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Mal'shakova MV, Belykh DV. Intramolecular cyclization of 15-carboxy-13-amide derivatives of chlorin e 6 under the action of 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842462250033x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Synthesis and photodynamic effect of 3-substituted methyl pyropheophorbide-a derivatives as novel photodynamic therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Cao L, Guo X, Wang L, Wang S, Li Y, Zhao W. Synthesis and in vitro phototoxicity of novel π-extension derivatives of chlorin e6. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03279j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
32-Aryl substitution generated the maximum wavelength redshift and increased the in vitro phototoxicity against HepG2 cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuhan Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Yueqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
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4
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Srivatsan A, Pera P, Joshi P, Wang Y, Missert JR, Tracy EC, Tabaczynski WA, Yao R, Sajjad M, Baumann H, Pandey RK. Effect of chirality on cellular uptake, imaging and photodynamic therapy of photosensitizers derived from chlorophyll-a. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3603-17. [PMID: 25936263 PMCID: PMC4461543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the (124)I-analog of methyl 3-(1'-m-iodobenzyloxy) ethyl-3-devinyl-pyropheophorbide-a derived as racemic mixture from chlorophyll-a can be used for PET (positron emission tomography)-imaging in animal tumor models. On the other hand, as a non-radioactive analog, it showed excellent fluorescence and photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Thus, a single agent in a mixture of radioactive ((124)I-) and non-radioactive ((127)I) material can be used for both dual-imaging and PDT of cancer. Before advancing to Phase I human clinical trials, we evaluated the activity of the individual isomers as well as the impact of a chiral center at position-3(1) in directing in vitro/in vivo cellular uptake, intracellular localization, epithelial tumor cell-specific retention, fluorescence/PET imaging, and photosensitizing ability. The results indicate that both isomers (racemates), either as methyl ester or carboxylic acid, were equally effective. However, the methyl ester analogs, due to subcellular deposition into vesicular structures, were preferentially retained. All derivatives containing carboxylic acid at the position-17(2) were noted to be substrate for the ABCG2 (a member of the ATP binding cassette transporters) protein explaining their low retention in lung tumor cells expressing this transporter. The compounds in which the chirality at position-3 has been substituted by a non-chiral functionality showed reduced cellular uptake, retention and lower PDT efficacy in mice bearing murine Colon26 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Srivatsan
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Paula Pera
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Penny Joshi
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Joseph R Missert
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Erin C Tracy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Walter A Tabaczynski
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14221, United States
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14221, United States
| | - Heinz Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States.
| | - Ravindra K Pandey
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY 14263, United States.
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5
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Lonin IS, Kuzovlev AS, Belyaev ES, Ponomarev GV, Koifman OI, Tsivadze AY. 3-(2-Bromovinyl)chlorins: a new approach towards chlorophyll a modification. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461350123x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective bromination of methyl pyropheophorbide a at the C32-position of the terminal double bond has been carried out as a one-pot two-step addition/elimination process. The elimination occurs with 100% stereoselectivity and bromovinyl 4 has E-configuration of the C3-double bond. The reactivity of unsaturated bromide 4 has been evaluated in the series of the Pd -catalyzed coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Lonin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, 31 Leninsky prosp., 199071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Kuzovlev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, 31 Leninsky prosp., 199071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Belyaev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, 31 Leninsky prosp., 199071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelii V. Ponomarev
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10 Pogodinskaya st., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 prospekt F. Engelsa, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, 31 Leninsky prosp., 199071 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Ethirajan M, Chen P, Ohulchanskyy TY, Goswami LN, Gupta A, Srivatsan A, Dobhal MP, Missert JR, Prasad PN, Kadish KM, Pandey RK. Regioselective Synthesis and Photophysical and Electrochemical Studies of 20-Substituted Cyanine Dye-Purpurinimide Conjugates: Incorporation of NiIIinto the Conjugate Enhances its Tumor-Uptake and Fluorescence-Imaging Ability. Chemistry 2013; 19:6670-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Yoon I, Li JZ, Shim YK. Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:7-23. [PMID: 23423543 PMCID: PMC3572355 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brief history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) research has been focused on photosensitizers (PSs) and light delivery was introduced recently. The appropriate PSs were developed from the first generation PS Photofrin (QLT) to the second (chlorins or bacteriochlorins derivatives) and third (conjugated PSs on carrier) generations PSs to overcome undesired disadvantages, and to increase selective tumor accumulation and excellent targeting. For the synthesis of new chlorin PSs chlorophyll a is isolated from natural plants or algae, and converted to methyl pheophorbide a (MPa) as an important starting material for further synthesis. MPa has various active functional groups easily modified for the preparation of different kinds of PSs, such as methyl pyropheophorbide a, purpurin-18, purpurinimide, and chlorin e6 derivatives. Combination therapy, such as chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with PDT, is shortly described here. Advanced light delivery system is shown to establish successful clinical applications of PDT. Phtodynamic efficiency of the PSs with light delivery was investigated in vitro and/or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yoon
- PDT Research Institute, Inje University School of Nano System Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
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8
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Galindev O, Dalantai M, Ahn WS, Shim YK. Gadolinium complexes of chlorin derivatives applicable for MRI contrast agents and PDT. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of contrast agent (CA) research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to identify tumor-seeking materials. Thus, cancer diagnosis by Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using photosensitizer will be one of the best tools for cancer research. By linking paramagnetic gadolinium [ Gd(III) ] ion to tumor selective chlorin-based photosensitizers, the cancer cell can be easily detected with high sensitivity and cured by appropriate laser irradiation simultaneously. The synthesis of monomer and dimer chlorin derivatives, such as pyropheophorbide-a and purpurin systems, conjugated with Gd(III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) by means of diethylene-triaminepentaacetic dianhydride (caDTPA) for the evaluation as CAs for MRI was described in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyunbileg Galindev
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Monkhoobor Dalantai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, The National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Woong Shick Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
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9
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Joshi P, Ethirajan M, Goswami LN, Srivatsan A, Missert JR, Pandey RK. Synthesis, spectroscopic, and in vitro photosensitizing efficacy of ketobacteriochlorins derived from ring-B and ring-D reduced chlorins via pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8629-40. [PMID: 21955163 DOI: 10.1021/jo201688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present a regioselective oxidation of a series bacteriochlorins, which on reacting with either ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) yielded the corresponding ring-B or ring-D reduced chlorins. The effect of the number of electron-withdrawing groups present at the peripheral position, with or without a fused isocyclic ring (ring-E), did not make any significant difference in regioselective oxidation of the pyrrole rings. However, depending on the nature of substituents, the intermediate bis-dihydroxy bacteriochlorins on subjecting to pinacol-pinacolone reaction conditions gave various ketochlorins. The introduction of the keto-group at a particular position in the molecule possibly depends on the stability of the intermediate carbocation species. The newly synthesized bacteriochlorins show strong long-wavelength absorption and produced significant in vitro (Colon26 cells) photosensitizing ability. Among the compounds tested, the bacteriochlorins containing a keto-group at position 7 of ring-B with cleaved five-member isocyclic ring showed the best efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Joshi
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
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10
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Yoon I, Park HS, Cui BC, Kim JH, Shim YK. Synthesis and Photodynamic Activities of Pyrazolyl and Cyclopropyl Derivatives of Purpurin-18 Methyl Ester and Purpurin-18-N-butylimide. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Cui BC, Cha MU, Li JZ, Park HS, Yoon I, Shim YK. Efficient Synthesis and in vitro PDT Effect of Purpurin-18-N-Aminoimides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Yan YJ, Zheng MZ, Chen ZL, Yu XH, Yang XX, Ding ZL, Xu L. Studies on preparation and photodynamic mechanism of chlorin P6-13,15-N-(cyclohexyl)cycloimide (Chlorin-H) and its antitumor effect for photodynamic therapy in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6282-91. [PMID: 20691601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a promising method for treatment of cancerous tumors. The chemical and physical properties of used photosensitizer play key roles in the treatment efficacy. In this study, a novel photosensitizer, Chlorin-H [-13,15-N-(cyclohexyl)cycloimide] which displayed a characteristic long wavelength absorption peak at 698nm was synthesized. Following flash photolysis with 355nm laser, Chlorin-H is potent to react with O(2) and then produce (1)O(2). This finding indicates that Chlorin-H takes its effects through type II mechanism in PDT. Generally, Chlorin-H is localized in mitochondria and nucleus of cell. After light irradiation with 698nm laser, it can kill many types of cell, inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation, suppress cancer cell invasiveness and trigger apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in A549 cells in vitro. In addition, Chlorin-H-PDT can destroy A549 tumor in nude mice and a necrotic scab was formed eventually. The expression levels of many genes which regulated cell growth and apoptosis were determined by RT-PCR following Chlorin-H-PDT. The results showed that it either increased or decrease. Among which, the expression level of TNFSF13, a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, increased significantly. Silencing of TNFSF13 caused by RNA interference decreased the susceptibility of A549 cells to Chlorin-H-PDT. In general, Chlorin-H is an effective antitumor photosensitizer in vitro and in vivo and is worthy of further study as a new drug candidate. TNFSF13 will be an important molecular target for the discovery of new photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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13
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Synthesis, photophysical properties and photocytotoxicity of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-glucosylated fluorophenylporphyrins. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1526-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Galindev O, Badraa N, Dalantai M, Sengee GI, Dorjnamjin D, Shim YK. Synthesis of pyrazole substituted methyl pheophorbide-a derivatives and their preliminary in vitro cell viabilities. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1273-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b802433m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Han GF, Wang JJ, LÜ JH, Wang FM, Qu Y, Shim YK. Synthesis of Purpurin Imide Derivatives by Modification of Peripheral Functional Groups of Methyl Pheophorbide-a. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Pandey RK, Goswami LN, Chen Y, Gryshuk A, Missert JR, Oseroff A, Dougherty TJ. Nature: A rich source for developing multifunctional agents. tumor-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:445-67. [PMID: 16788930 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to call attention in the use of chlorophyll-a and bacteriochlorophyll-a to develop more than 600 photosensitizers (lambda (max) 660 nm-800 nm) during the last 15 years (1990-2005) at the Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo. This article mainly includes the chemistry, preclinical results, and brief clinical data of some of the most effective photosensitizers. The utility of the tumor-avid photosensitizers in developing multimodality agents (imaging and therapy) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Pandey
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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17
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Rosenfeld A, Morgan J, Goswami LN, Ohulchanskyy T, Zheng X, Prasad PN, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. Photosensitizers Derived from 132-Oxo-methyl Pyropheophorbide-a: Enhanced Effect of Indium(III) as a Central Metal in In Vitro and In Vivo Photosensitizing Efficacy. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:626-34. [PMID: 16277564 DOI: 10.1562/2005-09-29-ra-704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an additional keto group on absorption wavelength and the corresponding metal complexes Zn(II), Cu(II) In(III) on singlet oxygen production and photodynamic efficacy were examined among the alkyl ether analogs of pyropheophorbide-a. For the preparation of the desired photosensitizers, the methyl 13(2)-oxo-pyropheophorbide-a obtained by reacting methyl pyropheophorbide-a with aqueous LiOH-THF was converted into a series of alkyl ether analogs. These compounds were evaluated for photophysical properties and in vitro (by means of the MTT assay and intracellular localization in RIF cells) and in vivo (in C3H mice implanted with RIF tumors) photosensitizing efficacy. Among the alkyl ether derivatives, the methyl 3-decyloxyethyl-3-devinyl-13(2)-oxo-pyropheophorbide-a was found to be most effective and the insertion of In(III) into this analog further enhanced its in vitro and in vivo photosensitizing efficacy. Fluorescence microscopy showed that, in contrast to the hexyl and dodecyl ether derivatives of HPPH (which localize in mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively), the diketo-analogs and their In(III) complexes localized in Golgi bodies. The preliminary in vitro and in vivo results suggest that, in both free-base and metalated analogs, the introduction of an additional keto group at the five-member exocyclic ring in pyropheophorbide-a diminishes its photosensitizing efficacy. This may be due to a shift in subcellular localization from mitochondria to the Golgi bodies. The further introduction of In(III) enhances photoactivity, but not by shifting the localization of the photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosenfeld
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Chen Y, Gryshuk A, Achilefu S, Ohulchansky T, Potter W, Zhong T, Morgan J, Chance B, Prasad PN, Henderson BW, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. A Novel Approach to a Bifunctional Photosensitizer for Tumor Imaging and Phototherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:1264-74. [PMID: 16173807 DOI: 10.1021/bc050177o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging has attracted a great attention for studying molecular recognitions because minute fluorescent tracers can be detected in homogeneous and heterogeneous media with existing laboratory instruments. In our preliminary study, a clinically relevant photosensitizer (HPPH, a chlorophyll-a analog) was linked with a cyanine dye (with required photophysical characteristics but limited tumor selectivity), and the resulting conjugate was found to be an efficient tumor imaging (fluorescence imaging) and photosensitizing agent. Compared to HPPH, the presence of the cyanine dye moiety in the conjugate produced a significantly higher uptake in tumor than skin. At a therapeutic/imaging dose, the conjugate did not show any significant skin phototoxicity, a major drawback associated with most of the porphyrin-based photosensitizers. These results suggest that tumor-avid porphyrin-based compounds can be used as "vehicles" to deliver the desired fluorescent agent(s) to tumor. The development of tumor imaging or improved photodynamic therapy agent(s) by itself represents an important step, but a dual function agent (fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy) provides the potential for tumor detection and targeted photodynamic therapy, combining two modalities into a single cost-effective "see and treat" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Dobhal MP, Li G, Gryshuk A, Graham A, Bhatanager AK, Khaja SD, Joshi YC, Sharma MC, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. Structural modifications of plumieride isolated from Plumeria bicolor and the effect of these modifications on in vitro anticancer activity. J Org Chem 2005; 69:6165-72. [PMID: 15357574 DOI: 10.1021/jo0491408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plumieride was isolated as one of the major components from the biologically active methanolic extract of the bark of Plumeria bicolor (family Apocynaceae). For investigating the effect of substituents on cytotoxic activity it was modified into a series of compounds. Replacing the methyl ester functionality of plumieride with alkyl amides of variable carbon units improved the cytotoxic activity, and a correlation between overall lipophilicity and cytotoxic activity was observed. In plumieride, the glucose moiety was converted into a di- and trisaccharide by following the protection and deprotection approach, and the resulting compounds produced enhanced cytotoxicity. However, these compounds were found to be less effective than plumeiride containing a dodecyl (12 carbon units) amide group. Among all of the derivatives, the naturally occurring plumieride showed the least cytotoxicity (50% cell kill = 49.5 microg/mL), and the dodecyl amide analogue of plumieridepentaacetate produced the best efficacy (50% cell kill = 11.8 microg/mL). The di- and trisaccharide analogues were found to be slightly less effective than the dodecyl derivative (50% cell kill = 15-17 microg/mL). The in vitro cytotoxicity of the plumieride analogues was determined in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabeer P Dobhal
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Wang JJ, Imafuku K, Shim YK, Jiang GJ. Synthesis of 32-phenyl-substituted methylE/Z-pyropheophorbide-a's from methylE/Z-pyropehophorbide-a131-ketoximes. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Li G, Slansky A, Dobhal MP, Goswami LN, Graham A, Chen Y, Kanter P, Alberico RA, Spernyak J, Morgan J, Mazurchuk R, Oseroff A, Grossman Z, Pandey RK. Chlorophyll-a Analogues Conjugated with Aminobenzyl-DTPA as Potential Bifunctional Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:32-42. [PMID: 15656573 DOI: 10.1021/bc049807x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A clinically relevant photosensitizer, 3-devinyl-3-(1-hexyloxyethyl)pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH, a chlorophyll-a derivative), was conjugated with Gd(III)-aminobenzyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), an experimental magnetic resonance (MR) imaging agent. In vivo reflectance spectroscopy confirmed tumor uptake of HPPH-aminobenzyl-Gd(III)-DTPA conjugate was higher than free HPPH administered intraveneously (iv) to C3H mice with subcutaneously (sc) implanted radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumor cells. In other experiments, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with sc implanted Ward Colon Carcinoma cells yielded markedly increased MR signal intensities from tumor regions-of-interest (ROIs) 24 h post-iv injection of HPPH-aminobenzyl-Gd(III)-DTPA conjugate as compared to unconjugated HPPH. In both in vitro (RIF tumor cells) and in vivo (mice bearing RIF tumors and rats bearing Ward Colon tumors) the conjugate produced significant increases in tumor conspicuity at 1.5 T and retained therapeutic efficacy following PDT. Also synthesized were a series of novel bifunctional agents containing two Gd(III) atoms per HPPH molecule that remained tumor-avid and PDT-active and yielded improved MR tumor conspicuity compared to their corresponding mono-Gd(III) analogues. Administered iv at a MR imaging dose of 10 micromol/kg, these conjugates produced severe skin phototoxicity. However, by replacing the hexyl group of the pyropheophorbide-a with a tri(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEG-methyl ether), these conjugates produced remarkable MR tumor enhancement at 8 h post-iv injection, significant tumoricidal activity (80% of mice were tumor-free on day 90), and reduced skin phototoxicity compared to their corresponding hexyl ether analogues. The poor water-solubility characteristic of these conjugates was resolved by incorporation into a liposomal formulation. This paper presents the synthesis of tumor-avid contrast enhancing agents for MR imaging and thus represents an important milestone toward improving cancer diagnosis and tumor characterization. More importantly, this paper describes a new family of bifunctional agents that combine two modalities into a single cost-effective "see and treat" approach, namely, a single agent that can be used for contrast agent-enhanced MR imaging followed by targeted photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Li
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Wang JJ, Shim YK, Jiang GJ, Imafuku K. Synthesis of chlorophyll- askeleton homologs using grignard reaction with methyl pyropheophorbide- a. J Heterocycl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570410105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Li G, Pandey SK, Graham A, Dobhal MP, Mehta R, Chen Y, Gryshuk A, Rittenhouse-Olson K, Oseroff A, Pandey RK. Functionalization of OEP-Based Benzochlorins To Develop Carbohydrate-Conjugated Photosensitizers. Attempt To Target β-Galactoside-Recognized Proteins. J Org Chem 2003; 69:158-72. [PMID: 14703392 DOI: 10.1021/jo030280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
meso-(2-Formylvinyl)octaethylporphyrin on reaction with cyanotrimethylsilane in the presence of various catalysts [copper triflate [Cu(OTf)(2)], indium triflate [In(OTf)(3)], or magnesium bromide diethyl etherate (MgBr(2).Et(2)O)] produced a mixture of the intermediate 3-hydroxy-3-cyanopropenoporphyrin, the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether derivative, and the unexpected propenochlorins. The yields of the reaction products were found to depend on the reaction conditions and the catalysts used. The intermediate porphyrins on treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid yielded the free-base cyanobenzochlorins in major quantity along with several other novel benzochlorins as minor products. Reduction of ethyl-3-hydroxy-1-pentenoate-porphyrin with DIBAL-H/NaBH(4) and subsequent acid treatment provided the corresponding free-base 10(3)-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzochlorin, which upon a sequence of reactions gave a free-base benzochlorin bearing a carboxylic acid functionality in good yield. It was then condensed with a variety of carbohydrates (glucosamine, galactosamine, and lactosamine), and the related conjugates were screened using the galectin-binding-ability assay. Among the carbohydrate conjugates investigated, the lactose and galactose analogues displayed the galectin-binding ability with an enhancement of about 300-400-fold compared to lactose. In preliminary studies, all photosensitizers (with or without carbohydrate moieties) were found to be active in vitro [radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumor cells]. However, the cells incubated with lactose (known to bind to beta-galactoside-recognized proteins) prior to the addition of the photosensitizers containing the beta-galactose moiety (e.g., galactose and lactose) produced a 100% decrease in their photosensitizing efficacy. Under similar experimental conditions, benzochlorin without a beta-galactoside moiety or the related glucose conjugate did not show any inhibition in its photosensitizing efficacy. These results in combination with the galectin-binding data indicate a possible beta-galactoside-recognized protein specificity of the galactose- and lactose-benzochlorin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Li
- Chemistry Division Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Wang JJ, Shim YK, Jiang GJ, Imafuku K. Synthesis of heterocycle-substituted pyropheophorbide derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570400617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Mironov AF, Grin MA, Nochovny SA, Toukach PV. Novel cycloimides in the chlorophyll a series. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2003v013n04abeh001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zheng G, Graham A, Shibata M, Missert JR, Oseroff AR, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Synthesis of beta-galactose-conjugated chlorins derived by enyne metathesis as galectin-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8709-16. [PMID: 11749598 DOI: 10.1021/jo0105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A first report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of the beta-galactose-conjugated purpurinimides (a class of chlorins containing a six-membered fused imide ring system) as Gal-1 (galectin-1) recognized photosensitizers, prepared from purpurin-N-propargylimide via enyne metathesis, is discussed. On the basis of examination of the available crystal structure of the galectin-1 N-acetyllactose amine complex, it was considered that the chlorin-based photosensitizers could be introduced into a carbohydrate skeleton to expand the repertoire of the galectin-1-specific ligands. Preliminary molecular modeling analysis utilizing the modeled photosensitizers and the available crystal structures of galectin-carbohydrate complexes indicated that addition of the photosensitizer to the carbohydrate moiety at an appropriate position does not interfere with the galectin-carbohydrate recognition. Under similar drug and light doses, compared to the free purpurinimide analogue, the purpurinimides conjugated either with galactose or with lactose (Gal(beta1-4)-Glc) produced a considerable increase in photosensitizing efficacy in vitro. This indicates the possibility for development of a new class of specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on recognition of a cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zheng
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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27
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Zheng G, Potter WR, Camacho SH, Missert JR, Wang G, Bellnier DA, Henderson BW, Rodgers MA, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Synthesis, photophysical properties, tumor uptake, and preliminary in vivo photosensitizing efficacy of a homologous series of 3-(1'-alkyloxy)ethyl-3-devinylpurpurin-18-N-alkylimides with variable lipophilicity. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1540-59. [PMID: 11334564 DOI: 10.1021/jm0005510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from methylpheophorbide-a, a homologous series of purpurinimides containing alkyl substituents at two different positions [as 3-(1(1)-O-alkyl) and 13(2)-N-alkyl] were synthesized. These compounds with variable lipophilicity (log P 5.32-16.44) exhibit long wavelength absorption near lambda(max)700 nm (epsilon: 45 000 in dichloromethane) with singlet oxygen ((1)O2) production in the range of 57-60%. The shifts in in vivo absorptions and tumor/skin uptake of these compounds were determined in C3H mice bearing RIF tumors by in vivo reflectance spectroscopy. The results obtained from a set of photosensitizers with similar lipophilicity (log P 10.68-10.88) indicate that besides the overall lipophilicity, the presence and position of the alkyl groups (O-alkyl vs N-alkyl) in a molecule play an important role in tumor uptake, tumor selectivity, and in vivo PDT efficacy. At present, all purpurinimide analogues are being evaluated at various doses, and experiments are underway to establish a quantitative structure-activity relationship on a limited set of compounds. The 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the structures of the desired purpurinimides and the byproducts formed during various reaction conditions. The mechanisms of the formation of the unexpected 12-formyl- and 12-(hydroxymethyl)purpurinimides under certain reaction conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zheng
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine/Radiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Chen Y, Medforth CJ, Smith KM, Alderfer J, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Effect of Meso-Substituents on the Osmium Tetraoxide Reaction and Pinacol−Pinacolone Rearrangement of the Corresponding vic-Dihydroxyporphyrins. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3930-9. [PMID: 11375017 DOI: 10.1021/jo0100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents upon the reaction of porphyrins with osmium tetraoxide, and the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement of the resulting diols, a series of meso-substituted porphyrins were prepared by total synthesis. Porphyrins with electron-donating substitutents at the meso-positions gave vic-dihydroxychlorins in which the adjacent pyrrole subunit was predominantly oxidized. No such selectivity was observed in a porphyrin containing a methoxycarbonyl as the electron-withdrawing group, whereas a formyl substituent again resulted in oxidation at the pyrrole unit adjacent to the meso-substituent. Under pinacol-pinacolone conditions, vic-dihydroxy chlorins containing 4-methoxyphenyl or 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl groups at the meso-position showed preferential migration of the ethyl group over the methyl group to give 8-ketochlorins, whereas the diol with an n-heptyl substituent under similar reaction conditions gave both 7- and 8-ketochlorins. In contrast, the diol containing a meso-formyl substituent produced the corresponding 7-ketochlorin exclusively. These results indicate that it is not possible to predict the reactivity of meso-substituted porphyrins in the osmium tetraoxide reaction nor the general substituent migratory aptitudes in the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement based on simple electronic arguments, most likely because many parameters (e.g., meso-beta-pyrrolic steric crowding and long-range electronic effects) ultimately determine the reactivity. The structural assignments of the porphyrin diols and the keto-analogues were confirmed by extensive (1)H NMR studies; some of the dihydroxychlorins and ketochlorins were found to display unusual features in their (1)H NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Chemistry Division, Photodynamic Therapy Center, NMR Facility, Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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29
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Li G, Graham A, Potter W, Grossman ZD, Oseroff A, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of fluorinated and nonfluorinated octaethylporphyrin-based benzochlorins with variable lipophilicity, their in vivo tumor uptake, and the preliminary in vitro photosensitizing efficacy. J Org Chem 2001; 66:1316-25. [PMID: 11312962 DOI: 10.1021/jo001541+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from commercially available Ni(II)octaethylporphyrin (OEP), an efficient approach for the preparation of a series of fluorinated and nonfluorinated benzochlorins with variable lipophicity has been developed. Their spectroscopic properties, preliminary in vitro photosensitizing efficacy, and tumor selectivity were determined. Our methodology provides a facile approach for the preparation of the free-base and the related Zn(II) benzochlorins containing alkyl and alkyl ether side chains with variable carbon units. For the preparation of benzochlorins containing alkyl groups attached to the exocyclic phenyl ring, the Ni(II) meso-(2-formylvinyl)octaethyl porphyrin 2 was reacted with various reagents such as (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMS-CF3) or the Grignard reagents of various fluorinated or nonfluorinated alkyl halides. The corresponding intermediates 3, 6a-6e, and 8 obtained via intramolecular cyclization under acidic conditions afforded the related benzochlorins 5, 7a-d, and 9 in good yields except for 7e which was obtained in poor yield (11.4%). The alcohol 10 obtained by reacting porphyrin 2 with ethynylmagnesium chloride did not produce the expected acetylenic benzochlorin; instead the corresponding acetyl derivative 11 was obtained as a major product, which under appropriate reaction conditions was converted into a series of alkyl ether derivatives 13a-13d. To obtain a benzochlorin bearing an ester functionality (15), porphyrin 2 was first reacted with ethyl acetate/LDA and the intermediate alcohol 14 was then cyclized with sulfuric acid. Unlike most of the natural and synthetic chlorins, the Zn(II) complexes of the benzochlorin analogues exhibited a significant bathochromic shift ( approximately 10 nm) in the electronic absorption spectra, and the long wavelength absorptions were observed in the range 671-677 nm (epsilon: 43270-50360). For investigating the in vitro efficacy of these analogues, Molt-4 cells were used. At a concentration of 2.5 microM, and a light dose of 4 J/cm2, all benzochlorins produced significant photosensitizing efficacy. The tumor (RIF) and muscle uptake in C3H mice of these photosensitizers was determined by in vivo reflectance spectroscopy. These results indicate that in this series increasing the length of the alkyl or alkyl ether carbon chains at the fused phenyl ring system produced a significant increase in tumor uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Chemistry Division, Department of Nuclear Medicine, and Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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