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Mullaly SC, Oudhoff MJ, Min PH, Burrows K, Antignano F, Rattray DG, Chenery A, McNagny KM, Ziltener HJ, Zaph C. Requirement for core 2 O-glycans for optimal resistance to helminth infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60124. [PMID: 23555902 PMCID: PMC3612062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of lymphocytes to the small intestine is controlled by expression of the integrin α4β7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9. However, the molecules that specifically regulate migration to the large intestine remain unclear. Immunity to infection with the large intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris is dependent upon CD4+ T cells that migrate to the large intestine. We examine the role of specific chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules and glycosyltransferases in the development of protective immunity to Trichuris. Mice deficient in expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 or CCR6 were resistant to infection with Trichuris. Similarly, loss of CD34, CD43, CD44 or PSGL-1 had no effect on resistance to infection. In contrast, simultaneous deletion of the Core2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) enzymes C2GnT1 and C2Gnt2 resulted in delayed expulsion of worms. These results suggest that C2GnT-dependent modifications may play a role in migration of protective immune cells to the large intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/parasitology
- Leukosialin/genetics
- Leukosialin/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/genetics
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Trichuriasis/genetics
- Trichuriasis/metabolism
- Trichuris/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Mullaly
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Menno J. Oudhoff
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul H. Min
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David G. Rattray
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alistair Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann J. Ziltener
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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CONFIRM: connecting fragments found in receptor molecules. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:761-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yang Y, Nesterenko DV, Trump RP, Yamaguchi K, Bartlett PA, Drueckhammer DG. Virtual hydrocarbon and combinatorial databases for use with CAVEAT. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 45:1820-3. [PMID: 16309289 DOI: 10.1021/ci050277o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new virtual databases have been developed for use with the bond-orientation-based database searching program CAVEAT. These consist of a database of trisubstituted monocyclic hydrocarbons having ethyl, vinyl, and phenyl substituents; a database of unsubstituted bicyclic hydrocarbons; and a database of core structures from established combinatorial synthetic methods having hydrogen, ethyl, vinyl, and phenyl substituents at the readily varied positions. Each collection of molecules was subjected to a batch conformational search, minimization, and conversion to a vector database for use with CAVEAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Takano Y, Koizumi M, Takarada R, Kamimura MT, Czerminski R, Koike T. Computer-aided design of a factor Xa inhibitor by using MCSS functionality maps and a CAVEAT linker search. J Mol Graph Model 2003; 22:105-14. [PMID: 12932781 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(03)00140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated a new approach to efficiently find a novel inhibitor against a serine protease (i.e. an activated coagulation factor X, FXa) by using de novo design programs and the X-ray crystal structure of the target enzyme. FXa is a coagulant enzyme that generates thrombin (a serine protease) and participates in both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. We adopted multiple copy simultaneous search (MCSS) and CAVEAT linker search techniques, which disclosed a novel FXa inhibitor (T01312) consisting of two binding moieties (the benzamidinyl and adamantyl groups) and a linker unit (the carboxybenzylamine group). The inhibitory activity of T01312 against FXa was determined to be a small K(i)-value of 48nM, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that against thrombin. An X-ray crystal analysis of T01312 complexed with trypsin (an analogue of FXa) and docking studies of T01312 with trypsin and FXa showed that: (i) the benzamidinyl group is a predominant binding moiety in the anionic pocket (S1 site) with an asparatic acid residue; (ii) a hydrophobic pocket (S4 site) is the binding site of the adamantyl group; (iii) the carboxylate group of the linker contributes to the selectivity for FXa against thrombin. Thus, the combination of the knowledge of the X-ray crystal structure of the target molecule with MCSS and CAVEAT linker search techniques proved to be an effective hit-finding method that does not require the screening of huge compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Takano
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Department, Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
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