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Xiao W, Liang Y, Que Y, Li J, Peng R, Xu B, Wen X, Zhao J, Guan Y, Zhang X. Comparison of the MAID (AI) and CAV/IE regimens with the predictive value of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 like protein 1 (CREB3L1) in palliative chemotherapy for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma patients. J Cancer 2019; 10:3517-3525. [PMID: 31293656 PMCID: PMC6603427 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Palliative chemotherapy is currently the first-line treatment for advanced soft tissue sarcoma. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of the MAID (AI) and CAV/IE alternating regimens in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma patients. Since resistances to ADM-based chemotherapy and toxicity from doxorubicin are frequently observed in clinical practice, we investigated the association between CREB3L1 expression and survival in advanced soft-tissue sarcomas patients treated with doxorubicin-based palliative chemotherapy. Methods: The cohort under investigation comprised 152 patients who underwent doxorubicin-based first-line palliative chemotherapy for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma at our institution between January 2010 and April 2017. Immunohistochemical analysis and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the expression of CREB3L1 in soft-tissue sarcoma specimens prior to first-line palliative chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on chemotherapy regimens and CREB3L1 expression levels. The relationship between CREB3L1 expression and survival was also analyzed. Results: The CAV/IE alternating regimen yielded favorable outcomes for response and survival in patients compared with those who received MAID (AI) treatment. The most common toxicity of grades 3 and 4 was leukopenia (58.5 % in the MAID (AI) regimen; 37.1 % in the CAV/IE regimen). The incidence of febrile neutropenia after CAV/IE treatment (7.1 %) was lower than after MAID (AI) treatment (13.4 %). Grade 3 neuralgia was observed in 1.2 % of patients receiving the MAID regimen versus 8.6 % in patients receiving the CAV/IE regimen. High CREB3L1 expression was observed in 48 of 152 patients (31.6 %). Overall survival was significantly higher for CREB3L1 high-expression patients than for CREB3L1 low-expression patients, especially for those also treated with the MAID (AI) regimen. The CREB3L1 expression level was identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival by multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the CAV/IE alternating regimen may be associated with a better response and more favorable survival than the MAID (AI) regimen in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma patients. Furthermore, the CREB3L1 expression level may predict the efficacy and survival of doxorubicin-based palliative chemotherapy for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yi Que
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ruiqing Peng
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bushu Xu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xizhi Wen
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanxiang Guan
- Department of Gastric Surgery, SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou 510060, China
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Salah S, Lewin J, Amir E, Abdul Razak A. Tumor necrosis and clinical outcomes following neoadjuvant therapy in soft tissue sarcoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29843049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic role of tumor necrosis following neoadjuvant therapy is established in bone sarcomas but remains unclear in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). METHODS We searched MEDLINE, MEDLINE in progress, EMBASE and Cochrane to identify studies that investigated neoadjuvant therapy in STS. Studies were required to report survival data based on extent of necrosis, or provided individual patient data allowing estimation thereof. Hazard ratios (HR) for relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) and odds ratios (OR) for recurrence at 3 years and for death at 5 years were pooled in a random effect meta-analysis. Associations between patient characteristics and attainment of ≥90% necrosis were explored. RESULTS 21 studies comprising 1663 patients were included. Extremity tumors were most common (n = 1554; 93%). Induction regimens included chemotherapy with radiotherapy (n = 924; 56%), chemotherapy alone (n = 412; 25%), radiotherapy alone (n = 78; 5%), isolated limb perfusion (ILP) (n = 231; 14%), and targeted therapy/radiotherapy (n = 18; 1%). Patients with <90% necrosis had higher hazard of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06-2.04; p = 0.02) and death (HR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.41-2.46; p < 0.001). Risk of recurrence at 3 years (OR = 3.35; 95% CI: 2.27-4.92; p < 0.001) and of death at 5 years (OR 2.60; 95% CI: 1.59-4.26; p < 0.001) were similarly increased. Compared to other modalities, ILP was associated with higher odds of achieving ≥90% necrosis (OR 12.1; 95% CI: 3.69-39.88; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Tumour necrosis <90% following neoadjuvant therapy is associated with increased recurrence risk and inferior OS in patients with STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Salah
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Centre, Queen Rania Al Abdullah St 202, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Jeremy Lewin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Eitan Amir
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Albiruni Abdul Razak
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Hameiri-Grossman M, Porat-Klein A, Yaniv I, Ash S, Cohen IJ, Kodman Y, Haklai R, Elad-Sfadia G, Kloog Y, Chepurko E, Feinmesser M, Issakov J, Sher O, Luria D, Kollender Y, Weizman A, Avigad S. The association between let-7, RAS and HIF-1α in Ewing Sarcoma tumor growth. Oncotarget 2015; 6:33834-48. [PMID: 26393682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cancer as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. We studied the involvement of miRNAs located on chromosomes 11q and 22q that participate in the most common translocation in ES. Of these, we focused on 3 that belong to the let-7 family. We studied the expression levels of let-7a, and let-7b and detected a significant correlation between low expression of let-7b and increased risk of relapse. let-7 is known to be a negative regulator of the RAS oncogene. Indeed, we detected an inverse association between the expression of let-7 and RAS protein levels and its downstream target p-ERK, following transfection of let-7 mimics and inhibitors. Furthermore, we identified let-7 as a negative regulator of HIF-1α and EWS-FLI-1. Moreover, we were able to show that HIF-1α directly binds to the EWS-FLI-1 promoter. Salirasib treatment in-vitro resulted in the reduction of cell viability, migration ability, and in the decrease of cells in S-phase. A significant reduction in tumor burden and in the expression levels of both HIF-1α and EWS-FLI-1 proteins were observed in mice after treatment. Our results support the hypothesis that let-7 is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAS, also in ES, and that HIF-1α may contribute to the aggressive metastatic behavior of ES. Moreover, the reduction in the tumor burden in a mouse model of ES following Salirasib treatment, suggests therapeutic potential for this RAS inhibitor in ES.
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Liang H, Liu M, Yan X, Zhou Y, Wang W, Wang X, Fu Z, Wang N, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zen K, Zhang CY, Hou D, Li J, Chen X. miR-193a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer by down-regulating ERBB4. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:926-40. [PMID: 25391651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB4, one of four ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family members, plays an important role in the etiology and progression of lung cancer. In this study, we found that the ERBB4 protein levels were consistently up-regulated in lung cancer tissues, whereas the mRNA levels varied randomly, suggesting that a post-transcriptional mechanism was involved in regulating ERBB4 expression. Because microRNAs are powerful post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, we used bioinformatic analyses to search for microRNAs that can potentially target ERBB4. We identified specific targeting sites for miR-193a-3p in the 3'-UTR of ERBB4. We further identified an inverse correlation between miR-193a-3p levels and ERBB4 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in lung cancer tissue samples. By overexpressing or knocking down miR-193a-3p in lung cancer cells, we experimentally confirmed that miR-193a-3p directly recognizes the 3'-UTR of the ERBB4 transcript and regulates ERBB4 expression. Furthermore, the biological consequences of the targeting of ERBB4 by miR-193a-3p were examined in vitro via cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis assays and in vivo using a mouse xenograft tumor model. We demonstrated that the repression of ERBB4 by miR-193a-3p suppressed proliferation and invasion and promoted apoptosis in lung cancer cells and that miR-193a-3p exerted an anti-tumor effect by negatively regulating ERBB4 in xenograft mice. Taken together, our findings provide the first clues regarding the role of miR-193a-3p as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer through the inhibition of ERBB4 translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xin Yan
- the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China, and
| | - Yong Zhou
- the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Wengong Wang
- the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xueliang Wang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zheng Fu
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Nan Wang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Suyang Zhang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ke Zen
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dongxia Hou
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China,
| | - Jing Li
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China,
| | - Xi Chen
- From the Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China,
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Rodrigo RS, Nathalie A, Elodie T, Gonzalo GA, Philippe T, Françoise D, Julien D, Angela C, Bérénice B, Jean-Yves B, Jean-Michel C, Jean B, Sylvie B, Axel LC. Topoisomerase II-alpha protein expression and histological response following doxorubicin-based induction chemotherapy predict survival of locally advanced soft tissues sarcomas. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1319-27. [PMID: 21450455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas (LASTS), although not standard, represents a promising option for resectable tumours. Current lack of biological predictors of chemotherapy response led us to establish a relationship between Topoisomerase II-alpha (Topo2A), HER2, excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) protein expression, histological response and clinical outcomes of LASTS patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study based on clinical data and archival paraffin-embedded tumour tissue at diagnosis from 78 consecutive LASTS patients treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in our institution enabled analysis of ERCC1, HER2 and Topo2A protein expression by immuno-histochemistry. RESULTS Disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 48% and 64%, respectively. The annual risk of relapse increased with a higher percentage of residual identifiable cells (RIC). A higher Topo2A protein was associated with an improved rate of good HR (r=0.416) and with a decreased risk of relapse. Median DFS decreased with low Topo2A (p⩽0.042). The ERCC1 status had no impact on histological response while ERCC1 positive tumours correlated with a favourable OS (p ≤ 0.058). Patients with LASTS co-expressing Topo2A and ERCC1 had a significant better outcome (p=0.018). Topo2A was the only independent variable linked to a good HR (p ≤ 0.017); histological grade 3 was the only independent adverse prognostic variable linked to both DFS (p ≤ 0.04) and OS (p ≤ 0.004). CONCLUSIONS While histological response predicts better DFS, Topo2A protein expression correlates with histological response and better DFS. The combination of an early predictive factor for chemosensitivity (Topo2A) and for survival (ERCC1) highlights the possibility to develop individualised therapeutic approaches (CONTICANET program).
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Abstract
Antibodies targeting the extracellular domains of ErbB receptors have been extensively studied for cancer drug development. This work has led to clinical approval of monoclonal antibodies against the well-known oncogenes EGFR and ErbB2. Here we discuss the biological activities of ErbB4, a less-studied member of the EGFR/ErbB growth factor receptor family and speculate on the potential clinical relevance of antibodies targeting ErbB4. In addition to their significance as therapeutics, the role of ErbB4 antibodies in prognostic and predictive applications is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Hollmén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, and Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
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Xu S, Kitayama J, Yamashita H, Souma D, Nagawa H. Nuclear translocation of HER-4/c-erbB-4 is significantly correlated with prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:44-50. [PMID: 18000820 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER family is an attractive target for the treatment of esophageal cancer. The clinical relevance of HER-4 has not been yet characterized. METHODS The expression of HER-4 was immunohistochemically examined in 61 surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC), and the prognostic significance of HER-4 in ESCC was evaluated. RESULTS HER-4 was positive in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of 51 (84%) tumors, with variable intensity and a heterogeneous distribution, with preferential expression in well or moderately differentiated tumors. Nuclear staining of HER-4 was observed in 37 (61%) cases as well. The membranous/cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, expression of HER-4 was positively correlated with the expression of HER-2 and HER-3. Survival of the HER-4-positive group was significantly better than that of the HER-4-negative group (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that extranuclear expression of HER-4 was independently correlated with increased survival. In contrast, nuclear staining of HER-4 was correlated with increased T stage, which resulted in a significant reduction in survival in the HER-4 positive group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Extranuclear HER-4 may have negative effects on the progression of ESCC, whereas nuclear translocation of HER-4 may elicit a tumor-promoting property. Immunohistochemical detection of HER-4 localization is clinically useful to predict the survival of the patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangta Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Starr A, Greif J, Vexler A, Ashkenazy-Voghera M, Gladesh V, Rubin C, Kerber G, Marmor S, Lev-Ari S, Inbar M, Yarden Y, Ben-Yosef R. ErbB4 increases the proliferation potential of human lung cancer cells and its blockage can be used as a target for anti-cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:269-74. [PMID: 16463386 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data suggest that ErbB-4, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, may have a role in cancer progression and response to treatment. We found recently, using a retrospective clinical analysis, that expression of ErbB-4 receptor is correlated with metastatic potential and patient survival in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this work was to correlate the expression of the ErbB-4 and lung cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo and to determine the therapeutic potential of a monoclonal antibody to ErbB-4 against lung cancer. For this aim, we ectopically expressed ErbB-4 in a human NSCLC cell line that did not express the ErbB-4 protein. Overexpression of ErbB-4 produced a constitutively activated ErbB-4 receptor. The transfected ErbB-4 positive clones showed an increased cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo in comparison with parental ErbB-4 negative cells and with the cells transfected by neomycin-resistant gene. A monoclonal antibody to ErbB-4 showed both an inhibitory effect on growth rate and an increasing apoptotic rate in the cells expressing ErbB-4. The results of the current study provide evidence that ErbB-4 plays a significant role in human lung cancer and may serve as a molecular target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Starr
- Lung and Allergy Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Abstract
Understanding prognostic variables is important for counseling patients, selecting patients for adjuvant therapy, stratifying patients for inclusion in clinical trials, and setting goals for patient treatment. Prognostic variables in soft tissue sarcoma have been defined for local recurrence, distant recurrence, and disease-specific and overall survival. Significant prognostic variables are site-dependent and time-dependent. A recently created nomogram that accounts for tumor size, grade, histology, and depth and patient age is a tool that can be used to predict 12-year sarcoma-specific survival at diagnosis. Emerging areas in predicting outcome of patients with soft tissue sarcoma include response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Grobmyer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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