1
|
Yang XD, Ju B, Xu J, Xiu NN, Sun XY, Zhao XC. Glucocorticoid-induced thrombotic microangiopathy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:1799-1807. [PMID: 36970013 PMCID: PMC10037281 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a group of disorders that converge on excessive platelet aggregation in the microvasculature, leading to consumptive thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolysis and ischemic end-organ dysfunction. In predisposed patients, TMA can be triggered by many environmental factors. Glucocorticoids (GCs) can compromise the vascular endothelium. However, GC-associated TMA has rarely been reported, which may be due to the lack of awareness of clinicians. Given the high frequency of thrombocytopenia during GC treatment, particular attention should be given to this potentially fatal complication.
CASE SUMMARY An elderly Chinese man had a 12-year history of aplastic anemia (AA) and a 3-year history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Three months earlier, methylprednisolone treatment was initiated at 8 mg/d and increased to 20 mg/d to alleviate complement-mediated hemolysis. Following GC treatment, his platelet counts and hemoglobin levels rapidly decreased. After admission to our hospital, the dose of methylprednisolone was increased to 60 mg/d in an attempt to enhance the suppressive effect. However, increasing the GC dose did not alleviate hemolysis, and his cytopenia worsened. Morphological evaluation of the marrow smears revealed increased cellularity with an increased percentage of erythroid progenitors without evident dysplasia. Cluster of differentiation (CD)55 and CD59 expression was significantly decreased on erythrocytes and granulocytes. In the following days, platelet transfusion was required due to severe thrombocytopenia. Observation of platelet transfusion refractoriness indicated that the exacerbated cytopenia may have been caused by the development of TMA due to GC treatment because the transfused platelet concentrates had no defects in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. We examined blood smears and found a small number of schistocytes, dacryocytes, acanthocytes and target cells. Discontinuation of GC treatment resulted in rapidly increased platelet counts and steady increases in hemoglobin levels. The patient’s platelet counts and hemoglobin levels returned to the levels prior to GC treatment 4 weeks after GC discontinuation.
CONCLUSION GCs can drive TMA episodes. When thrombocytopenia occurs during GC treatment, TMA should be considered, and GCs should be discontinued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Ju
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nuan-Nuan Xiu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fallo F, Famoso G, Capizzi D, Sonino N, Dassie F, Maffei P, Martini C, Paoletta A, Iliceto S, Tona F. Coronary microvascular function in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Endocrine 2013; 43:206-13. [PMID: 22851333 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate patients with Cushing's syndrome the coronary flow reserve (CFR), an index of coronary microvascular function. Fifteen newly diagnosed patients with Cushing's syndrome (1 male/14 females; mean age 45 ± 11 years), were selected for having no clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease. Twelve patients had pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease and three had an adrenal adenoma. Fifteen subjects matched for age, sex, and major cardiovascular risk factors were used as controls. Coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was investigated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at rest and during adenosine infusion. CFR was obtained as the ratio hyperemic/resting diastolic flow velocity. A reduced coronary reserve (hyperemic/resting ratio ≤ 2.5) was found in 5/15 Cushing patients and 4/15 controls. In all patients with abnormal CFR, epicardial coronary stenosis was excluded by multi-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography. CFR was inversely related to urinary cortisol in patients with endogenous hypercortisolism (Spearman's rho = -0.57, P = 0.03), while no correlation was found in controls. Coronary microvascular function, as assessed by CFR, is pathologically reduced in a considerable number of patients with Cushing's syndrome without clinical symptoms of ischemic heart disease and in the absence of epicardial coronary artery lesions, as well as in controls matched for cardiovascular risk factors. The presence of comorbidities can explain this early coronary abnormality in both patients and controls. Whether urinary cortisol may be a predictor of coronary microvascular function in the setting of patients with Cushing's syndrome, needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fallo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekerbiçer N, Inan S, Tarakç F, Barut T, Gürpınar T, Ozbek M. Effects of acute treatment with dexamethasone on hemodynamic and histopathological changes in rats. Biotech Histochem 2012; 87:385-96. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.672651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Mora-Ranjeva MP, Charveron M, Fabre B, Milon A, Muller I. Incorporation of phytosterols in human keratinocytes. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 141:216-24. [PMID: 16635484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have designed experimental conditions allowing the replacement of 50% of cholesterol of human keratinocytes (SVK14 line) with sitosterol or stigmasterol without affecting cellular viability. We have investigated the influence of incorporating phytosterol on the ultraviolet-A-induced formation of lipid-peroxidation products (thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS)) in these cells. Our results show that ultraviolet-A-induced lipid peroxidation depends on the nature of the phytosterol. Sitosterol induces a significant decrease (-30%) of TBARS relative to the control whereas stigmasterol markedly increases lipid peroxidation (+70%). We have also studied the effect of plant sterols on prostaglandin release by using the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 as an in vitro model of the inflammation induced by UVA radiation. We show that in the presence of 50% of phytosterol (particularly stigmasterol), the release of prostaglandin (6-ketoPG(1alpha), PGE(2)) is increased compared to untreated cells. This pro-inflammatory effect of phytosterols is correlated with a loss of the regulation of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mora-Ranjeva
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kapojos JJ, van den Berg A, Borghuis T, Banas B, Huitema S, Poelstra K, Bakker WW. Enhanced ecto-apyrase activity of stimulated endothelial or mesangial cells is downregulated by glucocorticoids in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 501:191-8. [PMID: 15464078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial as well as mesangial cells show enhanced activity of ecto-apyrase following pro-inflammatory stimulation in vitro. Since this ecto-enzyme appears to be able to regulate plasma hemopexin, which latter molecule plays a role in the pathogenesis of corticosteroid responsive nephrotic syndrome, the question was raised whether glucocorticoids are potentially able to downregulate ecto-apyrase activity of these cells. Therefore, cell cultures of endothelial or mesangial were stimulated with or without lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml). Parallel cultures were supplemented with prednisolone with or without the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone in various concentrations. After 24 h, cytospins were prepared and cytochemically stained for ecto-apyrase activity. mRNA for apyrase of these cells was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Apyrase activity of either cells or soluble apyrase (0.16 U/ml buffer) with or without supplementation of prednisolone were biochemically assayed for their phosphatase activity. The results show significantly decreased ecto-apyrase activity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells after treatment with prednisolone as compared to non-prednisolone-treated cells. Preincubation with mifepristone did not inhibit the effect of prednisolone. Identical mRNA signals for apyrase were found in prednisolone and non-prednisolone-treated cells. Interestingly, soluble apyrase also showed a significant decrease of activity following preincubation with prednisolone. It is concluded that prednisolone is able to downregulate ecto-apyrase of stimulated endothelial or mesangial cells, which may potentially inhibit the conversion of hemopexin to its pro-inflammatory isoform. As blocking of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor showed no effect upon the prednisolone action, whereas prednisolone is able to affect soluble apyrase per se, it is felt that this particular action of prednisolone may (at least partly) be mediated through a non-genomic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jola J Kapojos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogers KM, Bonar CA, Estrella JL, Yang S. Inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid on coronary artery endothelial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1922-8. [PMID: 12384470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00364.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic stresses are implicated in cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease. The present study was designed to examine the direct effects of the stress hormone cortisol on nitric oxide (NO) release and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression in cultured bovine coronary artery endothelial cells (BCAEC). Nitrate, nitrite, and NO (NO(x)) were measured by the chemiluminescence method. At 24 h after treatment, cortisol (1 nM-10 microM) produced a dose-dependent decrease in NO(x) release, which was attenuated in the presence of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone (3 microM). In accordance, eNOS protein levels were significantly decreased by cortisol in a dose-dependent manner. Cortisol pretreatment significantly increased the rate of eNOS protein degradation in the presence of cycloheximide. In addition, cortisol pretreatment decreased ATP-induced intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and NO(x) release in BCAEC. The presence of glucocorticoid receptors in BCAEC was demonstrated by Western blot. The results suggest that cortisol, through activation of glucocorticoid receptors, suppresses NO(x) release in BCAEC by downregulating eNOS proteins and inhibiting intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Decreased NO(x) is likely to result in an increase in contraction of coronary arteries, leading to a decrease in coronary blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kestrel M Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boldyrev AA, Carpenter DO, Huentelman MJ, Peters CM, Johnson P. Sources of reactive oxygen species production in excitotoxin- stimulated cerebellar granule cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:320-4. [PMID: 10079182 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rat cerebellar granule cells in the presence of the excitotoxins N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) and by the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was Ca2+-dependent and resulted in decreased cell viability. Exposure of stimulated cells to rotenone (a respiratory chain inhibitor) did not decrease ROS levels and did not affect short-term cell viability. In cells stimulated by NMDA and KA, exposure to indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and nialamide (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) caused a decrease in ROS levels and increased cell viability occurred in NMDA-treated cells. In contrast, PMA-stimulated neurons did not show decreased ROS levels when exposed to indomethacin and nialamide. These studies suggest that there is a multiplicity of routes for Ca2+-dependent ROS production in neurons but that ROS generation by cyclooxygenase and monoamine oxidase is not controlled by protein kinase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Boldyrev
- Department of Biochemistry, International Biotechnological Center of M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Serum contains many biologically active factors influencing cell growth and is commonly used as a culture medium supplement. It has not generally been appreciated that serum can affect vascular tone. We have observed that the contractile response of aortic rings previously exposed to 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 hours and then stimulated with phenylephrine (0.01-1microM) or angiotensin II (1microM) is significantly diminished compared to 1) rings incubated in FBS for only 6 hours, 2) aortic rings previously incubated in 1% FBS or 3) aortic rings incubated in 10% bovine serum albumin for 24 hours. A similar attenuated response was also seen when the vascular aortic rings were incubated in heat inactivated adult bovine serum. To test whether prostaglandins might be induced by factors contained in serum and account for the diminished stimulated contractile response, rings were incubated for 24 hours in media containing 10% FBS with either indomethacin 10microM, corticosterone 100nM or 11-dehydrocorticosterone 100nM. These agents are known to affect prostaglandin synthesis. Contractile responses were then measured accordingly. In each series, the previously attenuated contractile response to phenylephrine and to angiotensin II was fully restored with prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Thus, factors contained in serum are capable of blunting the stimulated contractile response of rat aortic vessels. These serum factors appear to act by inducing prostaglandin synthesis in vascular tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Bina
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence 02903, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brem AS, Bina RB, King TC, Morris DJ. Localization of 2 11beta-OH steroid dehydrogenase isoforms in aortic endothelial cells. Hypertension 1998; 31:459-62. [PMID: 9453345 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) but has not been reported to be present in vascular endothelial cells. This enzyme assists in regulating the cellular concentration of active endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs). We have observed that endothelium intact rat aortic rings express message for both Type 1 and Type 2 11beta-HSD whereas primary cultures of VSMC express only mRNA for the Type I isoform. Since GCs diminish prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells, we hypothesized that 11beta-HSD is present in vascular endothelial cells. In primary cultures of rat aortic endothelial (RAE) cells, mRNA from both isoforms of 11beta-HSD could be detected by RT-PCR with higher levels of the Type 1 isoform. The oxo-reductase reaction "activating" 11-dehydro metabolites back to the parent steroid is the preferred enzyme direction (12:1 after a 120 minutes steroid incubation) in intact RAE cells. When RAE cells are grown in the presence of antisense oligonucleotides specific for Type 1 11beta-HSD, oxo-reductase activity is decreased by approximately 50% but the dehydrogenase reaction, which inactivates endogenous GCs and is characteristic of the Type 2 isoform, is unaffected. Thus endothelial cells appear to express both isoforms of 11beta-HSD; the Type 1 isoform dominates functioning in the oxo-reductase mode. Inhibition of the oxo-reductase reaction may lower the local concentrations of GC and indirectly allow for increased production of prostacyclin in endothelial cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticosterone/analogs & derivatives
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/analysis
- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/analysis
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Kidney/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Thionucleotides
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Brem
- Brown University School of Medicine, and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosenstock M, Danon A, Rimon G. Prostaglandin H synthase: protein synthesis-independent regulation in bovine aortic endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C1749-55. [PMID: 9374663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.5.c1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine whether prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) can be regulated by pathways independent of de novo synthesis of PGHS. Incubation of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) for as short as 5 min with NaF (40 mM) resulted in a 60% increase in PGHS activity. PGHS activity induced by NaF was unaffected by either 10 microM cycloheximide or 1 microM actinomycin D. Aspirin (25 microM) completely inhibited resting PGHS activity, and NaF did not induce further stimulation. NS-398 (500 nM), a specific PGHS-2 inhibitor, was ineffective. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced a significant increase in PGHS activity within 30 min and was insensitive to cycloheximide. The levels of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 proteins, as measured by Western blots, were not affected by NaF or bFGF. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein attenuated PGHS activity that was induced by NaF and bFGF, whereas the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, augmented these responses. The G protein activators 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) inhibited both resting and NaF-induced PGHS activities. These results suggest-that, in BAEC, PGHS-1 activity can be regulated by tyrosine kinase and/or G proteins, independently of de novo protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenstock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Corob Center for Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|