both bipolar-disorder- and schizophrenia-associated samples compared to healthy brains, suggesting a potential association with disease. Real-time PCR analysis of HERV env transcripts with coding capacity potentially involved in neuroinflammatory conditions revealed that env expression of HERV-W, HERV-FRD, and HML-2 remains unaffected regardless of the clinical picture. Our data suggest that HERV transcription in brains is weakly correlated with schizophrenia and related diseases but may be influenced by the individual genetic background, brain-infiltrating immune cells, or medical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Frank
- Medical Clinic III, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of neurodegenerative Disorders, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nath A, Anderson C, Jones M, Maragos W, Booze R, Mactutus C, Bell J, Hauser KF, Mattson M. Neurotoxicity and dysfunction of dopaminergic systems associated with AIDS dementia. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 14:222-7. [PMID: 11106300 DOI: 10.1177/026988110001400305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) selectively targets the basal ganglia resulting in loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although frequently asymptomatic, some patients may develop signs of dopamine deficiency de novo. Accordingly, they are highly susceptible to drugs that act on dopaminergic systems. Both neuroleptics and psychostimulants may exacerbate these symptoms. Experimental evidence suggests that viral proteins such as gp120 and Tat can cause toxicity to dopaminergic neurons, and this toxicity is synergistic with compounds such as methamphetamine and cocaine that also act on the dopaminergic system. In addition, other neurotransmitters that modulate dopaminergic function, such as glutamate and opioids, may also modify the susceptibility of the dopamine system to HIV. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that lead to this selective neurotoxicity of dopaminergic neurons would also likely lead to the development of therapeutic modalities for patients with HIV dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nath
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schwarz MJ, Müller N, Riedel M, Ackenheil M. The Th2-hypothesis of schizophrenia: a strategy to identify a subgroup of schizophrenia caused by immune mechanisms. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56:483-6. [PMID: 11339852 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic findings in schizophrenia have been described for decades, but it was not possible to identify a pathogen until now. Most of these studies report immune abnormalities in a group of the investigated patients, but a distinct subgroup of schizophrenia with immune-related pathology has still not been characterized. In this paper we have integrated the most important immunologic data in schizophrenia research and hypothesize a shift to Th2-like immune reactivity in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients. Besides the immunological abnormalities, this subgroup is further characterized by more pronounced negative symptoms and poor therapy outcome. There is evidence that this subgroup might be caused by a prenatal viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwarz
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
It has been known since the 1950s that phenothiazines have immunomodulatory effects. This review summarizes recent evidence suggesting that antipsychotic drugs, in particular chlorpromazine and the atypical compound clozapine, influence the production of cytokines. Cytokines, organized in networks of related peptides with pleiotropic functions, are pivotal humoral mediators of infection and inflammation, and they play an important role in hematopoiesis and autoimmunity. Therefore, the effects of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks are important for the understanding of immune-mediated side effects of these drugs, e.g. agranulocytosis. In addition, modulation of cytokine production by antipsychotic agents suggests that these drugs might be useful for the treatment of diseases which primarily involve the immune system. Moreover, because cytokines are known to have numerous effects on the CNS, they may mediate effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain functions. Finally, the influence of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks is an important confounding factor in studies investigating disease-related immunopathology in psychiatric disorders. This review provides a synopsis of the data published on these topics and outlines future research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Pollmächer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ptak RG, Borysko KZ, Porcari AR, Buthod JL, Holland LE, Shipman C, Townsend LB, Drach JC. Phosphorylation of triciribine is necessary for activity against HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1315-22. [PMID: 9788672 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triciribine (TCN) is a tricyclic nucleoside with known antineoplastic and antiviral activity. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2, including strains known to be resistant to AZT or TIBO. TCN is phosphorylated to its 5'-monophosphate (TCN-P) by intracellular adenosine kinase (AK), but is not converted to di- or triphosphates. We now report that 5'-phosphorylation is requisite for the activity of TCN against HIV-1. CEM cells incubated with TCN at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 330 microM gave intracellular TCN-P concentrations from 27 to 775 microM, respectively. There was no difference in the amount of intracellular TCN-P detected in uninfected compared with HIV-1-infected CEM cells. The antiviral effect of TCN against HIV-1 was strongly antagonized by the AK inhibitor 5-iodotubercidin (ITu). In contrast, TCN and ITu only exhibited additive cytotoxicity. The 5'-deoxy analog of TCN, which cannot be phosphorylated, had no antiviral effect against HIV-1 at a concentration more than 100 times higher than the IC50 of TCN. Similarly, TCN was not active against HIV-1 in an AK-deficient cell line (AA-2) at concentrations shown to inhibit the virus by >95% in CEM cells. Consistent with its AK-deficient phenotype, this cell line phosphorylated TCN to only 3% of the extent observed in CEM cells. We conclude that TCN must be phosphorylated to TCN-P for activity against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Ptak
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|