1
|
Philip N, Priya SP, Jumah Badawi AH, Mohd Izhar MH, Mohtarrudin N, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Sekawi Z, Neela VK. Pulmonary haemorrhage as the earliest sign of severe leptospirosis in hamster model challenged with Leptospira interrogans strain HP358. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010409. [PMID: 35584087 PMCID: PMC9116642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe leptospirosis is challenging as it could evolve rapidly and potentially fatal if appropriate management is not performed. An understanding of the progression and pathophysiology of Leptospira infection is important to determine the early changes that could be potentially used to predict the severe occurrence of leptospirosis. This study aimed to understand the kinetics pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 in the hamster model and identify the early parameters that could be used as biomarkers to predict severe leptospirosis. Methodology/Principal findings Male Syrian hamsters were infected with Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 and euthanized after 24 hours, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days post-infection. Blood, lungs, liver and kidneys were collected for leptospiral detection, haematology, serum biochemistry and differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Macroscopic and microscopic organ damages were investigated. Leptospira interrogans strain HP358 was highly pathogenic and killed hamsters within 6–7 days post-infection. Pulmonary haemorrhage and blood vessel congestion in organs were noticed as the earliest pathological changes. The damages in organs and changes in biochemistry value were preceded by changes in haematology and immune gene expression. Conclusion/Significance This study deciphered haemorrhage as the earliest manifestation of severe leptospirosis and high levels of IL-1β, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL3/MIP-α, neutrophils and low levels of lymphocytes and platelets serve as a cumulative panel of biomarkers in severe leptospirosis. As the severe form of leptospirosis could progress rapidly and be potentially fatal if not treated earlier, deciphering the pathophysiology kinetics of infection is crucial to determine the parameters of disease severity. To understand this, we challenged hamsters with the highly virulent Leptospira interrogans strain HP358. Pulmonary haemorrhage was observed as the earliest pathological change followed by liver and kidneys damages. The increased expression of IL-1β, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL3/MIP-α, high neutrophils and low lymphocytes and platelets production observed in the present study indicate that these parameters could serve as a cumulative panel of biomarkers in severe leptospirosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Philip
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- RAK College of Dental Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Hussein Jumah Badawi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafidz Mohd Izhar
- Comparative Medicine and Technology Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shetty A, Kundu S, Gomes-Solecki M. Inflammatory Signatures of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Leptospira Infection in Susceptible C3H-HeJ Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:677999. [PMID: 34249775 PMCID: PMC8264587 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.677999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact global impact of leptospirosis is unknown due to inadequate surveillance systems in place in most low-income countries. In this study, we analyzed the differences in mouse inflammatory signatures involved in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic Leptospira recognition at 24h and 72h post infection. Injection of C3H-HeJ mice with non-pathogenic L. biflexa increased circulation of a few chemokines (5/21, 24%) without secretion of cytokines in blood that resulted in engagement of resident macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and NK cells without engagement of T cells. In contrast, pathogenic L. interrogans induced circulation of a much higher panel of chemokines (18/21, 86%) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (11/19, 58%) in blood with a resulting signaling cascade leading to engagement of macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells and T cells without engagement of neutrophils. Although neutrophils do not appear to be engaged, a considerable number of chemokines that recruit other granulocytes such as eosinophils and basophils were also increased at 72h post infection with L. interrogans. Overall, the data suggest that prevention of dissemination of L. biflexa is associated with an early engagement of the innate immune response characterized by upregulation of a few chemokines that results in an efficacious phagocytic response without an overwhelming increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, when macrophages fail to clear a pathogenic serovar such as L. interrogans, the adaptive response (T cells) is engaged to help out, but the resulting chemo-cytokine storm mediates a robust but non-resolving inflammatory response to pathogenic Leptospira that results in dissemination, kidney colonization, pathology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Advait Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Maria Gomes-Solecki,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santecchia I, Ferrer MF, Vieira ML, Gómez RM, Werts C. Phagocyte Escape of Leptospira: The Role of TLRs and NLRs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571816. [PMID: 33123147 PMCID: PMC7573490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetal bacteria Leptospira spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the ability of leptospires to evade the immune response of their hosts. In this review, we aim first to recapitulate the knowledge and explore the controversial data about the opsonization, recognition, intracellular survival, and killing of leptospires by scavenger cells, including platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Second, we will summarize the known specificities of the recognition or escape of leptospire components (the so-called microbial-associated molecular patterns; MAMPs) by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like and NOD-like families. These PRRs are expressed by phagocytes, and their stimulation by MAMPs triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and bactericidal responses, such as antimicrobial peptide secretion and reactive oxygen species production. Finally, we will highlight recent studies suggesting that boosting or restoring phagocytic functions by treatments using agonists of the Toll-like or NOD receptors represents a novel prophylactic strategy and describe other potential therapeutic or vaccine strategies to combat leptospirosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María Florencia Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Monica Larucci Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Werts C. Interaction of Leptospira with the Innate Immune System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 415:163-187. [PMID: 29038956 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity encompasses immediate host responses that detect and respond to microbes. Besides recognition by the complement system (see the chapter by A. Barbosa, this volume), innate immunity concerns cellular responses. These are triggered through recognition of conserved microbial components (called MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading, through secretion of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and immune mediators, to cellular recruitment and phagocytosis. Leptospira spp. are successful zoonotic pathogenic bacteria that obviously overcome the immune system of their hosts. The first part of this chapter summarizes what is known about leptospires recognition and interaction with phagocytes and other innate immune cells, and the second part describes specific interactions of leptospiral MAMPs with PRRs from the TLR and NLR families. On the one hand, pathogenic leptospires appear to escape macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis. On the other hand, studies about PRR sensing of leptospires remain very limited, but suggest that pathogenic leptospires escape some of the PRRs in a host-specific manner, due to peculiar cell wall specificities or post-translational modifications that may impair their recognition. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of leptospiral escape on phagocytic functions and hopefully give clues to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the defective activation of PRRs by pathogenic Leptospira spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Werts
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de La Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira has the capacity to infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. Leptospirosis may appear as an acute, potentially fatal infection in accidental hosts, or progress into a chronic, largely asymptomatic infection in natural maintenance hosts. The course that Leptospira infection follows is dependent upon poorly understood factors, but is heavily influenced by both the host species and bacterial serovar involved in infection. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by a variety of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates the host immune system. The outcome of this response may result in bacterial clearance, limited bacterial colonization of a few target organs, principally the kidney, or induction of sepsis as the host succumbs to infection and dies. This chapter describes current knowledge of how the host recognizes Leptospira and responds to infection using innate and acquired immune responses. Aspects of immune-mediated pathology and pathogen strategies to evade the host immune response are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Zuerner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Holm A, Kalfas S. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus in serum and saliva. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1993; 101:350-6. [PMID: 8290876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1993.tb01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability of different strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) and Haemophilus aphrophilus (H.a.) to trigger activation of an oxidative burst in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was examined by measuring the luminol-amplified light emission--chemiluminescence (CL)--from these cells. Bacterial cells were incubated with PMNL from one healthy subject, in the presence of either active serum, heat-inactivated serum, saliva, or saliva and active serum. In the presence of active serum, all five H.a. strains and two out of five A.a. strains triggered a CL response. The CL induced in the presence of heat-inactivated serum was considerably less than that achieved with fresh serum. In the presence of only saliva, all strains induced considerably weaker CL responses than those induced in the presence of saliva with active serum. In the presence of serum, intracellular reactions appeared to be the main source of CL, while addition of saliva and active serum increased the extracellular CL. The results indicate that strain-dependent differences exist among A.a. strains in their ability to trigger the oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanisms of human PNML. In contrast, the CL patterns of H.a. strains were equivalent. Various factors in the environment, such as activated complement and salivary compounds, affect the interaction of these species with neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Holm
- Department of Oral Microbiology, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isogai E, Wakizaka H, Miura H, Isogai H, Hayashi M. Neutrophil dysfunction in rats with natural gingivitis. Arch Oral Biol 1993; 38:75-8. [PMID: 8442724 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(93)90158-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from SUS rats with naturally occurring gingivitis were examined by the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL), adherence and bactericidal tests. SUS rats with pre-gingivitis showed lower CL responses of isolated PMNs and whole blood than control rats (RES rats). After plague formation and progression of gingivitis, the CL response gradually increased in SUS rats. RES rats had healthy gingiva and showed no increase in CL responses. Impaired PMN adherence was observed in SUS rats with pre-gingivitis but not in RES rats. PMNs from SUS rats with pre-gingivitis also showed lower bactericidal activity than those from RES rats. Dysfunction of PMNs might induce gingivitis as a result of decreased protection against periodontal pathogens and an elevated level of CL response can be recognized with progression of gingivitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Isogai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Higashi Nippon Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|