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Hazarika S, Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Hemalatha S. Icacinaceae Plant Family: A Recapitulation of the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biotechnological Aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:1193-1217. [PMID: 37132105 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230502164605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Icacinaceae, an Angiospermic family comprising 35 genera and 212 accepted species, including trees, shrubs, and lianas with pantropical distribution, is one of the most outshining yet least explored plant families, which despite its vital role as a source of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals has received a meagre amount of attraction from the scientific community. Interestingly, Icacinaceae is considered a potential alternative resource for camptothecin and its derivatives, which are used in treating ovarian and metastatic colorectal cancer. However, the concept of this family has been revised many times, but further recognition is still needed. The prime objective of this review is to compile the available information on this family in order to popularize it in the scientific community and the general population and promote extensive exploration of these taxa. The phytochemical preparations or isolated compounds from the Icacinaceae family have been centrally amalgamated to draw diverse future prospects from this inclusive plant species. The ethnopharmacological activities and the associated endophytes and cell culture techniques are also depicted. Nevertheless, the methodical evaluation of the Icacinaceae family is the only means to preserve and corroborate the folkloristic remedial effects and provide scientific recognition of its potencies before they are lost under the blanket of modernization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Hazarika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman, 19392, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zarezade V, Sadeghi H, Panahi Kokhdan E, Nikbakht J, Molavi M, Mostafazadeh M, Abedi SA, Sadeghi H. Effect of ethanolic extract of Stachys pilifera Benth on subacute experimental models of inflammation and some underlying mechanisms. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:516-527. [PMID: 34522199 PMCID: PMC8407160 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.323918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of S. pilifera (HESP) in two sub-acute models of inflammation and clarified some possible mechanisms. Experimental approach Colorimetric methods were used to determine total phenol and flavonoid contents. Carrageenan or formalin-induced rat paw edema (seven days) and multiple application TPA-induced ear edema in mice (9 days) were used. The concentration of IL-1 and TNF-α were measured in the inflamed paw, as well as MDA levels in the serum and liver. Histopathological studies and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were also studied using heat-or hypotonicity-induced hemolysis in RBC humans. Findings/Results Total phenol and flavonoid contents of HESP were 101.35 ± 2.96 mg GAE/g extract and 660.79 ± 10.06 mg RE g extract, respectively. Oral (100 and 200 mg/kg) and topical application (5 mg/ear) of HESP significantly inhibited formalin-induced paw edema and multiple TPA-induced ear edema. The extract also significantly decreased the serum and liver levels of MDA in the carrageenan and formalin tests. The elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the carrageenan-injected paw were not affected by HESP. The extract (50-800 μg/mL) inhibited heat-or hypotonicity-induced hemolysis. Histopathological examination of the inflamed tissues revealed that HESP inhibited congestion and leukocyte infiltration. Conclusion and implications The findings confirmed the potent anti-inflammatory effects of S. pilifera in two sub-acute inflammation models and suggested that these properties were not related to IL-1 and TNF-α, but could be attributed to inhibition of lipid peroxidation, membrane stabilization, and inhibition of leukocyte penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Zarezade
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Behbahan University of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Heibatollah Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
| | - Esmaeel Panahi Kokhdan
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
| | - Jafar Nikbakht
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Molavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, I.R. Iran
| | - Mostafa Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Sayed Aghil Abedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
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Mbah C, Ogbonna J, Nzekwe I, Ugwu G, Ezeh R, Builders P, Attama A, Adikwu M, Ofoefule S. Nanovesicle Formulation Enhances Anti-inflammatory Property and Safe Use of Piroxicam. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 9:177-190. [PMID: 33511937 DOI: 10.2174/2211738509666210129151844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced utilization of certain drugs may be possible through the development of alternative delivery forms. It has been observed that NSAIDs have adverse gastrointestinal tract effects such as irritation and ulceration during anti-inflammatory therapy. This challenge may be overcome through nano topical formulations. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the potentials of a transdermal nanovesicular formulation for safe and enhanced delivery of piroxicam (PRX), a poorly water-soluble NSAID. METHODS Preformulation studies were conducted using DSC and FTIR. Ethosomal nanovesicular carrier (ENVC) was prepared by thin-film deposition technique using Phospholipon® 90 H (P90H) and ethanol and then converted into gel form. The formulation was characterized using a commercial PRX gel as control. Permeation studies were conducted using rat skin and Franz diffusion cell. Samples were assayed spectrophotometrically, and the obtained data was analyzed by ANOVA using GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS The preformulation studies showed compatibility between PRX and P90H. Spherical vesicles of mean size 343.1 ± 5.9 nm, and polydispersity index 0.510 were produced, which remained stable for over 2 years. The optimized formulation (PE30) exhibited pseudoplastic flow, indicating good consistency. The rate of permeation increased with time in the following order: PE30 > Commercial, with significant difference (p< 0.05). It also showed higher inhibition of inflammation (71.92 ± 9.67%) than the reference (64.12 ± 7.92%). CONCLUSION ENVC gel of PRX was formulated. It showed potentials for enhanced transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory activity relative to the reference. This may be further developed as a safe alternative to the oral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Mbah
- Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Research Unit (RUNDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Josephat Ogbonna
- Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Research Unit (RUNDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Nzekwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - George Ugwu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Richard Ezeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Philip Builders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, 900001, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Attama
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Adikwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Sabinus Ofoefule
- Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Research Unit (RUNDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Guo B, Zhao M, Wu Z, Onakpa MM, Burdette JE, Che CT. 19-nor-pimaranes from Icacina trichantha. Fitoterapia 2020; 144:104612. [PMID: 32437735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four new unusual 19-nor-pimarane-type diterpenes were isolated from the tuber of Icacina trichantha (Icacinaceae, Oliv.). The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and HRMS analysis. The absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism. All four compounds are structural analogues of icacinol and humirianthol, but do not demonstrate the same cytotoxic activity. A plausible biogenetic pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Monday M Onakpa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Abuja 920001, Nigeria
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
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Kaur A, Bhoop BS, Chhibber S, Sharma G, Gondil VS, Katare OP. Supramolecular nano-engineered lipidic carriers based on diflunisal-phospholipid complex for transdermal delivery: QbD based optimization, characterization and preclinical investigations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:206-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kaur A, Goindi S, Katare OP. Formulation, characterisation andin vivoevaluation of lipid-based nanocarrier for topical delivery of diflunisal. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:475-86. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1216189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
This is a review on the pharmacological properties and chemical composition of Icacina trichantha (Icacinaceae), a food and medicinal plant native to West Africa. The tuber is a good source of nutrients such as starch; it also exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities in animal models. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of a series of unusual pimarane-type diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Brian Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Michael M. Onakpa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 920001, Nigeria
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Goindi S, Kaur R, Kaur R. An ionic liquid-in-water microemulsion as a potential carrier for topical delivery of poorly water soluble drug: Development, ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:913-23. [PMID: 26456294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report an ionic liquid-in-water (IL/w) microemulsion (ME) formulation which is able to solubilize etodolac (ETO), a poorly water soluble drug for topical delivery using BMIMPF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as IL, Tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol as co-surfactant. The prepared ME was characterized for physicochemical parameters, subjected to ex-vivo permeation studies as well as in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation. The ex-vivo drug permeation studies through rat skin was performed using Franz-diffusion cell and the IL/w based ME showed maximum mean cumulative percent permeation of 99.030±0.921% in comparison to oil-in-water (o/w) ME (61.548±1.875%) and oily solution (48.830±2.488%) of ETO. In-vivo anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activities of the prepared formulations were evaluated using different rodent models and the results revealed that ETO loaded IL/w based ME was found to be more effective in controlling inflammation than oily solution, o/w ME and marketed formulation of ETO. Histopathological studies also demonstrated that IL/w based ME caused no anatomical and pathological changes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishu Goindi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Randeep Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Soumaya KJ, Dhekra M, Fadwa C, Zied G, Ilef L, Kamel G, Leila CG. Pharmacological, antioxidant, genotoxic studies and modulation of rat splenocyte functions by Cyperus rotundus extracts. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:28. [PMID: 23388107 PMCID: PMC3570401 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyperus rotundus Linn. (Cyperaceae) is a Tunisian medicinal plant used in folkloric (traditional) medicine to treat stomach disorders and inflammatory diseases. The present study explored the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and genotoxic activities of extracts from the aerial parts of C. rotundus. The antioxidant capacity and the modulation of splenocyte functions by these extracts were also investigated in mice. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. METHODS Aqueous, ethyl acetate, methanol and TOF-enriched extracts (300, 150, and 50 μg/ml) were evaluated for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml of each extract were tested to investigate their effect on lipid peroxidation. The genotoxic study was monitored by measuring the structural chromosome aberrations of mice treated with 300 mg/kg of extract. The proliferation of lymphocytes in the absence and presence of mitogens was assessed at a concentration range 1-1000 μg/ml. RESULTS The tested extracts were able to decrease the mouse ear oedema induced by xylene. Furthermore, it was shown that the same extracts reduced the number of abdominal contractions caused by acetic acid in mice, revealing the peripheral analgesic activity of these extracts. It is worth noting that mice treated with doses up to 300 mg/kg b.w. of Cyperus rotundus extracts did not exhibit any toxicity. The tested extracts significantly enhance lymphocyte proliferation at 1 mg/ml. CONCLUSIONS It appears that C. rotundus extracts contain potent components such as flavonoids that may potentially be useful for modulating the immune cell functions, provoking analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilani-Jaziri Soumaya
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Mhalla Dhekra
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Châbane Fadwa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Ghedira Zied
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Limem Ilef
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
- Unité de Pharmacognosie/Biologie Moléculaire 99/UR/07-03. Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Ghedira Kamel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
| | - Chekir-Ghedira Leila
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine dentaire de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000, Tunisie
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Nworu CS, Nwuke HC, Akah PA, Okoye FBC, Esimone CO. Extracts ofFicus exasperataleaf inhibit topical and systemic inflammation in rodents and suppress LPS-induced expression of mediators of inflammation in macrophages. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:302-10. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.732121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Das SN, Jagannath PV, Dinda SC. Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory, Anti–diabetic activity of Indian Bauhinia vahlii (stembark). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Okoli CO, Akah PA, Onuoha NJ, Okoye TC, Nwoye AC, Nworu CS. Acanthus montanus: an experimental evaluation of the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunological properties of a traditional remedy for furuncles. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 8:27. [PMID: 18538006 PMCID: PMC2453109 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) is a shrub widespread in Africa, the Balkans, Romania, Greece and Eastern Mediterranean. It is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of urogenital infections, urethral pain, endometritis, urinary disease, cystitis, leucorrhoea, aches and pains. In southeastern Nigeria, the root is popular and acclaimed highly effective in the treatment of furuncles. This study was undertaken to experimentally evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of the root extract as well as its effect on phagocytosis and specific cell-mediated immune response which may underlie the usefulness of the roots in treatment of furuncles. Methods The aqueous root extract (obtained by hot water maceration of the root powder) was studied for effects on the growth of clinically isolated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using acute topical edema of the mouse ear induced by xylene, acute paw edema induced by agar in rats, formaldehyde arthritis in rats, vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice and heat- and hypotonicity-induced haemolysis of ox red blood cells (RBCs). Also evaluated were the effects on in vivo leukocyte migration induced by agar, phagocytic activity of macrophages on Candida albicans and specific cell-mediated immune responses (delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) induced by sheep red blood cell (SRBC)). The acute toxicity and lethality (LD50) in mice and phytochemical constituents of the extract were also determined. Results The extract moderately inhibited the growth of the test organisms and significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited (57%) topical acute edema in the mouse ear. It significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the development of acute edema of the rat paw in a non-dose-related manner and was not effective in inhibiting the global edematous response to formaldehyde arthritis. It also inhibited vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice and the haemolysis of ox RBCs induced by heat- and hypotonicity. The extract increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts and caused a significant (P < 0.05) dose-related increase in the total number of macrophages at the 800 mg/kg dose. On phagocytic activity, the extract evoked a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the number of macrophages with ingested C. albicans at 800 mg/kg dose, and significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited DTHR in a dose-related manner. Phytochemical tests on the extract revealed an abundant presence of alkaloids and carbohydrates while saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids occurred in trace amounts. Acute toxicity test established an oral and intraperitoneal LD50 greater than 5,000 mg/kg. Conclusion The effectiveness of the root of A. montanus in the treatment of furuncles may largely derive from mobilization of leukocytes to the site of the infection and activation of phagocytic activity as well as suppression of exacerbated immune responses by its constituents. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are likely contributory mechanisms. Phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids and carbohydrates may be responsible for these pharmacological activities.
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Okoli CO, Akah PA, Nwafor SV, Anisiobi AI, Ibegbunam IN, Erojikwe O. Anti-inflammatory activity of hexane leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:219-25. [PMID: 16950582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of hexane leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams (Compositae) was evaluated in rodents using the xylene-induced ear edema, egg albumin- and agar-induced paw edema, formaldehyde-induced arthritis, cotton pellet granuloma, gastric ulcerogenic, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and dextran-induced in vivo leukocyte migration tests. Results showed that the extract (5mg/ear) inhibited topical edema in the mouse ear and at 200 and 400mg/kg (i.p.), it significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the development of egg albumin- and agar-induced paw edema, and the global edematous response to arthritis induced by formaldehyde in rats. Oral administration of the extract (200 or 400mg/kg) evoked a significant (P<0.05) dose-related ulceration of the rat gastric mucosa and inhibition of vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice. The extract also significantly (P<0.05) reduced total leukocyte and neutrophils counts in a non-dose-related manner. However, it significantly (P<0.05) increased lymphocyte counts and stimulated the growth of granuloma tissues induced by subcutaneously implanted cotton pellets in rats. Phytochemical tests showed that the extract contained sterols and terpenoids. These findings suggest that the leaves of Aspilia africana possess anti-inflammatory activity in acute and certain aspects of chronic inflammation, which may derive from inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis, inhibition of increased vascular permeability, inhibition of neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues, and stimulation of lymphocyte accumulation, which may enhance tissue repair and healing. The terpenoids present in the leaves may account for the anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Okoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Okoli CO, Akah PA. Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P. Beauv (Araceae). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 79:473-81. [PMID: 15582018 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P. Beauv were evaluated. The methanol leaf extract (CE) of C. scandens was subjected to bioactivity-guided separation to obtain fraction C as the most active anti-inflammatory fraction. Further activity-guided fractionation of fraction C led to the isolation of an anti-inflammatory principle, CS-1, identified as sitosterol. Phytochemical analysis of CE indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and terpenoids. Fraction C tested positive for flavonoids, sterols and terpenoids while CS-1 tested positive for sterols. Acute toxicity test on CE in mice established an intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) LD50 of >5 g/kg. The isolated compound, CS-1, inhibited topical edema in the mouse ear while CE and fraction C were devoid of any such activity. The methanol extract (CE), fraction C and CS-1 suppressed paw edema in rats with inhibitory order of magnitude: CS-1>fraction C>CE. The methanol extract (CE), fraction C and CS-1 caused gastrointestinal irritation in rats to varying extents and reduced neutrophil and lymphocyte counts while CE and fraction C reduced total leukocyte count (TLC). The methanol extract (CE) was effective in inhibiting heat-induced hemolysis of human red blood cells (RBCs) but exhibited no inhibitory effect on hypotonicity-induced hemolysis. However, fraction C and CS-1 inhibited both heat- and hypotonicity-induced hemolysis. These results suggest that the leaf extract of C. scandens has a good anti-inflammatory profile, indicating a nonspecific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Okoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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