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Aiyegoro OA, Moyane JN, Adegoke AA, Jideani AIO, Reddy P, Okoh AI. Virulence Signatures, Integrons, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Strains Recovered from Selected Commercial Dairy Products and Fresh Raw Meat. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:254. [PMID: 37355481 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial species responsible for food infections and intoxication are sometimes carried through the food production and processing. Very few published literatures exist on integrons among antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal strains from foods of animal origin in Gauteng Province, South Africa, hence this study. A total of 720 samples (360 meat and 360 dairies) from a community abattoir of a research farm in South Africa, using conventional bacteriological and molecular methods. Nine (9) bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis AYO-123, Acinetobacter baumannii AYO-241, Staphylococcus lentus AYO-352, among others were identified and submitted to GenBank. More bacterial strains were recovered from raw meat (90.5%) than dairy products (9.5%). Resistance was shown (0-100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Clindamycin, and 22 other antibiotics, without any carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin/vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus species (MRSS/VRSS). Virulence genes for fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbA) were predominant (56.24%) followed by the circulating nucleic acids (cna) gene (43.75%). Others were staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea, 41%), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb, 23.5%). Co-presence of sea and seb genes occurred in 11.76% of the isolates, but no coa genes was amplified. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), tetK (70.58%), linA (29.4%), and ermA (11.76%) were detected, but none of the mecA and vat genes was amplified. Class 2 integron (50%) was more predominantly detected than integron 1 (25%), but no Class 3 integron was detected. Bacteria with both the detected virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are of potential risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka A Aiyegoro
- Collaborating Partner, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Jeremia N Moyane
- School of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Anthony A Adegoke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, 4001, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Afam I O Jideani
- School of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Postharvest-Handling Group, ISEKI-Food Association, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, 4001, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of For Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Li T, Wang Z, Guo J, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Wang J, Han B, Tao H, Liu J, Wang X. Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160461. [PMID: 36435256 PMCID: PMC11537282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spread of bacterial drug resistance has posed a severe threat to public health globally. Here, we cover bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs, including traditional herbal medicines, conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides. We summarize the influence of bacterial drug resistance on global health and its economic burden while highlighting the resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria. Based on the One Health concept, we propose 4A strategies to combat bacterial resistance, including prudent Application of antibacterial agents, Administration, Assays, and Alternatives to antibiotics. Finally, we identify several opportunities and unsolved questions warranting future exploration for combating bacterial resistance, such as predicting genetic bacterial resistance through the use of more effective techniques, surveying both genetic determinants of bacterial resistance and the transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Cazer CL, Westblade LF, Simon MS, Magleby R, Castanheira M, Booth JG, Jenkins SG, Gröhn YT. Analysis of Multidrug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus with a Machine Learning-Generated Antibiogram. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e02132-20. [PMID: 33431415 PMCID: PMC8097487 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02132-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) surveillance consists of reporting MDR prevalence and MDR phenotypes. Detailed knowledge of the specific associations underlying MDR patterns can allow antimicrobial stewardship programs to accurately identify clinically relevant resistance patterns. We applied machine learning and graphical networks to quantify and visualize associations between resistance traits in a set of 1,091 Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from one New York hospital between 2008 and 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using reference broth microdilution. The isolates were analyzed by year, methicillin susceptibility, and infection site. Association mining was used to identify resistance patterns that consisted of two or more individual antimicrobial resistance (AMR) traits and quantify the association among the individual resistance traits in each pattern. The resistance patterns captured the majority of the most common MDR phenotypes and reflected previously identified pairwise relationships between AMR traits in S. aureus Associations between β-lactams and other antimicrobial classes (macrolides, lincosamides, and fluoroquinolones) were common, although the strength of the association among these antimicrobial classes varied by infection site and by methicillin susceptibility. Association mining identified associations between clinically important AMR traits, which could be further investigated for evidence of resistance coselection. For example, in skin and skin structure infections, clindamycin and tetracycline resistance occurred together 1.5 times more often than would be expected if they were independent from one another. Association mining efficiently discovered and quantified associations among resistance traits, allowing these associations to be compared between relevant subsets of isolates to identify and track clinically relevant MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lars F Westblade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Reed Magleby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - James G Booth
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stephen G Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Davin-Regli A, Lavigne JP, Pagès JM. Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00002-19. [PMID: 31315895 PMCID: PMC6750132 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00002-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterobacter is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Today, 22 species belong to the Enterobacter genus. These species are described in the environment and have been reported as opportunistic pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The pathogenicity/virulence of this bacterium remains rather unclear due to the limited amount of work performed to date in this field. In contrast, its resistance against antibacterial agents has been extensively studied. In the face of antibiotic treatment, it is able to manage different mechanisms of resistance via various local and global regulator genes and the modulation of the expression of different proteins, including enzymes (β-lactamases, etc.) or membrane transporters, such as porins and efflux pumps. During various hospital outbreaks, the Enterobacter aerogenes and E. cloacae complex exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, which has stimulated questions about the role of cascade regulation in the emergence of these well-adapted clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Davin-Regli
- INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Department of Microbiology, U1047, INSERM, University Montpellier and University Hospital Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Pagès
- INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Bionda N, Fleeman RM, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Rodriguez MC, Reffuveille F, Shaw LN, Pastar I, Davis SC, Hancock REW, Cudic P. Identification of novel cyclic lipopeptides from a positional scanning combinatorial library with enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:354-363. [PMID: 26703794 PMCID: PMC4724249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treating bacterial infections can be difficult due to innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and the formation of biofilms. Cyclic lipopeptides derived from fusaricidin/LI-F natural products represent particularly attractive candidates for the development of new antibacterial and antibiofilm agents, with the potential to meet the challenge of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. A positional-scanning combinatorial approach was used to identify the amino acid residues responsible for driving antibacterial activity, and increase the potency of these cyclic lipopeptides. Screening against the antibiotic resistant ESKAPE pathogens revealed the importance of hydrophobic as well as positively charged amino acid residues for activity of this class of peptides. The improvement in potency was especially evident against bacterial biofilms, since the lead cyclic lipopeptide showed promising in vitro and in vivo anti-biofilm activity at the concentration far below its respective MICs. Importantly, structural changes resulting in a more hydrophobic and positively charged analog did not lead to an increase in toxicity toward human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie 34987-2352, FLA, USA
| | - Renee M Fleeman
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa 33620-5150, FLA, USA
| | - César de la Fuente-Núñez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, 232-2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Maria C Rodriguez
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie 34987-2352, FLA, USA
| | - Fany Reffuveille
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, 232-2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa 33620-5150, FLA, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLA, USA
| | - Stephen C Davis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLA, USA
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, 232-2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie 34987-2352, FLA, USA.
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Millán L, Cerdá P, Rubio MC, Goñi P, Canales M, Capilla S, Oca M, Gómez-Lus R. In VitroActivity of Telithromycin, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid and Comparator Antimicrobial Agents AgainstStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates. J Chemother 2013; 16:230-7. [PMID: 15330317 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.3.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the prevalence of the different macrolide, lincosamide, streptograminB (MLS(B)) phenotypes among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates erythromycin- and/or oxacillin-resistant; and also the activity of other antimicrobial agents including telithromycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and vancomycin. We found that 64.86% of S. aureus were oxacillin-resistant. While the most prevalent MLS(B) phenotype among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was constitutive MLS(B) (cMLS) (83%), among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) it was inducible MLS(B) (iMLS(B)) (90%). Kanamycin resistance was more frequent than resistance to other aminoglycosides, being 100% for MRSA. Telithromycin was only active against iMLS(B), MS and erythromycin-susceptible isolates, although resistance rates were found among iMLS(B) MSSA (2.78%). Quinupristin/dalfopristin showed greater activity, with resistance rates of 2.5% for MRSA and 1.53% for MSSA. Both vancomycin and linezolid were fully active against all the isolates tested, with the highest MIC value being 2 microg/ml and 4 microg/ml, respectively. Among MRSA strains, 81.67% displayed resistance to five or more antimicrobials. This multiresistance was more frequently found among cMLS(B) strains (96.38% MRSA resistant to 6-9 agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Millán
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Clinical University Hospital Lozano Blesa, c/ Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Bionda N, Pitteloud JP, Cudic P. Cyclic lipodepsipeptides: a new class of antibacterial agents in the battle against resistant bacteria. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1311-30. [PMID: 23859209 PMCID: PMC3845972 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide effective treatment options for infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, innovative antibiotics are necessary, preferably with novel modes of action and/or belonging to novel classes of drugs. Naturally occurring cyclic lipodepsipeptides, which contain one or more ester bonds along with the amide bonds, have emerged as promising candidates for the development of new antibiotics. Some of these natural products are either already marketed or in advanced stages of clinical development. However, despite the progress in the development of new antibacterial agents, it is inevitable that resistant strains of bacteria will emerge in response to the widespread use of a particular antibiotic and limit its lifetime. Therefore, development of new antibiotics remains our most efficient way to counteract bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Pitteloud
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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Bionda N, Pitteloud JP, Cudic P. Solid-phase synthesis of fusaricidin/LI-F class of cyclic lipopeptides: Guanidinylation of resin-bound peptidyl amines. Biopolymers 2013; 100:160-6. [PMID: 23436339 PMCID: PMC3787705 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusaricidins/LI-Fs and related cyclic lipopeptides represent an interesting new class of antibacterial peptides with the potential to meet the challenge of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Our previous study (Bionda et al. ChemMedChem 2012, 7, 871-882) revealed the significance of the guanidinium group located at the termini of the lipidic tails of these cyclic lipopeptides for their antibacterial activities. Therefore, devising a synthetic strategy that will allow incorporation of guanidinium functionality into their structure is of particular practical importance. Since appropriately protected guanidino fatty acid building blocks are not commercially available, our strategy toward guanidinylated fusaricidin/LI-F analogs include solid-phase synthesis of a cyclic lipopeptide precursor possessing a lipidic tail with a terminal amino group followed by its conversion into corresponding guanidine. To find the optimal method for this conversion, we have examined commonly used guanidinylation reagents under the conditions compatible with standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Described experimental results demonstrated superiority of N,N'-di-Boc-N″-triflylguanidine in solid-phase preparation of fusaricidin/LI-F class of cyclic lipopeptides. The triflylguanidine reagent gave a single monoguanidinylated product in excellent yield independently of the type of solid-support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431
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Cerca N, Gomes F, Pereira S, Teixeira P, Oliveira R. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of S. epidermidis biofilms exposed to farnesol, vancomycin and rifampicin. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:244. [PMID: 22591918 PMCID: PMC3481475 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus epidermidis is the major bacterial species found in biofilm-related infections on indwelling medical devices. Microbial biofilms are communities of bacteria adhered to a surface and surrounded by an extracellular polymeric matrix. Biofilms have been associated with increased antibiotic tolerance to the immune system. This increased resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy has lead to the search for new antimicrobial therapeutical agents. Farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans, has been described as impairing growth of several different microorganisms and we have previously shown its potential as an adjuvant in antimicrobial therapy against S. epidermidis. However, its mechanism of action in S. epidermidis is not fully known. In this work we better elucidate the role of farnesol against S: epidermidis biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Findings 24 h biofilms were exposed to farnesol, vancomycin or rifampicin and were analysed by CLSM, after stained with a Live/Dead stain, a known indicator of cell viability, related with cell membrane integrity. Biofilms were also disrupted by sonication and viable and cultivable cells were quantified by colony forming units (CFU) plating. Farnesol showed a similar effect as vancomycin, both causing little reduction of cell viability but at the same time inducing significant changes in the biofilm structure. On the other hand, rifampicin showed a distinct action in S. epidermidis biofilms, by killing a significant proportion of biofilm bacteria. Conclusions While farnesol is not very efficient at killing biofilm bacteria, it damages cell membrane, as determined by the live/dead staining, in a similar way as vancomycin. Furthermore, farnesol might induce biofilm detachment, as determined by the reduced biofilm biomass, which can partially explain the previous findings regarding its role as a possible chemotherapy adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Cerca
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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Erkan N, Tao Z, Rupasinghe HPV, Uysal B, Oksal BS. Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Leaves of Murraya koenigii by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Hydro-Distillation. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) for the isolation of essential oil from leaves of Murraya koenigii L. (Rutaceae) has been compared with the conventional hydro-distilled oil (HD) in terms of yield, composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against Listeria innocua. The yield of essential oil obtained from 30 min of SFME was similar to that of HD for 180 min. By GC-MS analysis, the major compounds of the essential oil extracted by SFME, which were obtained in somewhat lower amounts than in the essential oil obtained by HD, were α-copaene (44.3%), β-gurjunene (25.5%), isocaryophyllene (12.1%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%) and germacrene D (2.9%). The content of oxygenated terpenes, slightly higher for the SFME-essential oil (2.3%) than the HD-essential oil (1.4%), were much lower than that of nonoxygenated terpenes in both oils. DPPH radical scavenging activities of both essential oils were relatively low (10%-24%). Complete inhibition of growth of L. innocua was observed with both SFME and HD essential oils, at 400 and 600 μg/mL (minimum inhibitory concentration), respectively. The SFME-essential oil at 300 μg/mL provided 92% inhibition, indicating its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Erkan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - Zhou Tao
- Department of Food Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China 210097
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - Burcu Uysal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 07058
| | - Birsen S. Oksal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 07058
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Schwaiger K, Huther S, Hölzel C, Kämpf P, Bauer J. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolated from chicken and pork meat purchased at the slaughterhouse and at retail in Bavaria, Germany. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 154:206-11. [PMID: 22260925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate chicken and pork meat sampled at the slaughterhouse and at retail for differences in the presence of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria. For this aim, Escherichia coli (n=677), Enterobacter spp. (n=167), Citrobacter spp. (n=83), Serratia spp. (n=116), Klebsiella spp. (n=125), and Salmonella spp. (n=89) were isolated from 500 chicken and 500 pork samples purchased at the slaughterhouse and at retail (in the same amounts) in Germany. Salmonella were present in 17% of the chicken, and in 0.4% of the pork meat samples. There was a clear shift in the spectrum of coliforms from slaughterhouse to retail: Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Klebsiella were the most frequently detected coliforms (other than E. coli) from slaughterhouse samples, whereas the prevalence of Serratia spp. was up to eight times higher in retail samples. The prevalence of E. coli was higher in slaughterhouse samples, whereas the prevalence of other coliforms and Salmonella spp. was higher in retail samples. E. coli strains were often resistant to penicillins, streptomycin, spectinomycin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Resistance rates of the other coliforms were generally low. Resistant and multi-resistant isolates were significantly more common in chicken meat. Compared to samples from the slaughterhouse, the prevalence of resistant bacteria tended to be higher in retail samples, probably due to good conditions for resistant bacteria on the matrix meat and/or due to secondary contamination with resistant strains. Therefore, stringent hygiene measures should be observed to reduce the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria from food to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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12
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Selected Diagnostic Ophthalmic Tests in the Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:224-33. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0105r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Henderson-Begg SK, Sheppard CL, George RC, Livermore DM, Hall LM. Mutation frequency in antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:342-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Garnica M, Maiolino A, Nucci M. Factors associated with bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:289-93. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Garnica
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - A. Maiolino
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - M. Nucci
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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15
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Borg MA, van de Sande-Bruinsma N, Scicluna E, de Kraker M, Tiemersma E, Monen J, Grundmann H. Antimicrobial resistance in invasive strains of Escherichia coli from southern and eastern Mediterranean laboratories. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:789-96. [PMID: 18727803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From January 2003 to December 2005, 5091 susceptibility test results from invasive isolates of Escherichia coli, collected from blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid routinely processed within 58 participating laboratories, were investigated. These laboratories in turn serviced 64 hospitals in Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. The median proportion of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins for the duration of the project was 18.9% (interquartile range (IQR): 12.5-30.8%), and for fluoroquinolones 21.0% (IQR: 7.7-32.6%). A substantial proportion of strains reported by laboratories in countries east of the Mediterranean exhibited evidence of multiresistance, the highest proportion being from Egypt (31%). There is clearly a need for further investigation of potential causes of the significant resistance identified, as well as for strengthening of national and international surveillance initiatives within this region.;
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Borg
- Infection Control Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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16
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Schjørring S, Struve C, Krogfelt KA. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids from Klebsiella pneumoniae to Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1086-93. [PMID: 18703526 PMCID: PMC2566516 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and methods Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen and is considered the most common Gram-negative bacterium that exhibits multiple antimicrobial resistances. In this study, the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from the clinical multiresistant K. pneumoniae MGH75875 isolate was assessed in vitro and in vivo in an intestinal colonization animal model. The ability to colonize and transfer was tested under different antimicrobial treatments. The frequency of the horizontal gene transfer was also examined in vitro. Results The clinical isolate of K. pneumoniae colonized the intestine of mice at levels up to 109 cfu/g faeces in antimicrobial-treated mice. In mice without antimicrobial treatment, the strain quickly decreased to below the detection limit due to competitive exclusion by the indigenous mouse flora. Onset of antimicrobial treatment gave immediate rise to detectable levels of the strain in the faeces of up to 109 cfu/g faeces. The experiment clearly shows that the treatment selects resistant strains and gives advantages to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, high transfer frequency of different plasmids was observed during colonization of the mouse intestine. The blaSHV and blaTEM genotypes were transferred to both an indigenous recipient in the in vivo setting and to an MG1655 Escherichia coli recipient strain in vitro. Conclusions K. pneumoniae is an excellent colonizer of the intestine and is extremely promiscuous with respect to the transferability of its numerous plasmids. Antimicrobial treatment enhances the selection of resistant strains and results in an increase in the resistance gene pool, which ultimately raises the risk of spreading resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schjørring
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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17
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Wimmerstedt A, Kahlmeter G. Associated antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:315-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Comparison of molecular typing methods for characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis: proposal for clone definition. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:118-29. [PMID: 17989196 PMCID: PMC2224289 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01685-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we give some direction on the selection of the most appropriate typing method(s) to be used for the characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis, in view of the most recent findings on the evolution, population structure, and epidemiology of this species. In order to achieve this aim, quantitative assessment of the correlation of the results of three typing methods--pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, which target different regions of the chromosome that evolve at different rates--was performed. In order to evaluate the discriminatory ability and the strength and direction of the correlation of the different typing methods, Simpson's index of diversity (SID), the adjusted Rand coefficient (AR), and the Wallace coefficient (W) were calculated. PFGE was the most discriminatory method (SID = 99%), followed by MLST (SID = 90%) and SCCmec typing (SID = 75%). The values of AR and W (0.10 < AR < 0.30; 0.50 < W < 0.75) indicated that the partition of the same isolate collection by PFGE, MLST, and SCCmec typing provided results that had only a poor correlation with each other. However, the information provided by the combination of PFGE and SCCmec enabled the prediction of the results obtained by MLST at the level of the clonal complex with a high degree of precision (W > 0.90). We propose that clones of S. epidermidis be defined by the combination of the PFGE type followed by the SCCmec type, which provides reliable information on the short-term epidemiology and the ability to predict with consistency long-term clonal evolution.
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19
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Janapatla RP, Yan JJ, Huang AH, Chen HM, Wu HM, Wu JJ. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing bacteremia at a university hospital in southern Taiwan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58:203-9. [PMID: 17300897 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A major concern while prescribing clindamycin to treat infections caused by inducible macrolide, lincosamide, and group B streptogramin (iMLS(B))-resistant strains is clinical therapy failure. In this study, we determined the prevalence, mechanism, and clonality of the iMLS(B) phenotype in oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) and oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus (OSSA). Among the 729 OSSA isolates collected from July 1995 to March 2006, 72 (10%) were clindamycin sensitive (Cli(s)) and erythromycin resistant (Erm(r)), and 55 (8%) had the iMLS(B) phenotype. In the 709 ORSA isolates collected from January 1997 to March 2006, 31 (4%) were Cli(s) and Erm(r), and 29 (4%) isolates demonstrated the iMLS(B) phenotype. In OSSA, ermC was the predominant (51 of 55 isolates) genetic determinant responsible for the iMLS(B) phenotype, whereas in ORSA, ermA was predominant (27 of 29). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that 8 pulsed types (RA to RH) were present in ORSA isolates (n = 27), and pulsed type RC was predominant in 17 isolates with 5 identifiable subtypes (RC1 to RC5); this type was prevalent from November 1997 to June 2004. In the OSSA (n = 24) isolates, 14 different pulsed types (SA to SN) were identified, but none was predominant. These results indicate that the incidence of iMLS(B) resistance phenotype is higher in OSSA than ORSA in Taiwan, and the genetic determinants responsible for the iMLS(B) phenotype vary in OSSA and ORSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad Janapatla
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, ROC Taiwan
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20
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MacDougall C, Powell JP, Johnson CK, Edmond MB, Polk RE. Hospital and Community Fluoroquinolone Use and Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in 17 US Hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:435-40. [PMID: 16028149 DOI: 10.1086/432056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed in hospitals and the community. Previous studies have shown associations between fluoroquinolone use and isolation of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We performed an ecologic-level study to determine whether variability in hospital percentages of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli and MRSA were associated with fluoroquinolone use in hospitals and their surrounding communities. METHODS We measured fluoroquinolone use in 17 US hospitals and their surrounding communities in the year 2000. Data on fluoroquinolone use in hospitals was electronically extracted from billing data. Data on fluoroquinolone use in communities was obtained from IMS health data for all prescriptions filled in pharmacies within a 16-km radius of each hospital. We used hospital antibiograms to determine the percentage of isolates that were fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli and MRSA, and we performed linear regression to determine the relationship between percentage of resistant isolates and fluoroquinolone use in hospitals and their surrounding communities. RESULTS There was a significant association between total fluoroquinolone use within hospitals and percentage of S. aureus isolates that were MRSA (r=0.77; P=.0003) and between total fluoroquinolone use in the community and percentage of E. coli isolates that were fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli (r=0.68; P=.003). Population density within the 16-km radius also correlated with MRSA percentage (r=0.57; P=.015) and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli percentage (r=0.85; P=.002), but associations between total fluoroquinolone use and resistance remained significant after adjustment for population density. CONCLUSIONS In this ecologic analysis, we found associations between fluoroquinolone use in hospitals and methicillin resistance in S. aureus and between fluoroquinolone use in communities and fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli in hospitals. Antimicrobial use in hospitals and communities may have different relative importance with regard to resistance in different pathogens encountered in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan MacDougall
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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21
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Wagner RD, Cerniglia CE. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of competitive exclusion bacteria applied to newly hatched chickens. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:349-53. [PMID: 16014302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Competitive exclusion (CE) products are mixtures of obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria applied to poultry hatchlings for prevention of Salmonella colonization. These mixtures have the potential to introduce bacteria with undesirable antimicrobial drug resistance traits into the human food supply. Antimicrobial drug susceptibilities of 27 obligate and facultative anaerobes isolated from a commercial CE product were evaluated with a microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Bacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides fragilis isolates were resistant to tetracycline and other antimicrobial drugs. An Escherichia coli isolate was resistant to four antimicrobial drugs: erythromycin, penicillin, vancomycin, and tylosin. Erythromycin-resistant enterococci and vancomycin-resistant Lactococcus lactis isolates in the CE product were detected. These findings suggest that more work needs to be done to assess the potential effects of CE product use in poultry on the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Doug Wagner
- Microbiology Division, HFT-250, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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22
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Cerca N, Martins S, Cerca F, Jefferson KK, Pier GB, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Comparative assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci in biofilm versus planktonic culture as assessed by bacterial enumeration or rapid XTT colorimetry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:331-6. [PMID: 15980094 PMCID: PMC1317301 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantitatively compare the antibiotic susceptibility of biofilms formed by the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus with the susceptibility of planktonic cultures. METHODS Several CoNS strains were grown planktonically or as biofilms to determine the effect of the mode of growth on the level of susceptibility to antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. The utility of a new, rapid colorimetric method that is based on the reduction of a tetrazolium salt (XTT) to measure cell viability was tested by comparison with standard bacterial enumeration techniques. A 6 h kinetic study was performed using dicloxacillin, cefazolin, vancomycin, tetracycline and rifampicin at the peak serum concentration of each antibiotic. RESULTS In planktonic cells, inhibitors of cell wall synthesis were highly effective over a 3 h period. Biofilms were much less susceptible than planktonic cultures to all antibiotics tested, particularly inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. The susceptibility to inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis was affected by the biofilm phenotype to a lesser degree. Standard bacterial enumeration techniques and the XTT method produced equivalent results both in biofilms and planktonic assays. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a more accurate comparison between the antibiotic susceptibilities of planktonic versus biofilm populations, because the cell densities in the two populations were similar and because we measured the concentration required to inhibit bacterial metabolism rather than to eradicate the entire bacterial population. While the biofilm phenotype is highly resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, it is fairly susceptible to antibiotics that target RNA and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Cerca
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710–057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvia Martins
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710–057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Cerca
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710–057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Kimberly K. Jefferson
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosário Oliveira
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710–057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710–057 Braga, Portugal
- *Corresponding author. Tel: +351-253-604-400; Fax: +351-253-678-986; E-mail:
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Kaye KS, Engemann JJ, Fraimow HS, Abrutyn E. Pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical management. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004; 18:467-511, viii. [PMID: 15308273 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs is increasing at an alarming rate among both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Traditionally, bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents have been restricted to the nosocomial environment. A disturbing trend has been the recent emergence and spread of resistant pathogens and resistance traits in nursing homes, the community, as well as in hospitals. This article reviews the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of resistance, and treatment options for pathogens resistant to antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Kaye
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3152, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Zarakolu P, Soyletir G, Gur D, Unal S. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of respiratory pathogens: a local report from Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:1257-8. [PMID: 14686999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2003.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Brands M, Grande YC, Endermann R, Gahlmann R, Krüger J, Raddatz S. Pyrimidinone antibiotics--heterocyclic analogues with improved antibacterial spectrum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2641-5. [PMID: 12873484 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new derivatives of the natural dipeptide antibiotic TAN 1057 A,B containing heterocycles either in the beta-amino acid side chain or as mimics of the urea function. In the course of this program, we identified novel analogues that display activity towards a broader panel of Gram-positive bacteriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brands
- BAYER AG, Business Group Pharma, Research, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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26
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Domínguez E, Zarazaga M, Sáenz Y, Briñas L, Torres C. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from healthy children in Spain. Microb Drug Resist 2003; 8:321-7. [PMID: 12523629 DOI: 10.1089/10766290260469589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and mechanisms involved were studied in Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of healthy children. Fifty fecal samples were analyzed, and one colony per sample was recovered and identified by biochemical and molecular tests. Forty-one E. coli isolates were obtained (82%). MIC testing was performed by agar dilution with 18 antibiotics, and the mechanisms of resistance were analyzed. Ampicillin resistance was detected in 24 isolates (58.5%), and blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaOXA type genes were studied by PCR and sequencing. The following beta-lactamases were detected (number of isolates): TEM (20), SHV-1 (1), and OXA-30 (1). The number of aminoglycoside-resistant isolates detected was as follows: streptomycin (15), tobramycin (1), gentamicin (1), and kanamycin (4). The aac(3)-IV gene was detected in the only gentamicin-resistant isolate. Nine (22%) and 2 (5%) isolates showed nalidixic acid (NALR) and ciprofloxacin resistance (CIPR), respectively. Mutations in GyrA and ParC proteins were shown in both NAL(R)-CIP(R) isolates and were the following: (1) GyrA (S83L + D87N), ParC (S801); and (2) GyrA (S83L + A84P), ParC (S80I + A108V). A single mutation in the S83 codon of the gyrA gene was found in the remaining seven NAL(R)-CIP(S) isolates. Tetracycline resistance was identified in 21 isolates (51%) and the following resistance genes were found (number of isolates): tetA (12), tetB (5), and tetD (1). Chloramphenicol resistance was detected in five isolates (12%). These results show that the intestinal tract of healthy children constitutes a reservoir of resistant bacteria and resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Critchley IA, Blosser-Middleton RS, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA. Baseline study to determine in vitro activities of daptomycin against gram-positive pathogens isolated in the United States in 2000-2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1689-93. [PMID: 12709341 PMCID: PMC153318 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1689-1693.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of daptomycin was assessed by using 6,973 gram-positive bacteria isolated at 50 United States hospitals in 2000 and 2001. Among the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 1,163) collected, the rate of penicillin resistance was 16.1%; rates of oxacillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 1,018) and vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates (n = 368) were 30.0 and 59.5%, respectively. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes (isolates resistant to three or more different chemical classes of antimicrobial agents) accounted for 14.2% of S. pneumoniae isolates, 27.1% of S. aureus isolates, and 58.4% of E. faecium isolates. For all gram-positive species tested, MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited (MIC(90)s) and MIC ranges for directed-spectrum agents (daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid) were identical or highly similar for isolates susceptible or resistant to other agents or MDR. Daptomycin had a MIC(90) of 0.12 micro g/ml for both penicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae. Against oxacillin-resistant S. aureus daptomycin had a MIC(90) of 0.5 micro g/ml, and it had a MIC(90) of 4 micro g/ml against both vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant E. faecium. The MIC(90)s for daptomycin and other directed-spectrum agents were unaffected by the regional or anatomical origin of isolates or patient demographic parameters (patient age, gender, and inpatient or outpatient care). Our results confirm the gram-positive spectrum of activity of daptomycin and that its activity is independent of susceptibility or resistance to commonly prescribed and tested antimicrobial agents. This study may serve as a baseline to monitor future changes in the susceptibility of gram-positive species to daptomycin following its introduction into clinical use.
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