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Kim W, Yoon DK. Electron microscopy analysis of soft materials with
freeze‐fracture
techniques. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wantae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
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Peng K, Preisig N, Sottmann T, Stubenrauch C. From water-rich to oil-rich gelled non-toxic microemulsions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16855-16867. [PMID: 34328162 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02522h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gelled non-toxic microemulsions have great potential in transdermal drug delivery: the microemulsion provides an optimum solubilizing capacity for drugs and promotes drug permeation through the skin barrier, while the gel network provides mechanical stability. We have formulated such a gelled non-toxic microemulsion consisting of H2O - isopropyl myristate (IPM) - Plantacare 1200 UP (technical-grade alkyl polyglucoside with an average composition of C12G1.4) - 1,2-octanediol in the presence of the low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) at an oil-to-water ratio of φ = 0.50. The study at hand aimed to develop gelled non-toxic microemulsions that can contain both oil- and water-soluble drugs and are either water- or oil-based, depending on the application. To accomplish this, we varied the oil-to-water ratio from being water-rich to oil-rich, i.e. 0.2 ≤ φ ≤ 0.8. Phase studies were carried out along the middle phase trajectory, and a suitable LMWG was identified for all φ-ratios. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the structure can be tuned from water- to oil-continuous by adjusting the amount of 1,2-octanediol and φ-ratios. The existence of the gel network was visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) at three different φ-ratios. We found that all systems from φ = 0.35 to φ = 0.80 form strong gels with nearly the same rheological behavior, while the system with φ = 0.20 is a much weaker gel. We attribute this behavior on the one hand to the microemulsion microstructure and on the other hand to the solvent-dependent gelation properties of DBS, which can be described by the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Menold P, Strey R, Preisig N, Stubenrauch C. Experimental evidence of a transition from a sponge-like to a foam-like nanostructure in water-rich L 3 phases. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:133-142. [PMID: 34058549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The micrometer-sized gas bubbles of a liquid foam with a dispersed gas phase of > 74 vol% are polyhedral and surrounded by a continuous aqueous phase. The structure of a water-rich microemulsion with a water phase of > 74 vol% normally consists of oil droplets in water or is bicontinuous. We hypothesize that at these high water contents polyhedral water droplets in oil can also exist. EXPERIMENTS We (a) carried out phase studies on the water-rich side of the phase diagram of the quaternary system water/NaCl - hexyl methacrylate - AOT, because AOT is known for its propensity to form water-in-oil structures and hexyl methacrylate can be polymerized, (b) measured the electrical conductivities and viscosities, and (c) visualized the nanostructure with freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM). FINDINGS We found narrow 1-phase regions emanating from the L3 phase of the oil-free water/NaCl - AOT system by adding small amounts of oil. In these regions the conductivities become extremely low and the viscosities are extremely high. In addition, FFEM images clearly show the foam-like nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Menold
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Strey
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Straße 116, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalie Preisig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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4
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Gradzielski M, Duvail M, de Molina PM, Simon M, Talmon Y, Zemb T. Using Microemulsions: Formulation Based on Knowledge of Their Mesostructure. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5671-5740. [PMID: 33955731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions, as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, are known and have been studied for more than 70 years. However, even today there are still quite a number of unclear aspects, and more recent research work has modified and extended our picture. This review gives a short overview of how the understanding of microemulsions has developed, the current view on their properties and structural features, and in particular, how they are related to applications. We also discuss more recent developments regarding nonclassical microemulsions such as surfactant-free (ultraflexible) microemulsions or ones containing uncommon solvents or amphiphiles (like antagonistic salts). These new findings challenge to some extent our previous understanding of microemulsions, which therefore has to be extended to look at the different types of microemulsions in a unified way. In particular, the flexibility of the amphiphilic film is the key property to classify different microemulsion types and their properties in this review. Such a classification of microemulsions requires a thorough determination of their structural properties, and therefore, the experimental methods to determine microemulsion structure and dynamics are reviewed briefly, with a particular emphasis on recent developments in the field of direct imaging by means of electron microscopy. Based on this classification of microemulsions, we then discuss their applications, where the application demands have to be met by the properties of the microemulsion, which in turn are controlled by the flexibility of their amphiphilic interface. Another frequently important aspect for applications is the control of the rheological properties. Normally, microemulsions are low viscous and therefore enhancing viscosity has to be achieved by either having high concentrations (often not wished for) or additives, which do not significantly interfere with the microemulsion. Accordingly, this review gives a comprehensive account of the properties of microemulsions, including most recent developments and bringing them together from a united viewpoint, with an emphasis on how this affects the way of formulating microemulsions for a given application with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magali Duvail
- ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
| | - Paula Malo de Molina
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miriam Simon
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
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5
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Hohl L, Röder V, Kraume M. Dispersion and Phase Separation of Water‐Oil‐Amphiphile Systems in Stirred Tanks. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hohl
- Technical University BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering Fraunhoferstrasse 33–36 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Vanessa Röder
- Technical University BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering Fraunhoferstrasse 33–36 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Technical University BerlinChair of Chemical and Process Engineering Fraunhoferstrasse 33–36 10587 Berlin Germany
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Structural Analysis of a Modern o/w-Emulsion Stabilized by a Polyglycerol Ester Emulsifier and Consistency Enhancers. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Hohl L, Kraume M. The formation of complex droplets in liquid three phase systems and their effect on dispersion and phase separation. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Hohl L, Schulz JM, Kraume M. Towards Drop Size Modeling in Three Phase Microemulsion Systems. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hohl
- TU Berlin, Chair of Chemical & Process Engineering
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10
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Vadivel SK, Leibovici MCR, Gaylord TK. Bicontinuity analysis of multibeam interference three-dimensional periodic structures: volume fractions and interface areas. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:4948-4955. [PMID: 29047640 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.004948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous structures are an important subset of three-dimensional periodic structures. In multibeam interference structures, the conditions for bicontinuity depend on the beam parameters and the exposure dose. As described in the present work, these conditions can be applied to establish the range of bicontinuity for any multibeam-interference-produced structure. In addition to the bicontinuity range, the analysis yields the volume fraction of the constituent materials and the normalized interface areas. This analysis has been performed for rhombohedral and woodpile lattices as well as their cubic structure limiting cases. A sphere-at-each-lattice-site model for each of the cubic cases has also been developed for comparison. The multibeam interference structures were investigated for representative media and for various incident polarizations.
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11
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Analysis of physical properties, dispersion conditions and drop size distributions in complex liquid/liquid systems. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aimer M, Klemm E, Langanke B, Gehrke H, Stubenrauch C. Reactive Extraction of Lactic Acid by Using Tri-n-octylamine: Structure of the Ionic Phase. Chemistry 2016; 22:3268-3272. [PMID: 26821770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid is a promising biogenic platform chemical which can be produced by fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, separating lactic acid from the fermentation broth is extremely costly and technically complex. We therefore investigated whether liquid/liquid extraction of lactic acid with tri-n-octylamine is a cost-effective alternative to the existing downstream processing method. In order to find an answer to this question, the structure of the middle phase of the occurring three-phase region, which is enriched with up to 20 wt. % lactic acid, was explored. The results of our IR, small-angle X-ray scattering and NMR measurements show that this phase is ionic and has a bicontinuous structure. Due to the analogy with bicontinuous microemulsions, it should be possible to further enrich the lactic acid, which could lead to a rethink regarding the design of extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Aimer
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Stuttgart University, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Stuttgart University, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd Langanke
- ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions, Friedrich-Uhde-Str. 15, 44141, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helmut Gehrke
- ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions, Neubeckumer Str. 127, 59320, Ennigerloh, Germany
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Stuttgart University, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Perazzo A, Preziosi V, Guido S. Phase inversion emulsification: Current understanding and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:581-99. [PMID: 25632889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review is addressed to the phase inversion process, which is not only a common, low-energy route to make stable emulsions for a variety of industrial products spanning from food to pharmaceuticals, but can also be an undesired effect in some applications, such as crude oil transportation in pipelines. Two main ways to induce phase inversion are described in the literature, i.e., phase inversion composition (PIC or catastrophic) and phase inversion temperature (PIT or transitional). In the former, starting from one phase (oil or water) with surfactants, the other phase is more or less gradually added until it reverts to the continuous phase. In PIT, phase inversion is driven by a temperature change without varying system composition. Given its industrial relevance and scientific challenge, phase inversion has been the subject of a number of papers in the literature, including extensive reviews. Due to the variety of applications and the complexity of the problem, most of the publications have been focused either on the phase behavior or the interfacial properties or the mixing process of the two phases. Although all these aspects are quite important in studying phase inversion and much progress has been done on this topic, a comprehensive picture is still lacking. In particular, the general mechanisms governing the inversion phenomenon have not been completely elucidated and quantitative predictions of the phase inversion point are limited to specific systems and experimental conditions. Here, we review the different approaches on phase inversion and highlight some related applications, including future and emerging perspectives.
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Lee HS, Morrison ED, Frethem CD, Zasadzinski JA, McCormick AV. Cryogenic electron microscopy study of nanoemulsion formation from microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10826-10833. [PMID: 25141294 DOI: 10.1021/la502207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We examine a process of preparing oil-in-water nanoemulsions by quenching (diluting and cooling) precursor microemulsions made with nonionic surfactants and a cosurfactant. The precursor microemulsion structure is varied by changing the concentration of the cosurfactant. Water-continuous microemulsions produce initial nanoemulsion structures that are small and simple, mostly unilamellar vesicles, but microemulsions that are not water-continuous produce initial nanoemulsion structures that are larger and multilamellar. Examination of these structures by cryo-electron microscopy supports the hypothesis that they are initially vesicular structures formed via lamellar intermediate structures, and that if the lamellar structures are too well ordered they fail to produce small simple structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Seung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Effect of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid on Sodium Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)Phosphate Microemulsion for Selective Extraction of Non-Ferrous Metals. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-014-1598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kessler A, Menéndez-Aguirre O, Hinrichs J, Stubenrauch C, Weiss J. Properties of an αs-casein-rich casein fraction: Influence of dialysis on surface properties, miscibility, and micelle formation. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5575-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Bicontinuous microemulsions with extremely high temperature stability based on skin friendly oil and sugar surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Klang V, Valenta C, Matsko NB. Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems. Micron 2013; 44:45-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stubenrauch C, Kleinschmidt F, Schmidt C. Structural evolution in the isotropic channel of a water-nonionic surfactant system that has a disconnected lamellar phase: a 1H NMR self-diffusion study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:9206-9210. [PMID: 22670630 DOI: 10.1021/la301948d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We showed in a previous study that a water-nonionic surfactant system, where the surfactant is a 9:1 mixture of tetraethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C(10)E(4)) and pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C(10)E(5)), forms a disconnected lamellar (L(α)) phase. Thus, the isotropic phase spans the whole concentration range from the water-rich L(1) region to the surfactant-rich L(2) region of the phase diagram. The L(1) and L(2) regions are connected via an isotropic channel that separates the two regions of the L(α) phase. In this letter, we monitored the structural evolution of the isotropic phase along a path through this isotropic channel via (1)H NMR self-diffusion measurements. We used this technique because it enables us to distinguish between discrete and bicontinuous structures by comparing the relative self-diffusion coefficients (obstruction factors) D/D(0) of the solvents (i.e. of water and surfactant in the present case). We found that the obstruction factor of water decreases whereas the obstruction factor of the surfactant increases with increasing surfactant concentration and increasing temperature. This trend is interpreted as the transition from a water-continuous L(1) region, which contains discrete micelles, to a bicontinuous structure, which may extend to very high surfactant concentrations. Although there is good evidence of bicontinuity over a broad concentration range, there is no evidence of inverse micelles or any other microstructure at the highest concentration studied in the surfactant-rich L(2) phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stubenrauch
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wolf L, Hoffmann H, Teshigawara T, Okamoto T, Talmon Y. Microemulsions with a HIPME (high internal phase microemulsion) structure. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2131-7. [PMID: 22188406 DOI: 10.1021/jp207594p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a phase diagram for a novel microemulsion that consists of oil and water and of 15% of a surfactant mixture of an anionic and a nonionic surfactant. The phase diagram shows an optically isotropic channel that passes from the water-rich side to the oil-rich side. In contrast to the isotropic channel in microemulsions of nonionic surfactants, the reported system undergoes an abrupt transition of the structure in the isotropic channel with increasing oil content. The structural transition is reflected in the conductivity and the viscosity of the channel. Between the L(3) phase and the sample with 6% of oil the conductivity decreases 3 orders of magnitude. Thus, the bicontinuous structure at the origin of the channel transforms already with 6% of oil to a w/o structure. The viscosity shows a strong maximum at the transition. The w/o structures with low oil content were successful directly imaged by cryo-TEM. It can be seen that water is contained inside a polyhedral foam-like structure, where the polyhedral film is formed of the oil and the surfactant. The dimensions of the polyhedra are in the range of 20-100 nm. We call this structure "high internal phase microemulsion" (HIPME).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wolf
- BZKG/BayKoll, University of Bayreuth, Gottlieb-Keim-Strasse 60, D-95448 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Electron microscopy of nanoemulsions: An essential tool for characterisation and stability assessment. Micron 2012; 43:85-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wellert S, Altmann HJ, Richardt A, Lapp A, Falus P, Farago B, Hellweg T. Dynamics of the interfacial film in bicontinuous microemulsions based on a partly ionic surfactant mixture: A neutron spin-echo study. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2010; 33:243-250. [PMID: 21061040 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2010-10668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In a microemulsion system based on a mixture of nonionic and ionic surfactants the addition of alcohol instead of changing the temperature was used to tune the curvature of the surfactant interface. The influence of the addition of the short-chain alcohol 2-propanol in the system water-perchloroethylene- Marlowet IHF-2-propanol is studied using neutron spin-echo spectroscopy. In contrast to alcohols with long alkyl chains 2-propanol is no strong co-surfactant, but changes the properties of the solvents. The present contribution focuses on the bicontinuous phase in this system and a quantitative analysis of the obtained neutron spin-echo data is proposed within the theoretical framework given by Zilman and Granek for amphiphilic membranes. It turns out that, in addition to the local movements of the surfactant film, also a collective diffusional mode of the bicontinuous structure has to be taken into account. The presented approach allows to calculate the bending elastic constant κ of the film. The approach is subsequently applied to follow changes of κ as induced by changes of the alcohol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wellert
- Helmholtz-Center Berlin for Energy and Materials, Berlin, Germany
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Suppasansatorn P, Nimmannit U, Conway BR, Du L, Wang Y. Microemulsions as topical delivery vehicles for the anti-melanoma prodrug, temozolomide hexyl ester (TMZA-HE). J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:787-94. [PMID: 17637171 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.6.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A prodrug, temozolomide acid hexyl ester (TMZA-HE), was identified as a skin-deliverable congener for temozolomide (TMZ) to treat skin cancers. Poor solubility and instability of TMZA-HE rendered a serious challenge for formulation of a topical preparation. Microemulsions (ME) were chosen as a potential vehicle for TMZA-HE topical preparations. ME systems were constructed with either oleic acid (OA) or isopropyl myristate (IPM) as the oil phase and tocopheryl (vitamin E) polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (VE-TPGS) as a surfactant. Topical formulations of OA and IPM ME systems demonstrated beneficial solubilising ability and provided a stable environment for the prodrug, TMZA-HE. Significant differences between the microstructures of OA and IPM ME systems were revealed by freeze fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) and different loading abilities and permeation potencies between the two systems were also identified. In permeation studies, IPM ME systems, with inclusion of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a co-surfactant, significantly increased TMZA-HE permeation through silicon membranes and rat skin resulting in less drug retention within the skin, while OA ME systems demonstrated higher solubilising ability and a higher concentration of TMZA-HE retained within the skin. Therefore IPM ME systems are promising for transdermal delivery of TMZA-HE and OA ME systems may be a suitable choice for a topical formulation of TMZA-HE.
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Lutter S, Koetz J, Tiersch B, Kosmella S. Polymer-Modified Bicontinuous Microemulsions Used as a Template for the Formation of Nanorods. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690802643113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Anjum N, Guedeau-Boudeville MA, Stubenrauch C, Mourchid A. Phase behavior and microstructure of microemulsions containing the hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:239-44. [PMID: 19072024 DOI: 10.1021/jp808643s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phase behavior and microstructure of the ternary system water/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF(6))/Triton X-100 was studied as a function of temperature and ionic liquid (IL) mass fraction alpha. In the present study, a hydrophobic IL instead of commonly used organic solvents such as n-alkanes is used. The fish-shaped region is distorted at low and high values of alpha, whereas it is symmetric at intermediate alpha. With increasing alpha, the extension of the three-phase region decreases regarding the surfactant concentration range, whereas it increases regarding the temperature range. For comparison the phase behavior of two ternary water/bmimPF(6)/alkyl oligoethyleneoxide (C(i)E(j)) systems has been investigated. Our results are compared with those obtained for water/n-alkane/C(i)E(j) and IL/n-alkane/C(i)E(j) systems, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Anjum
- Matiere et Systemes Complexes, Universite Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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Tessendorf R, Strey R, Stubenrauch C. Microemulsions with alkyldimethyl phosphine oxides and alkyldiethyl phosphine oxides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11390-11398. [PMID: 18816015 DOI: 10.1021/la802333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alkyldimethyl phosphine oxides (C n DMPO) as well as alkyldiethyl phosphine oxides (C n DEPO) with chain lengths of n = 10 (decyl), 12 (dodecyl), and 14 (tetradecyl) were synthesized and purified to study how the formation of microemulsions depends on the size of the headgroup and on the length of the alkyl chain. For that purpose, equal amounts of water and n-octane were taken and surfactant was added to solubilize the two solvents. The resulting fish-shaped phase diagrams for C 10DEPO, C 12DEPO, and C 14DEPO show that the longer the hydrophobic chain the more efficient the surfactant. Simultaneously, the extension of the lamellar phase (L alpha) shifts toward lower total mass fractions gamma of the surfactant, i.e., the tendency to form lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) increases. These trends are well-known for nonionic alkyl ethylene oxides and can thus be interpreted accordingly. What is astonishing, however, is the significant influence the size of the short side chains has. Replacing two methyl groups by two ethyl groups leads to a drastic drop of the three-phase region toward lower temperatures, while the efficiency remains nearly unchanged. Moreover, the tendency to form LCs decreases significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Tessendorf
- University College Dublin, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), SFI-Strategic Research Cluster in Solar Energy Conversion, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Structure of biodiesel based bicontinuous microemulsions for environmentally compatible decontamination: A small angle neutron scattering and freeze fracture electron microscopy study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 325:250-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zielińska K, Wilk KA, Jezierski A, Jesionowski T. Microstructure and structural transition in microemulsions stabilized by aldonamide-type surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 321:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Krauel K, Girvan L, Hook S, Rades T. Characterisation of colloidal drug delivery systems from the naked eye to Cryo-FESEM. Micron 2007; 38:796-803. [PMID: 17698364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles prepared by interfacial polymerisation on the basis of microemulsions were prepared in this study and both colloidal systems, nanoparticles and microemulsions, were analysed by visual observation and several microscopic techniques. Phase boundaries for the microemulsions of the two pseudoternary systems ethyloleate, polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan mono-oleate/sorbitan monolaurate and water with and without butanol as a cosurfactant were determined by visual observation of the samples. Microemulsions containing liquid crystals were determined by polarisation light microscopy. Using freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy and Cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy the type of microemulsion (w/o droplet, bicontinuous, solution) was characterised. Nanoparticles prepared from the different types of microemulsion were additionally observed by conventional scanning electron microscopy. The size of the nanoparticles obtained from electron microscopy was in good agreement with particle sizing techniques (photon correlation spectroscopy) from earlier studies and no morphological differences could be observed in particles prepared from the different types of microemulsions. Cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy proved to be a most valuable technique in the visualisation of the colloidal systems as samples could be observed close to their natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Krauel
- New Zealand National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Stubenrauch C, Tessendorf R, Strey R, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Gelled polymerizable microemulsions. 1. Phase behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:7730-7. [PMID: 17559247 DOI: 10.1021/la700685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions are gaining increasing importance as templates since a great deal is known about how to tune their structure and the size of the domains. The concept of synthesizing a bicontinuous high surface area polymer is well-known, by "arresting" the oil (water) phase and polymerizing the water (oil) phase. However, a general route for the 1:1 replication of the bicontinuous structure has not been found yet. Our approach to achieving this goal entails arresting the oil phase by gelling it, i.e., by forming an organogel, and polymerizing the aqueous phase. The ternary base system water-n-dodecane-Lutensol AO5 (technical-grade nonionic n-alkyl polyglycol ether with an average molecular structure of C(13/15)E(5)) was chosen, and the organogelator 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-HOA) as well as a polymerizable aqueous phase containing the monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and the cross-linker N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BisAm) were added. To understand the influence of adding 12-HOA to the oil and NIPAM + BisAm to the aqueous phase on the phase behavior, phase diagrams were determined after each compositional change. The respective phase diagrams are presented and discussed in terms of their potential use as templates for new high surface area polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stubenrauch
- Schools of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Yan F, Texter J. Capturing nanoscopic length scales and structures by polymerization in microemulsions. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:109-118. [PMID: 32646135 DOI: 10.1039/b513914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of microemulsions as templates for the preparation of materials including polymer latexes, nanostructured polymers and inorganic-organic nanocomposites by microemulsion polymerizations is reviewed. Recent developments using polymerizable and polymeric surfactants in microemulsion formulation and polymerization are also represented with examples. These studies suggest several empirical principles favoring the capturing of nanoscopic length scale during microemulsion polymerizations. These principles include using polymerizable surfactants and cosurfactants, and promoting polymerization rates over interdroplet monomer exchange rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197.
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Texter
- College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197
| | - Paul Ziemer
- College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197
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