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Bai Y, Zhang Y, Chao C, Yu J, Zhao J, Han D, Wang J, Wang S. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Small Intestinal Fermentation on Enhancement of Prebiotic Characteristics of Cellulose in the Large Intestine. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3596-3605. [PMID: 38270580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge about the prebiotic characteristics of cellulose by in vitro fermentation is not complete due to the neglect of small intestinal fermentation. This study investigated the effects of small intestinal fermentation on the prebiotic characteristics of cellulose in the large intestine and potential mechanisms through an approach of combined in vivo small intestinal fermentation and in vitro fermentation. The structural similarity between cellulose in feces and after processing by the approach of this study confirmed the validity of the approach employed. Results showed that small intestinal fermentation of cellulose increased both acetate and propionate content and enriched Corynebacterium selectively. Compared to in vitro fermentation after in vitro digestion of cellulose, the in vitro fermentation of cellulose after in vivo small intestinal fermentation produced higher contents of acetate and propionate as well as the abundance of probiotics like Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Blautia, and Bifidobaterium. The changes in the structural features of cellulose after in vivo small intestinal fermentation were more obvious than those after in vitro digestion, which may account for the greater production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the abundance of probiotics. In summary, small intestinal fermentation enhanced the prebiotic characteristics of cellulose in the large intestine by predisrupting its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chen Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinglin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Barszcz M, Gawin K, Tuśnio A, Konopka A, Święch E, Taciak M, Skomiał J, Tokarčiková K, Čobanová K, Grešáková Ľ. Comparison between Organic and Inorganic Zinc Forms and Their Combinations with Various Dietary Fibers in Respect of the Effects on Electrolyte Concentrations and Mucosa in the Large Intestine of Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16743. [PMID: 38069066 PMCID: PMC10706017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of Zn sources, used with potato fiber (PF) or lignocellulose (LC), on electrolyte concentration and the mucus layer in the large intestine of pigs. The experiment involved 24 barrows with an initial body weight of 10.8 ± 0.82 kg, divided into four groups fed the following diets: LC and ZnSO4, LC and Zn glycinate (ZnGly), PF and ZnSO4, or PF and ZnGly. Fiber supplements provided 10 g crude fiber/kg diet, while Zn additives introduced 120 mg Zn/kg diet. After four weeks of feeding, the pigs were sacrificed and digesta and tissue samples were taken from the cecum and colon. PF increased the water content and decreased the phosphorus concentration in the large intestine in comparison with LC. PF also increased calcium, iron, and chloride concentrations in the descending colon. Mucus layer thickness and histological parameters of the large intestine were not affected. ZnGly diets increased MUC12 expression in the cecum as compared to the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the ascending colon, the PF-ZnGly diet increased MUC5AC expression, while both PF groups had greater MUC20 expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the transverse colon, the LC-ZnGly group and both PF groups had higher MUC5AC expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group, and both ZnGly groups had higher MUC20 expression than ZnSO4 groups. PF and ZnGly increased MUC4 and MUC5AC expression in the descending colon. PF and ZnGly may exert a beneficial effect on colon health in pigs by upregulating the expression of the MUC5AC and MUC20 genes and are more effective than LC and ZnSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Kamil Gawin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Adrianna Konopka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewa Święch
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Katarina Tokarčiková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Čobanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
| | - Ľubomira Grešáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
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Yang W, Sun H, Yan J, Kang C, Wu J, Yang B. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli senses microbiota-derived nicotinamide to increase its virulence and colonization in the large intestine. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112638. [PMID: 37294635 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that specifically colonizes and infects the human large intestine. EHEC O157:H7 engages intricate regulatory pathways to detect host intestinal signals and regulate virulence-related gene expression during colonization and infection. However, the overall EHEC O157:H7 virulence regulatory network in the human large intestine remains incompletely understood. Here, we report a complete signal regulatory pathway where the EvgSA two-component system responds to high-nicotinamide levels produced by microbiota in the large intestine and directly activates loci of enterocyte effacement genes to promote EHEC O157:H7 adherence and colonization. This EvgSA-mediated nicotinamide signaling regulatory pathway is conserved and widespread among several other EHEC serotypes. Moreover, disruption of this virulence-regulating pathway by the deletion of evgS or evgA significantly decreased EHEC O157:H7 adherence and colonization in the mouse intestinal tract, indicating that these genes could be potential targets for the development of new therapeutics for EHEC O157:H7 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Chenbo Kang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Junli Wu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China.
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Janikowska G, Janikowski T, Plato M, Mazurek U, Orchel J, Opiłka M, Lorenc Z. Histaminergic System and Inflammation-Related Genes in Normal Large Intestine and Adenocarcinoma Tissues: Transcriptional Profiles and Relations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054913. [PMID: 36902343 PMCID: PMC10002554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional analyses such as microarray data have contributed to the progress in the diagnostics and therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). The need for such research is still present because of the disease being common in both men and women with a high second position in cancer rankings. Little is known about the relations between the histaminergic system and inflammation in the large intestine and CRC. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of genes related to the histaminergic system and inflammation in the CRC tissues at three cancer development designs: all tested CRC samples, low (LCS) and high (HCS) clinical stage, and four clinical stages (CSI-CSIV), to the control. The research was carried out at the transcriptomic level, analysing hundreds of mRNAs from microarrays, as well as carrying out RT-PCR analysis of histaminergic receptors. The following histaminergic mRNAs: GNA15, MAOA, WASF2A, and inflammation-related: AEBP1, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, SPHK1, TNFAIP6, were distinguished. Among all analysed transcripts, AEBP1 can be considered the most promising diagnostic marker in the early stage of CRC. The results showed 59 correlations between differentiating genes of the histaminergic system and inflammation in the control, control and CRC, and CRC. The tests confirmed the presence of all histamine receptor transcripts in both the control and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Significant differences in expression were stated for HRH2 and HRH3 in the advanced stages of CRC adenocarcinoma. The relations between the histaminergic system and inflammation-linked genes in both the control and the CRC have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Janikowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Janikowski
- Silesian College of Medicine in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29 Street, 40-085 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Plato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8 Street, 41-206 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8 Street, 41-206 Sosnowiec, Poland
- The Karol Godula Upper Silesian Academy of Entrepreneurship in Chorzów, Racławicka 23 Street, 41-506 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Joanna Orchel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8 Street, 41-206 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Katalyst Laboratories, London W1D 3QL, UK
| | - Mieszko Opiłka
- Clinical Department of General, Colorectal and Multiple Organ Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 1 Square, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Lorenc
- Clinical Department of General, Colorectal and Multiple Organ Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 1 Square, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Kapczuk P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Kupnicka P, Kopytko P, Tarnowski M, Kolasa A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:9753. [PMID: 35955110 PMCID: PMC9368115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta has been shown to cause alterations in gastrointestinal tissues. Since hymenolepiasis induces a number of reactions in the host, it is reasonable to assume that it may also be involved in the mechanisms of apoptosis in the intestines. Individual research tasks included an examination of the effect of H. diminuta infection on; (i) the cellular localization of the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, as well as caspase-3 and caspase-9, and (ii) the effects of the infection on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cas-3 and Cas-9, at the mRNA and protein levels. Molecular tests (including mRNA (qRT PCR) and the protein (Western blot) expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases-3, -9) and immunohistochemical tests were performed during the experiment. They showed that H. diminuta infection activates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the small and large intestine of the host. H. diminuta infection triggered the apoptosis via the activation of the caspase cascade, including Cas-3 and Cas-9. Hymenolepiasis enhanced apoptosis in the small and large intestine of the host by increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene and protein Bax and by decreasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene and protein Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Xu H, Cai F, Li P, Wang X, Yao Y, Chang X, Bi Z, Sun H, Zhuang H, Hua ZC. Characterization and Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Dynamic of Several Enteritis Modeling Methodologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727664. [PMID: 35003056 PMCID: PMC8728876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex disease involving genetic, immune, and microbiological factors. A variety of animal models of IBD have been developed to study the pathogenesis of human IBD, but there is no model that can fully represent the complexity of IBD. In this study, we established two acute enteritis models by oral 3% DSS or intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD3 antibody, and two chronic enteritis models by feeding 3 cycles of 1.5% DSS or 3 months of the high-fat diet, respectively, and then examined the clinical parameters, histological changes, and cytokine expression profiles after the successful establishment of the models. Our results indicated that in 3% DSS-induced acute enteritis, the colorectal injury was significantly higher than that of the small intestine, while in anti-CD3 antibody-induced acute enteritis, the small intestine injury was significantly higher than that of colorectal damage. Besides, in the 1.5% DSS-induced chronic enteritis, the damage was mainly concentrated in the colorectal, while the damage caused by long-term HFD-induced chronic enteritis was more focused on the small intestine. Therefore, our work provides a reference for selecting appropriate models when conducting research on factors related to the pathogenesis of IBD or evaluating the potential diagnosis and treatment possibilities of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangru Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyao Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqian Bi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huisong Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqin Zhuang, ; Zi-Chun Hua,
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqin Zhuang, ; Zi-Chun Hua,
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Zhang A, Matsushita M, Zhang L, Wang H, Shi X, Gu H, Xia Z, Cui JY. Cadmium exposure modulates the gut-liver axis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1398. [PMID: 34912029 PMCID: PMC8674298 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) variant is the strongest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cadmium (Cd) has been shown to impair learning and memory at a greater extent in humanized ApoE4 knock-in (ApoE4-KI) mice as compared to ApoE3 (common allele)-KI mice. Here, we determined how cadmium interacts with ApoE4 gene variants to modify the gut-liver axis. Large intestinal content bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing, serum lipid metabolomics, and hepatic transcriptomics were analyzed in ApoE3- and ApoE4-KI mice orally exposed to vehicle, a low dose, or a high dose of Cd in drinking water. ApoE4-KI males had the most prominent changes in their gut microbiota, as well as a predicted down-regulation of many essential microbial pathways involved in nutrient and energy homeostasis. In the host liver, cadmium-exposed ApoE4-KI males had the most differentially regulated pathways; specifically, there was enrichment in several pathways involved in platelet activation and drug metabolism. In conclusion, Cd exposure profoundly modified the gut-liver axis in the most susceptible mouse strain to neurological damage namely the ApoE4-KI males, evidenced by an increase in microbial AD biomarkers, reduction in energy supply-related pathways in gut and blood, and an increase in hepatic pathways involved in inflammation and xenobiotic biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megumi Matsushita
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Dasgupta S, Maricic I, Tang J, Wandro S, Weldon K, Carpenter CS, Eckmann L, Rivera-Nieves J, Sandborn W, Knight R, Dorrestein P, Swafford AD, Kumar V. Class Ib MHC-Mediated Immune Interactions Play a Critical Role in Maintaining Mucosal Homeostasis in the Mammalian Large Intestine. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:953-971. [PMID: 34911745 PMCID: PMC10026853 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes within the intestinal epithelial layer (IEL) in mammals have unique composition compared with their counterparts in the lamina propria. Little is known about the role of some of the key colonic IEL subsets, such as TCRαβ+CD8+ T cells, in inflammation. We have recently described liver-enriched innate-like TCRαβ+CD8αα regulatory T cells, partly controlled by the non-classical MHC molecule, Qa-1b, that upon adoptive transfer protect from T cell-induced colitis. In this study, we found that TCRαβ+CD8αα T cells are reduced among the colonic IEL during inflammation, and that their activation with an agonistic peptide leads to significant Qa-1b-dependent protection in an acute model of colitis. Cellular expression of Qa-1b during inflammation and corresponding dependency in peptide-mediated protection suggest that Batf3-dependent CD103+CD11b- type 1 conventional dendritic cells control the protective function of TCRαβ+CD8αα T cells in the colonic epithelium. In the colitis model, expression of the potential barrier-protective gene, Muc2, is enhanced upon administration of a Qa-1b agonistic peptide. Notably, in steady state, the mucin metabolizing Akkermansia muciniphila was found in significantly lower abundance amid a dramatic change in overall microbiome and metabolome, increased IL-6 in explant culture, and enhanced sensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium in Qa-1b deficiency. Finally, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, we found upregulation of HLA-E, a Qa-1b analog with inflammation and biologic non-response, in silico, suggesting the importance of this regulatory mechanism across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jay Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen Wandro
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kelly Weldon
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carolina S Carpenter
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Dorrestein
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin D Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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9
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Makowska K, Szymańska K, Całka J, Gonkowski S. The Influence of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Occurrence of Selected Active Substances in Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-Positive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Large Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910308. [PMID: 34638647 PMCID: PMC8508900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance used in the manufacture of plastics which shows multidirectional adverse effects on living organisms. Since the main path of intoxication with BPA is via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the stomach and intestine are especially vulnerable to the impact of this substance. One of the main factors participating in the regulation of intestinal functions is the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is characterized by high neurochemical diversity. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is one of the lesser-known active substances in the ENS. During the present study (performed using the double immunofluorescence method), the co-localization of NRG1 with other neuronal substances in the ENS of the caecum and the ascending and descending colon has been investigated under physiological conditions and after the administration of BPA. The obtained results indicate that NRG1-positive neurons also contain substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, a neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase and galanin and the degree of each co-localization depend on the type of enteric plexus and the particular fragment of the intestine. Moreover, it has been shown that BPA generally increases the degree of co-localization of NRG1 with other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-89-523-4460
| | - Kamila Szymańska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.C.); (S.G.)
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10
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Jensen BAH, Holm JB, Larsen IS, von Burg N, Derer S, Sonne SB, Pærregaard SI, Damgaard MV, Indrelid SA, Rivollier A, Agrinier AL, Sulek K, Arnoldussen YJ, Fjære E, Marette A, Angell IL, Rudi K, Treebak JT, Madsen L, Åkesson CP, Agace W, Sina C, Kleiveland CR, Kristiansen K, Lea TE. Lysates of Methylococcus capsulatus Bath induce a lean-like microbiota, intestinal FoxP3 +RORγt +IL-17 + Tregs and improve metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 33597537 PMCID: PMC7889900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between host and gut microbial communities are modulated by diets and play pivotal roles in immunological homeostasis and health. We show that exchanging the protein source in a high fat, high sugar, westernized diet from casein to whole-cell lysates of the non-commensal bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath is sufficient to reverse western diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota to a state resembling that of lean, low fat diet-fed mice, both under mild thermal stress (T22 °C) and at thermoneutrality (T30 °C). Concomitant with microbiota changes, mice fed the Methylococcus-based western diet exhibit improved glucose regulation, reduced body and liver fat, and diminished hepatic immune infiltration. Intake of the Methylococcu-based diet markedly boosts Parabacteroides abundances in a manner depending on adaptive immunity, and upregulates triple positive (Foxp3+RORγt+IL-17+) regulatory T cells in the small and large intestine. Collectively, these data point to the potential for leveraging the use of McB lysates to improve immunometabolic homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diet
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Male
- Methylococcus capsulatus/chemistry
- Methylococcus capsulatus/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microbiota/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Obesity/immunology
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jacob B Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Microbiomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida S Larsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole von Burg
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Si B Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone I Pærregaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads V Damgaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine A Indrelid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aymeric Rivollier
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Laure Agrinier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Karolina Sulek
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yke J Arnoldussen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Inga L Angell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Piercey Åkesson
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - William Agace
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Charlotte R Kleiveland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
| | - Tor E Lea
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Hayashi H, Nagai H, Ohba KI, Soleimani M, Suzuki Y. Segmental differences in Slc26a3-dependent Cl - absorption and HCO 3- secretion in the mouse large intestine in vitro in Ussing chambers. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:5. [PMID: 33514305 PMCID: PMC10717946 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anion exchanger slc26a3 (DRA), which is mutated in congenital chloride-losing diarrhea, is expressed in the apical membrane of the cecum and middle-distal colon but not in the proximal colon of rodent large intestines. To elucidate the functional roles of DRA, we measured unidirectional 36Cl- and 22Na+ fluxes and HCO3- secretion in vitro in each of these segments using DRA-KO mice. Robust Cl- absorption, which was largely abolished after DRA deficiency, was present in the cecum and middle-distal colon but absent in the proximal colon. Na+ absorption was present in all three segments in both the control and DRA-KO mice. The luminal-Cl--dependent HCO3- secretions in the cecum and middle-distal colon were abolished in the DRA-KO mice. In conclusion, DRA mediates Cl- absorption and HCO3- secretion in the mouse cecum and middle-distal colon, and may have roles in H2O absorption and luminal acid/base regulation in these segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kou-Ichiro Ohba
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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12
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Szymańska K, Makowska K, Całka J, Gonkowski S. The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) Affects the Enteric Neurons Immunoreactive to Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Large Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8743. [PMID: 33228092 PMCID: PMC7699376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is characterized by complex organization and a high degree of neurochemical diversity of neurons. One of the less known active neuronal substances found in the enteric neurons is neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a factor known to be involved in the assurance of normal development of the nervous system. During the study, made up using the double immunofluorescence technique, the presence of NRG1 in the ENS of the selected segment of porcine large intestine (caecum, ascending and descending colon) was observed in physiological conditions, as well as under the impact of low and high doses of bisphenol A (BPA) which is commonly used in the production of plastics. In control animals in all types of the enteric plexuses, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons oscillated around 20% of all neurons. The administration of BPA caused an increase in the number of NRG1-positive neurons in all types of the enteric plexuses and in all segments of the large intestine studied. The most visible changes were noted in the inner submucous plexus of the ascending colon, where in animals treated with high doses of BPA, the percentage of NRG1-positive neurons amounted to above 45% of all neuronal cells. The mechanisms of observed changes are not entirely clear, but probably result from neurotoxic, neurodegenerative and/or proinflammatory activity of BPA and are protective and adaptive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szymańska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Str. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.C.); (S.G.)
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13
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Barroso A, Santos-Marcos JA, Perdices-Lopez C, Vega-Rojas A, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Krylova Y, Molina-Abril H, Ohlsson C, Perez-Martinez P, Poutanen M, Lopez-Miranda J, Tena-Sempere M, Camargo A. Neonatal exposure to androgens dynamically alters gut microbiota architecture. J Endocrinol 2020; 247:69-85. [PMID: 32755996 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal steroids strongly contribute to the metabolic programming that shapes the susceptibility to the manifestation of diseases later in life, and the effect is often sexually dimorphic. Microbiome signatures, together with metabolic traits and sex steroid levels, were analyzed at adulthood in neonatally androgenized female rats, and compared with those of control male and female rats. Exposure of female rats to high doses of androgens on early postnatal life resulted in persistent alterations of the sex steroid profile later on life, namely lower progesterone and higher estradiol and estrone levels, with no effect on endogenous androgens. Neonatally androgenized females were heavier (10% at early adulthood and 26% at adulthood) than controls and had impaired glucose homeostasis observed by higher AUC of glucose in GTT and ITT when subjected to obesogenic manipulations. Androgenized female displayed overt alterations in gut microbiota, indicated especially by higher Bacteroidetes and lower Firmicutes abundance at early adulthood, which disappeared when animals were concurrently overfed at adulthood. Notably, these changes in gut microbiota were related with the intestinal expression of several miRNAs, such as miR-27a-3p, miR-29a-5p, and miR-100-3p. Our results suggest that nutritional and hormonal disruption at early developmental periods not only alters the metabolic programming of the individual later in life but also perturbs the architecture of gut microbiota, which may interact with the host by a cross-talk mediated by intestinal miRNAs; phenomena that may contribute to amplify the metabolic derangement caused by obesity, as seen in neonatally androgenized female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Barroso
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Santos-Marcos
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cecilia Perdices-Lopez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Vega-Rojas
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Sanchez-Garrido
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Yelizabeta Krylova
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antonio Camargo
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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14
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Coleman MC, Whitfield-Cargile C, Cohen ND, Goldsby JL, Davidson L, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Ivanov I, Eades S, Ing N, Chapkin RS. Non-invasive evaluation of the equine gastrointestinal mucosal transcriptome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229797. [PMID: 32176710 PMCID: PMC7075554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the health and function of the gastrointestinal tract can be challenging in all species, but is especially difficult in horses due to their size and length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Isolation of mRNA of cells exfoliated from the GI mucosa into feces (i.e., the exfoliome) offers a novel means of non-invasively examining the gene expression profile of the GI mucosa. This approach has been utilized in people with colorectal cancer. Moreover, we have utilized this approach in a murine model of GI inflammation and demonstrated that the exfoliome reflects the tissue transcriptome. The ability of the equine exfoliome to provide non-invasive information regarding the health and function of the GI tract is not known. The objective of this study was to characterize the gene expression profile found in exfoliated intestinal epithelial cells from normal horses and compare the exfoliome data with the tissue mucosal transcriptome. Mucosal samples were collected from standardized locations along the GI tract (i.e. ileum, cecum, right dorsal colon, and rectum) from four healthy horses immediately following euthanasia. Voided feces were also collected. RNA isolation, library preparation, and RNA sequencing was performed on fecal and intestinal mucosal samples. Comparison of gene expression profiles from the tissue and exfoliome revealed correlation of gene expression. Moreover, the exfoliome contained reads representing the diverse array of cell types found in the GI mucosa suggesting the equine exfoliome serves as a non-invasive means of examining the global gene expression pattern of the equine GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Coleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Canaan Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Goldsby
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States America
| | - Laurie Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States America
| | - Ana M. Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan Eades
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy Ing
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States America
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15
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Wang S, Zhang B, Chen T, Li C, Fu X, Huang Q. Chemical Cross-Linking Controls in Vitro Fecal Fermentation Rate of High-Amylose Maize Starches and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13728-13736. [PMID: 31617357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A slow fermentation rate of dietary fiber could result in a steady metabolite production release and even distribution in the entire colon, increasing the likelihood of meeting the energy requirements of the distal colon. In the present study, we modulated the fermentation rate in an in vitro human fecal fermentation model by applying chemical cross-linking modification to a type 2 resistant starch [i.e., high-amylose maize starch (HAMS)]. Cross-linking modification decreased the gas production (an indicator of the fermentation rate) of HAMS throughout the whole fermentation progress. The butyrate production rate of cross-linked starches decreased gradually with the increase of the cross-linking degree. Certain beneficial gut microbiota such as genera of Blautia and Clostridiales members were remarkably promoted by starches with low and medium cross-linking degrees, whereas HAMS with a high cross-linking degree obviously promoted the abundance of Bacteroides uniformis and Ruminococcus bromii. This finding reveals that cross-linking modification effectively controls the fermentation rate and highlights the modulation metabolite profiles and gut microbiota composition through chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901-8525 , United States
- School of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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16
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Hoter A, Naim HY. The Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215331. [PMID: 31717769 PMCID: PMC6862201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial human intestinal disease that arises from numerous, yet incompletely defined, factors. Two main forms, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), lead to a chronic pathological form. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress-responsive molecules involved in various pathophysiological processes. Several lines of evidence link the expression of HSPs to the development and prognosis of IBD. HSP90, HSP70 and HSP60 have been reported to contribute to IBD in different aspects. Moreover, induction and/or targeted inhibition of specific HSPs have been suggested to ameliorate the disease consequences. In the present review, we shed the light on the role of HSPs in IBD and their targeting to prevent further disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hoter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt or
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8780; Fax: +49-511-953-8585
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17
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Kårlund A, Gómez-Gallego C, Turpeinen AM, Palo-Oja OM, El-Nezami H, Kolehmainen M. Protein Supplements and Their Relation with Nutrition, Microbiota Composition and Health: Is More Protein Always Better for Sportspeople? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040829. [PMID: 31013719 PMCID: PMC6521232 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition products are developed and targeted mainly for athletes to improve their nutrient intake, performance, and muscle growth. The fastest growing consumer groups for these products are recreational sportspeople and lifestyle users. Although athletes may have elevated physiological protein requirements and they may benefit from dietary supplements, the evidence regarding the role of dietary protein and supplements in the nutrition of recreational sportspeople and sedentary populations is somewhat complex and contradictory. In high-protein diets, more undigested protein-derived constituents end up in the large intestine compared to moderate or low-protein diets, and hence, more bacterial amino acid metabolism takes place in the colon, having both positive and negative systemic and metabolic effects on the host. The aim of the present review is to summarize the impact of the high-protein products and diets on nutrition and health, in sportspeople and in sedentary consumers. We are opening the debate about the current protein intake recommendations, with an emphasis on evidence-based effects on intestinal microbiota and personalized guidelines regarding protein and amino acid supplementation in sportspeople and lifestyle consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Outi-Maaria Palo-Oja
- Business School, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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18
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Schmitz JM, Tonkonogy SL, Dogan B, Leblond A, Whitehead KJ, Kim SC, Simpson KW, Sartor RB. Murine Adherent and Invasive E. coli Induces Chronic Inflammation and Immune Responses in the Small and Large Intestines of Monoassociated IL-10-/- Mice Independent of Long Polar Fimbriae Adhesin A. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:875-885. [PMID: 30576451 PMCID: PMC6458545 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is preferentially associated with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). The role of AIEC in the development of inflammation and its regional tropism is unresolved. The presence of long polar fimbriae (LPF) in 71% of ileal CD AIEC suggests a role for LPF in the tropism and virulence of AIEC. The aim of our study is to determine if AIEC, with or without LpfA, induces intestinal inflammation in monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. METHODS We compared murine AIEC strains NC101 (phylogroup B2, LpfA-) and CUMT8 (phylogroup B1, LpfA+), and isogenic mutant CUMT8 lacking lpfA154, with a non-AIEC (E. coli K12), evaluating histologic inflammation, bacterial colonization, mucosal adherence and invasion, and immune activation. RESULTS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with AIEC (either CUMT8, CUMT8:ΔlpfA, or NC101) but not K12 developed diffuse small intestinal and colonic inflammation. There was no difference in the magnitude and distribution of inflammation in mice colonized with CUMT8:ΔlpfA compared with wild-type CUMT8. Bacterial colonization was similar for all E. coli strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed mucosal adherence and tissue invasion by AIEC but not K12. Production of the cytokines IL-12/23 p40 by the intestinal tissue and IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4 T cells correlated with inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with murine AIEC irrespective of LpfA expression developed chronic inflammation accompanied by IL-12/23 p40 production in the small and large intestines and IFN-γ/IL-17 production by CD4 T cells that model the interplay between enteric pathosymbionts, host susceptibility, and enhanced immune responses in people with IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Adhesion
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/pathology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/immunology
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/pathology
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schmitz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan L Tonkonogy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Belgin Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Anna Leblond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kristi J Whitehead
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sandra C Kim
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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19
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Feng HZ, Wang H, Takahashi K, Jin JP. Double deletion of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in mice decreases systemic blood pressure with blunted length-tension response of aortic smooth muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:49-57. [PMID: 30707993 PMCID: PMC6486848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is a family of actin filament-associated regulatory proteins. Among its three isoforms, calponin 1 is smooth muscle specific and calponin 2 is expressed in smooth muscle and certain non-muscle cells. Previous studies showed that calponin 1 knockout mice had detectable changes in the contractility of urogenital smooth muscle whereas other smooth muscles were less affected. To investigate the possibility that calponins 1 and 2 have overlapping functions in smooth muscle, we examined the effect of double knockout of calponin 1 and calponin 2 genes (Cnn1 and Cnn2) on smooth muscle functions. The results showed for the first time that calponin 1 and calponin 2 double knockout in mice does not cause lethality. The double knockout mice showed decreased systemic blood pressure, decreased force development and blunted length tension response in endothelial-removed aortic rings. A compensatory increase of calponin 1 was found in smooth muscle of Cnn2-/- mice but not vice versa. Cnn1-/- and Cnn2-/- double knockout aortic smooth muscle exhibits faster relaxation than that of wild type control. Double deletion or co-suppression of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in vascular smooth muscle to blunt myogenic response may present a novel approach to develop new treatment for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Katsuhito Takahashi
- Department of Genomics Oncology, Sarcoma Center, International Unniversity of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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20
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Reese AT, Pereira FC, Schintlmeister A, Berry D, Wagner M, Hale LP, Wu A, Jiang S, Durand HK, Zhou X, Premont RT, Diehl AM, O'Connell TM, Alberts SC, Kartzinel TR, Pringle RM, Dunn RR, Wright JP, David LA. Microbial nitrogen limitation in the mammalian large intestine. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1441-1450. [PMID: 30374168 PMCID: PMC6264799 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resource limitation is a fundamental factor governing the composition and function of ecological communities. However, the role of resource supply in structuring the intestinal microbiome has not been established and represents a challenge for mammals that rely on microbial symbionts for digestion: too little supply might starve the microbiome while too much might starve the host. We present evidence that microbiota occupy a habitat that is limited in total nitrogen supply within the large intestines of 30 mammal species. Lowering dietary protein levels in mice reduced their faecal concentrations of bacteria. A gradient of stoichiometry along the length of the gut was consistent with the hypothesis that intestinal nitrogen limitation results from host absorption of dietary nutrients. Nitrogen availability is also likely to be shaped by host-microbe interactions: levels of host-secreted nitrogen were altered in germ-free mice and when bacterial loads were reduced via experimental antibiotic treatment. Single-cell spectrometry revealed that members of the phylum Bacteroidetes consumed nitrogen in the large intestine more readily than other commensal taxa did. Our findings support a model where nitrogen limitation arises from preferential host use of dietary nutrients. We speculate that this resource limitation could enable hosts to regulate microbial communities in the large intestine. Commensal microbiota may have adapted to nitrogen-limited settings, suggesting one reason why excess dietary protein has been associated with degraded gut-microbial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen T Reese
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fátima C Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anchi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather K Durand
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiyou Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tyler R Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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21
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Genda T, Kondo T, Sugiura S, Hino S, Shimamoto S, Nakamura T, Ukita S, Morita T. Bacterial Fermentation of Water-Soluble Cellulose Acetate Raises Large-Bowel Acetate and Propionate and Decreases Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations in Rats. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11909-11916. [PMID: 30354117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that water-soluble cellulose acetate (WSCA) could be useful tool for the delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the large intestine. Rats were fed a control diet or a diet containing graded levels of WSCA for up to 21 days. Consuming WSCA dose-dependently increased large-bowel acetate and propionate concentrations through the bacterial fermentation. When WSCA was used as substrate, acetyl esterase activity in the cecal bacteria was detected solely in rats fed WSCA, in which the activity increased over time accompanied by an increased number of Bacteroides xylanisolvens. Consuming WSCA at a 4% level increased the goblet cell numbers and mucin contents in the cecum and lowered plasma cholesterol concentrations, which tended to correlate with the portal plasma concentrations of propionate. The results suggest that bacterial fermentation of WSCA is characterized by the greater production of acetate and propionate, which may contribute to the physiologic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Genda
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shunsaku Sugiura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shingo Hino
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shu Shimamoto
- Daicel Corporation , Konan 2-18-1 , Minatoku , Tokyo 108-8230 , Japan
| | | | - Shizuka Ukita
- Daicel Corporation , Konan 2-18-1 , Minatoku , Tokyo 108-8230 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
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22
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Shaulov Y, Shimokawa C, Trebicz-Geffen M, Nagaraja S, Methling K, Lalk M, Weiss-Cerem L, Lamm AT, Hisaeda H, Ankri S. Escherichia coli mediated resistance of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidative stress is triggered by oxaloacetate. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007295. [PMID: 30308066 PMCID: PMC6181410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis, a global intestinal parasitic disease, is due to Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite, which feeds on bacteria in the large intestine of its human host, can trigger a strong inflammatory response upon invasion of the colonic mucosa. Whereas information about the mechanisms which are used by the parasite to cope with oxidative and nitrosative stresses during infection is available, knowledge about the contribution of bacteria to these mechanisms is lacking. In a recent study, we demonstrated that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O55 protects E. histolytica against oxidative stress. Resin-assisted capture (RAC) of oxidized (OX) proteins coupled to mass spectrometry (OX-RAC) was used to investigate the oxidation status of cysteine residues in proteins present in E. histolytica trophozoites incubated with live or heat-killed E. coli O55 and then exposed to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. We found that the redox proteome of E. histolytica exposed to heat-killed E. coli O55 is enriched with proteins involved in redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, small molecule metabolism, carbohydrate derivative metabolism, and organonitrogen compound biosynthesis. In contrast, we found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis were the only OX-proteins that were enriched in E. histolytica trophozoites which were incubated with live E. coli O55. These data indicate that E. coli has a profound impact on the redox proteome of E. histolytica. Unexpectedly, some E. coli proteins were also co-identified with E. histolytica proteins by OX-RAC. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, E. coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its product, oxaloacetate, are key elements of E. coli-mediated resistance of E. histolytica to oxidative stress and that oxaloacetate helps the parasite survive in the large intestine. We also provide evidence that the protective effect of oxaloacetate against oxidative stress extends to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shaulov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Karen Methling
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Weiss-Cerem
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet T. Lamm
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
- * E-mail:
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23
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Zhang YT, Lu DD, Chen JY, Yu B, Liang JB, Mi JD, Candyrine SCL, Liao XD. Effects of fermented soybean meal on carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in large intestine of piglets. Animal 2018; 12:2056-2064. [PMID: 29362016 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented soybean meal (FSM), which has lower anti-nutritional factors and higher active enzyme, probiotic and oligosaccharide contents than its unfermented form, has been reported to improve the feeding value of soybean meal, and hence, the growth performance of piglets. However, whether FSM can affect the bacterial and metabolites in the large intestine of piglets remains unknown. This study supplemented wet-FSM (WFSM) or dry-FSM (DFSM) (5% dry matter basis) in the diet of piglets and investigated its effects on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the piglets' large intestines. A total of 75 41-day-old Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire piglets with an initial BW of 13.14±0.22 kg were used in a 4-week feeding trial. Our results showed that the average daily gain of piglets in the WFSM and DFSM groups increased by 27.08% and 14.58% and that the feed conversion ratio improved by 18.18% and 7.27%, respectively, compared with the control group. Data from the prediction gene function of Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing showed that carbohydrate metabolism function families in the WFSM and DFSM groups increased by 3.46% and 2.68% and that the amino acid metabolism function families decreased by 1.74% and 0.82%, respectively, compared with the control group. These results were consistent with those of other metabolism studies, which showed that dietary supplementation with WFSM and DFSM increased the level of carbohydrate-related metabolites (e.g. 4-aminobutanoate, 5-aminopentanoate, lactic acid, mannitol, threitol and β-alanine) and decreased the levels of those related to protein catabolism (e.g. 1,3-diaminopropane, creatine, glycine and inosine). In conclusion, supplementation with the two forms of FSM improved growth performance, increased metabolites of carbohydrate and reduced metabolites of protein in the large intestine of piglets, and WFSM exhibited a stronger effect than DFSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Zhang
- 1College of Animal Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China
| | - D D Lu
- 1College of Animal Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China
| | - J Y Chen
- 1College of Animal Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China
| | - B Yu
- 3Shenzhen Agro-Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd,Shenzhen 518023,China
| | - J B Liang
- 4Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security,Universiti Putra Malaysia,Serdang 43400,Malaysia
| | - J D Mi
- 1College of Animal Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China
| | - S C L Candyrine
- 4Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security,Universiti Putra Malaysia,Serdang 43400,Malaysia
| | - X D Liao
- 1College of Animal Science,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China
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24
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Stansborough RL, Al-Dasooqi N, Bateman EH, Bowen JM, Keefe DMK, Logan RM, Yeoh ASJ, Yeoh EEK, Stringer AM, Gibson RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase expression is altered in the small and large intestine following fractionated radiation in vivo. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3873-3882. [PMID: 29754212 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity (RIGT) is associated with significant diarrhoea, pain and rectal bleeding. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to be involved in chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and RIGT following single-dose irradiation in vivo. We therefore proposed MMPs would be involved in the pathobiology of RIGT following fractionated irradiation. METHODS Dark Agouti rats were treated with fractionated radiation (3 × 2.5 Gy/week for 6 weeks). Rats were killed at 3, 6 and 15 weeks to represent acute and chronic toxicities. Sections of jejunum and colon were immunostained for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14. Relative mRNA expression in jejunum and colon was quantified by RT-PCR for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14. Western blotting was also conducted on jejunum and colon tissue collected at week 6 to determine protein levels of pro- and active MMP-2. RESULTS MMP-2 total protein levels, determined by western blotting, significantly increased in both the jejunum (p = 0.0359) and the colon (p = 0.0134) 6 weeks into the fractionated radiation schedule. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-14 mRNA expression significantly increased in the jejunum. MMP-2 mRNA expression was also significantly increased in the colon. Immunostaining of MMP-2 was observed to be increased in both crypt enterocytes and the lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 plays a role in the pathobiology of gastrointestinal toxicities following fractionated irradiation. Whilst MMP-1 and MMP-14 mRNA expression was increased, this occurred only in the jejunum, suggesting MMPs are differentially involved in RIGT depending on the intestinal region. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role these mediators play in the development and potentiation of RIGT.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/radiation effects
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Large/radiation effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/radiation effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation Injuries/genetics
- Radiation Injuries/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Romany L Stansborough
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Noor Al-Dasooqi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma H Bateman
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Dorothy M K Keefe
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard M Logan
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann S J Yeoh
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Eric E K Yeoh
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Skrypnik K, Suliburska J. Association between the gut microbiota and mineral metabolism. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2449-2460. [PMID: 28991359 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the most recent scientific evidence of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and minerals, and the effect of this interaction on the health of the host. The Web of Science database from the years 2013-2017 on this topic was reviewed. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that iron significantly affects the intestinal microbiota. However, Bifidobacteriaceae are capable of binding iron in the large intestine, thereby limiting the formation of free radicals synthesized in the presence of iron, and thus reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Animal studies have revealed that supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has a significant effect on bone calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism. The dynamic interaction between microbiota and zinc was shown. Human studies have provided evidence of the influence of probiotic bacteria on parathormone, calcium and phosphate levels and thus on bone resorption. Recent studies have produced new information mainly on the impact of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of calcium and iron. From a scientific perspective, the most urgent fields that remain to be investigated are the identification of all human gut microbes and new therapies targeting the interaction between intestinal bacteria and minerals. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Pederzolli RLA, Van Kessel AG, Campbell J, Hendrick S, Wood KM, Penner GB. Effect of ruminal acidosis and short-term low feed intake on indicators of gastrointestinal barrier function in Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:108-125. [PMID: 29385473 PMCID: PMC6140865 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine effect of ruminal acidosis (RA) and low feed intake [LFI] on the regional barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract. Twenty-one Holstein steers were fed for ad libitum intake for 5 d (control [CON]), fed at 25% of ad libitum intake for 5 d (LFI), or provided 2 d of ad libitum intake followed by 1-d of feed restriction (25% of ad libitum intake), 1 d where 30% of ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) was provided as pelleted barley followed by the full allocation (RA) and fed for ad libitum intake the following day. Tissues and digesta from the rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal, and distal colon were collected. Permeability was assessed using the mucosal-to-serosal flux of inulin (JMS-inulin) and mannitol (JMS-mannitol). Digesta pH was 0.81, 0.63, and 0.42 pH units less for RA than CON in the rumen, cecum, and proximal colon; while, LFI had pH that was 0.47 and 0.36 pH units greater in the rumen and proximal colon compared to CON. Total ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration were less for LFI (92 mM; P = 0.010) and RA (87 mM; P = 0.007) than CON (172 mM) steers. In the proximal colon, the proportion of butyrate (P = 0.025 and P = 0.022) and isobutyrate (P = 0.019 and P = 0.019) were greater, and acetate (P = 0.028 and P = 0.028) was less for LFI and RA, respectively, when compared to CON steers. Ruminal papillae length, width, perimeter, and surface area were 1.21 mm, 0.78 mm, 3.84 mm, and 11.15 mm2 less for LFI than CON; while, RA decreased papillae width by 0.52 mm relative to CON. The JMS-mannitol was less for LFI steers than CON in the proximal colon (P = 0.041) and in the distal colon (P = 0.015). Increased gene expression for claudin 1, occludin, tight-cell junction protein 1 and 2, and toll-like receptor 4 were detected for LFI relative to CON in the rumen, jejunum, and proximal colon. For RA steers, expression of toll-like receptor 4 in the rumen, and occludin and tight-cell junction protein 1 were greater in the jejunum than CON. An acute RA challenge decreased pH in the rumen and large intestine but did not increase tissue permeability due to increases in the expression of genes related to barrier function within 1 d of the challenge. Steers exposed to LFI for 5 d had reduced ruminal SCFA concentrations, smaller ruminal papillae dimensions, and increased tissue permeability in the proximal and distal colon despite increases for genes related to barrier function and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae-Leigh A Pederzolli
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Katie M Wood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Jung ES, Park HM, Hyun SM, Shon JC, Singh D, Liu KH, Whon TW, Bae JW, Hwang JS, Lee CH. The green tea modulates large intestinal microbiome and exo/endogenous metabolome altered through chronic UVB-exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187154. [PMID: 29117187 PMCID: PMC5695601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The attenuating effects of green tea supplements (GTS) against the ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced skin damages are distinguished. However, the concomitant effects of GTS on the large intestinal microbiomes and associated metabolomes are largely unclear. Herein, we performed an integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis to uncover the esoteric links between gut microbiome and exo/endogenous metabolome maneuvered in the large intestine of UVB-exposed mice subjected to dietary GTS. In UVB-exposed mice groups (UVB), class Bacilli and order Bifidobacteriales were observed as discriminant taxa with decreased lysophospholipid levels compared to the unexposed mice groups subjected to normal diet (NOR). Conversely, in GTS fed UVB-exposed mice (U+GTS), the gut-microbiome diversity was greatly enhanced with enrichment in the classes, Clostridia and Erysipelotrichia, as well as genera, Allobaculum and Lachnoclostridium. Additionally, the gut endogenous metabolomes changed with an increase in amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, and bile acids contents coupled with a decrease in nucleobases and carbohydrate levels. The altered metabolomes exhibited high correlations with GTS enriched intestinal microflora. Intriguingly, the various conjugates of green tea catechins viz., sulfated, glucuronided, and methylated ones including their exogenous derivatives were detected from large intestinal contents and liver samples. Hence, we conjecture that the metabolic conversions for the molecular components in GTS strongly influenced the gut micro-environment in UVB-exposed mice groups, ergo modulate their gut-microbiome as well as exo/endogenous metabolomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Hyun
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (CHL)
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (CHL)
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Poelaert C, Despret X, Sindic M, Beckers Y, Francis F, Portetelle D, Soyeurt H, Théwis A, Bindelle J. Cooking Has Variable Effects on the Fermentability in the Large Intestine of the Fraction of Meats, Grain Legumes, and Insects That Is Resistant to Digestion in the Small Intestine in an in Vitro Model of the Pig's Gastrointestinal Tract. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:435-444. [PMID: 27997168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation in the large intestine of indigestible dietary protein sources from animal, insect, and plant origin using an in vitro model of the pig's gastrointestinal tract. Protein sources were used raw and after a cooking treatment. Results showed that the category of the ingredient (meats, insects, or grain legumes) exerts a stronger impact on enzymatic digestibility, fermentation patterns, and bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) than the cooking treatment. The digestibility and the fermentation characteristics of insects were more affected by the cooking procedure than the other categories. Per gram of consumed food, ingredients from animal origin, namely, meats and insects, were associated with fewer fermentation end-products (gas, H2S, SCFA) than ingredients from plant origin, which is related to their higher small intestinal digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Poelaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xavier Despret
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marianne Sindic
- Laboratory of Agro-food Quality and Safety, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yves Beckers
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hélène Soyeurt
- Applied Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege , 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Liu Z, Shen J, Zhu W. [Interaction between microflora and nitrogen nutrients in large intestine and its impacts on host health]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2017; 57:8-14. [PMID: 29746055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are not only the main building blocks for the construction of tissue, but also crucial for metabolic activity in animals. The microbial community colonized in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in host nutrients metabolism, especially nitrogen nutrients. Bacteria in small intestine could metabolize parts of amino acids (AAs), which further affects the systemic AAs metabolism of host. Compared with that in small intestine, the density of bacteria is much higher and the retention time of chyme is much longer in large intestine. On the one hand, the metabolism and community structure of microflora could be affected by nitrogen nutrients entering the large intestine. Thus, the metabolism of nitrogen nutrients by large intestinal microflora can lead to the formation of several metabolites, which are generally presumed to be detrimental for the host health. This review summarized the effects of dietary protein on the community structure of large intestinal microflora, the microbial metabolites of AAs in large intestine and their impacts on intestinal physiology and host health.
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Tian L, Bruggeman G, van den Berg M, Borewicz K, Scheurink AJW, Bruininx E, de Vos P, Smidt H, Schols HA, Gruppen H. Effects of pectin on fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate utilization, and microbial community composition in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning pigs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27198846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We aimed to investigate the effects of three different soluble pectins on the digestion of other consumed carbohydrates, and the consequent alterations of microbiota composition and SCFA levels in the intestine of pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Piglets were fed a low-methyl esterified pectin enriched diet (LMP), a high-methyl esterified pectin enriched diet (HMP), a hydrothermal treated soybean meal enriched diet (aSBM) or a control diet (CONT). LMP significantly decreased the ileal digestibility of starch resulting in more starch fermentation in the proximal colon. In the ileum, low-methyl esterified pectin present was more efficiently fermented by the microbiota than high-methyl esterified pectin present which was mainly fermented by the microbiota in the proximal colon. Treated soybean meal was mainly fermented in the proximal colon and shifted the fermentation of cereal dietary fiber to more distal parts, resulting in high SCFA levels in the mid colon. LMP, HMP, and aSBM decreased the relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus and increased that of Prevotella in the colon. CONCLUSION The LMP, HMP, and aSBM, differently affected the digestion processes compared to the control diet and shaped the colonic microbiota from a Lactobacillus-dominating flora to a Prevotella-dominating community, with potential health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Tian
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J W Scheurink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bruininx
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Slawinska A, Plowiec A, Siwek M, Jaroszewski M, Bednarczyk M. Long-Term Transcriptomic Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Delivered In Ovo in Broiler Chickens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168899. [PMID: 28002487 PMCID: PMC5176321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In ovo delivery of prebiotics and synbiotics in chickens allows for the development of intestinal microflora prior to hatching, which boosts their robustness. The goal of this study was to determine the transcriptomic profile of the spleen (S), cecal tonsils (CT), and large intestine (LI) of adult chickens injected with prebiotics and synbiotics in ovo. On day 12 of embryo development, incubating eggs were injected with prebiotics: inulin alone (P1) or in combination with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB2955 (S1), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) alone (P2) or in combination with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB477 (S2); control group (C) was mock injected with physiological saline. Gene expression analysis was conducted using an Affymetrix Chicken Gene 1.1 ST Array Strip. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were detected in the cecal tonsils of P2 (378 DEG), and were assigned to gene ontology categories: lymphocyte proliferation, activation and differentiation, and cytokine production. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the DEG (CT of P2) indicated the inhibition of humoral and cellular immune responses, e.g., role of NFAT in regulation of immune responses, phagocytosis, production of nitric oxide, NF-κB, IL-8, and CXCR4 signaling. The DEG with the highest up-regulation from S1 and P2 were involved in gene expression (PAPOLA, RPL27A, RPLP1, and RPS29) from P1 and P2 in transport (BEST4, SLC9A3, and SLC13A2), metabolism (OGT, ALPP, CA4, and CA7), signaling (FGG, G3BP2, UBB, G3BP2, CACNA1G, and ATP6V0A4), and immune responses (MSMB, LGALS3, CABIN1, CXCR5, PAX5, and TNFRSF14). Two DEG influencing the complement system (SERPING1 and MIR1674) were down-regulated in P2 and S1. In conclusion, GOS injected in ovo provided the most potent stimulation of the host transcriptome. This is likely due to its strong bifidogenic effect, which triggers proliferation of indigenous embryonic microflora in ovo, and indirectly influences gene expression regulation in host tissues, especially cecal tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slawinska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Plowiec
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maria Siwek
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Jaroszewski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Meng X, Wang SC, Shan JJ, Xie T, Xu JY, Shen CS. [Effect of respiratory syncytial virus-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in mice]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2016; 18:1166-1173. [PMID: 27817786 PMCID: PMC7389844 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in BALB/c mice using metabolomics technology based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHODS Mice were randomly divided into a control group and a RSV pneumonia model group (n=16 each). The mouse model of RSV pneumonia was established using intranasal RSV infection (100×TCID50, 50 μL/mouse, once a day). After 7 days of intranasal RSV infection, the mice were sacrificed and GC-MS was used to identify endogenous metabolites and measure the changes in their relative content in colon tissue. SMCA-P12.0 software was used to perform principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) for endogenous metabolites in colon tissue. The differentially expressed metabolites in colon tissue were imported into the metabolic pathway platform Metaboanalyst to analyze related metabolic pathways. RESULTS PCA and OPLS-DA showed significant differences between the control and RSV pneumonia model groups. A total of 32 metabolites were identified in the colon tissue of the mice with RSV pneumonia. The RSV pneumonia model group had significant increases in the content of leucine, isoleucine, glycine, alanine, arachidonic acid, and lactic acid, which were related to the valine, leucine, isoleucine, arachidonic acid, and pyruvic acid metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS RSV pneumonia might cause metabolic disorders in the large intestinal tissue in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Titov VN, Aripovskii AV, Schekotov VV, Schekotova AP, Kukharchuk VV. [The oleic triglycerides of palm oil and palmitic triglycerides of creamy fat. The reaction of palmitoylation, potassium and magnesium palmitate, absorption of fatty acids by enterocytes and microbiota of large intestine]. Klin Lab Diagn 2016; 61:452-461. [PMID: 30601634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The decreasing of content of animal, palmitic milk fat (butter) by means of its substitution with vegetable, oleic, palmy oil in food of adults optimal by its quantity is physically chemically and biologically substantiated. In oleic palmy oil higher content of oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid and oleic triglycerides than in creamy fat is established. The biologic availability of palmitic unsaturated palmitic acid in the form of free fatty acid is decreased at its absorption by enterocytes of small intestines is detected. There are no transforms of mono unsaturated acids in palmy oil in contrast with hydrogenated margarines. In palmy, oleic oil there is not enough of short-chained fatty acids (C4-C6) and it has no taste quality and it has low level of unsaturated fatty acids and factually it is lacking of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, it is compensated in case of availability offish and sea products in food. If adults, especially older ones, will refuse to consume creamy fat and decrease intake of products with high content of palmitic unsaturated fatty acid and palmitic triglycerides (beef, sour cream, fatty cheeses) it'll positively impact their health. The refusal from these products is a real step in prevention of metabolic pandemic (atherosclerosis and atheromatosis, metabolic syndrome, resistance to insulin, obesity). There are still large number of people who at optimal amount of food retain in vivo increased amount of exogenous, endogenously synthesized from glucose palmitic unsaturated fatty acid in the form of unesterified fatty acids (syndrome of resistance to insulin) and increased content of palmitic triglycerides.
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Venkataraman A, Sieber JR, Schmidt AW, Waldron C, Theis KR, Schmidt TM. Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch. Microbiome 2016; 4:33. [PMID: 27357127 PMCID: PMC4928258 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fermentation of dietary fiber to various organic acids is a beneficial function provided by the microbiota in the human large intestine. In particular, butyric acid contributes to host health by facilitating maintenance of epithelial integrity, regulating inflammation, and influencing gene expression in colonocytes. We sought to increase the concentration of butyrate in 20 healthy young adults through dietary supplementation with resistant starch (unmodified potato starch-resistant starch (RS) type 2). METHODS Fecal samples were collected from individuals to characterize butyrate concentration via liquid chromatography and composition of the microbiota via surveys of 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences from the Illumina MiSeq platform. Random Forest and LEfSe analyses were used to associate responses in butyrate production to features of the microbiota. RESULTS RS supplementation increased fecal butyrate concentrations in this cohort from 8 to 12 mmol/kg wet feces, but responses varied widely between individuals. Individuals could be categorized into three groups based upon butyrate concentrations before and during RS: enhanced, high, and low (n = 11, 3, and 6, respectively). Fecal butyrate increased by 67 % in the enhanced group (from 9 to 15 mmol/kg), while it remained ≥11 mmol/kg in the high group and ≤8 mmol/kg in the low group. Microbiota analyses revealed that the relative abundance of RS-degrading organisms-Bifidobacterium adolescentis or Ruminococcus bromii-increased from ~2 to 9 % in the enhanced and high groups, but remained at ~1.5 % in the low group. The lack of increase in RS-degrading bacteria in the low group may explain why there was no increase in fecal butyrate in response to RS. The microbiota of individuals in the high group were characterized by an elevated abundance of the butyrogenic microbe Eubacterium rectale (~6 % in high vs. 3 % in enhanced and low groups) throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS We document the heterogeneous responses in butyrate concentrations upon RS supplementation and identify characteristic of the microbiota that appear to underlie this variation. This study complements and extends other studies that call for personalized approaches to manage beneficial functions provided by gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Venkataraman
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - J. R. Sieber
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
- />Present address: Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - A. W. Schmidt
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - C. Waldron
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - K. R. Theis
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
- />Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - T. M. Schmidt
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
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Beaumont M, Andriamihaja M, Lan A, Khodorova N, Audebert M, Blouin JM, Grauso M, Lancha L, Benetti PH, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Bouillaud F, Davila AM, Blachier F. Detrimental effects for colonocytes of an increased exposure to luminal hydrogen sulfide: The adaptive response. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:155-64. [PMID: 26849947 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein fermentation by the gut microbiota releases in the large intestine lumen various amino-acid derived metabolites. Among them, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in excess has been suspected to be detrimental for colonic epithelium energy metabolism and DNA integrity. The first objective of this study was to evaluate in rats the epithelial response to an increased exposure to H2S. Experiments from colonocyte incubation and intra-colonic instillation indicate that low millimolar concentrations of the sulfide donor NaHS reversibly inhibited colonocyte mitochondrial oxygen consumption and increased gene expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) together with inflammation-related genes namely inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) and interleukin-6 (Il-6). Additionally, rat colonocyte H2S detoxification capacity was severely impaired in the presence of nitric oxide. Based on the γH2AX ICW technique, NaHS did not induce DNA damage in colonocytes. Since H2S is notably produced by the gut microbiota from sulfur containing amino acids, the second objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a high protein diet (HPD) on large intestine luminal sulfide content and on the expression of genes involved in H2S detoxification in colonocytes. We found that HPD markedly increased H2S content in the large intestine but the concomitant increase of the content mass maintained the luminal sulfide concentration. HPD also provoked an increase of sulfide quinone reductase (Sqr) gene expression in colonocytes, indicating an adaptive response to increased H2S bacterial production. In conclusion, low millimolar NaHS concentration severely affects colonocyte respiration in association with increased expression of genes associated with intestinal inflammation. Although HPD increases the sulfide content of the large intestine, the colonic adaptive responses to this modification limit the epithelial exposure to this deleterious bacterial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Blouin
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marta Grauso
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Robert Benamouzig
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes UMRS1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The identification of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the intestinal mucosa has been hampered by the difficulties associated with isolating cells from the intestine and by the fact that overlapping markers have made it complicated to discriminate them accurately from other intestinal mononuclear phagocytes such as macrophages (MFs). Here we detail the protocols we have developed to isolate live leukocytes from both murine and human small and large intestines and describe reliable strategies which can be used to identify bona fide cDCs in such preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Scott
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Immunoregulation, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB Ghent University, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pamela B Wright
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Nielsen TS, Theil PK, Purup S, Nørskov NP, Bach Knudsen KE. Effects of Resistant Starch and Arabinoxylan on Parameters Related to Large Intestinal and Metabolic Health in Pigs Fed Fat-Rich Diets. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:10418-10430. [PMID: 26566722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a resistant starch (RS)-rich, arabinoxylan (AX)-rich, or low-DF Western-style control diet (all high-fat) on large intestinal gene expression, adiposity, and glycemic response parameters in pigs. Animals were slaughtered after 3 weeks of treatment. Plasma butyrate concentration was higher following the high-DF diets, whereas plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance increased after 3 weeks irrespective of diet. The mRNA abundance in the large intestine of genes involved in nutrient transport, immune response, and intestinal permeability was affected by segment (cecum, proximal, mid or distal colon) and some genes also by diet. In contrast, there was no diet-induced effect on adipose mRNA abundance or adipocyte size. Overall, a high level of RS or AX did not demonstrate strong beneficial effects on large intestinal gene expression as indicators of colonic health or glycemic response parameters when included in a high-fat diet for pigs as a model of healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , Tjele, Denmark
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Taciak M, Barszcz M, Tuśnio A, Pastuszewska B. Interactive Effects of Indigestible Carbohydrates, Protein Type, and Protein Level on Biomarkers of Large Intestine Health in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142176. [PMID: 26536028 PMCID: PMC4633030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of indigestible carbohydrates, protein type, and protein level on large intestine health were examined in rats. For 21 days, 12 groups of six 12-week-old male Wistar rats were fed diets with casein (CAS), or potato protein concentrate (PPC), providing 14% (lower protein level; LP), or 20% (higher protein level; HP) protein, and containing cellulose, resistant potato starch, or pectin. Fermentation end-products, pH, and β-glucuronidase levels in cecal digesta, and ammonia levels in colonic digesta were determined. Cecal digesta, tissue weights, cecal and colon morphology, and colonocyte DNA damage were also analyzed. Digesta pH was lower, whereas relative mass of cecal tissue and digesta were higher in rats fed pectin diets than in those fed cellulose. Cecal parameters were greater in rats fed PPC and HP diets than in those fed CAS and LP diets, respectively. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were unaffected by protein or carbohydrate type. Total SCFA, acetic acid, and propionic acid concentrations were greater in rats fed LP diets than in those fed HP. Cecal pool of isobutyric and isovaleric acids was greater in rats fed PPC than in those fed CAS diets. PPC diets decreased phenol concentration and increased ammonia concentration in cecal and colonic digesta, respectively. Cecal crypt depth was greater in rats fed PPC and HP diets, and was unaffected by carbohydrates; whereas colonic crypt depth was greater in rats fed cellulose. Myenteron thickness in the cecum was unaffected by nutrition, but was greater in the colon of rats fed cellulose. Colonocyte DNA damage was greater in rats fed LP diets than in those fed HP diets, and was unaffected by carbohydrate or protein type. It was found that nutritional factors decreasing cecal digesta weight contribute to greater phenol production, increased DNA damage, and reduced ammonia concentration in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Taciak
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Barbara Pastuszewska
- Department of Monogastric Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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Cramer JM, Thompson T, Geskin A, LaFramboise W, Lagasse E. Distinct human stem cell populations in small and large intestine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118792. [PMID: 25751518 PMCID: PMC4353627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is composed of an epithelial layer containing rapidly proliferating cells that mature into two regions, the small and the large intestine. Although previous studies have identified stem cells as the cell-of-origin for intestinal epithelial cells, no studies have directly compared stem cells derived from these anatomically distinct regions. Here, we examine intrinsic differences between primary epithelial cells isolated from human fetal small and large intestine, after in vitro expansion, using the Wnt agonist R-spondin 2. We utilized flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, gene expression analysis and a three-dimensional in vitro differentiation assay to characterize their stem cell properties. We identified stem cell markers that separate subpopulations of colony-forming cells in the small and large intestine and revealed important differences in differentiation, proliferation and disease pathways using gene expression analysis. Single cells from small and large intestine cultures formed organoids that reflect the distinct cellular hierarchy found in vivo and respond differently to identical exogenous cues. Our characterization identified numerous differences between small and large intestine epithelial stem cells suggesting possible connections to intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Cramer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States of America
| | - Timothy Thompson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America
| | - Albert Geskin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Shadyside Hospital, West Wing, WG 02.11, 5230 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States of America
| | - William LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Shadyside Hospital, West Wing, WG 02.11, 5230 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States of America
| | - Eric Lagasse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bowcutt R, Forman R, Glymenaki M, Carding SR, Else KJ, Cruickshank SM. Heterogeneity across the murine small and large intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15216-15232. [PMID: 25386070 PMCID: PMC4223255 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have evolved to have discrete functions with distinct anatomies and immune cell composition. The importance of these differences is underlined when considering that different pathogens have uniquely adapted to live in each region of the gut. Furthermore, different regions of the GIT are also associated with differences in susceptibility to diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation. The large and small intestine, given their anatomical and functional differences, should be seen as two separate immunological sites. However, this distinction is often ignored with findings from one area of the GIT being inappropriately extrapolated to the other. Focussing largely on the murine small and large intestine, this review addresses the literature relating to the immunology and biology of the two sites, drawing comparisons between them and clarifying similarities and differences. We also highlight the gaps in our understanding and where further research is needed.
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Yasuda S, Kobayashi K, Ono M, Miyatake Y, Miyauchi M, Kato T, Tanaka T, Ito M, Yamamoto N. Classification of Physiological 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in the Large Intestine: a Preliminary Study. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2014; 39:141-145. [PMID: 25248430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Varying degrees of physiological uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are often noted in the large intestine and can be problematic when interpreting positron emission tomography (PET) images. In relation to colorectal tumor detection with FDG PET, we tentatively classified physiological FDG uptake in the large intestine according to its patterns and intensity. Subjects were 144 asymptomatic individuals (109 men, 35 women; mean age 57.5 ± 10.1 years) in our cancer screening program who underwent total colonoscopy within 24 days of FDG PET study and showed no evidence of colonic lesions on colonoscopy. Distinct FDG uptake on FDG PET images was classified into four types: focal, defined as distinctly nodular and visible on at least 4 axial; localized, 2 to 8 cm with SUVmean ≥ 4; diffuse, > 8 cm with SUVmean ≥ 4; and mixed, of more than one type. SUVmeans were examined by placing multiple circular regions of interest of 1 cm in diameter on the axial images. We found 21 distinct FDG uptakes matching our criteria in 20 of 144 subjects (13.9%): focal (n = 4), localized (n = 1), diffuse (n = 14), and mixed (n = 1; focal and diffuse). With regard to colorectal tumor detection, 6 subjects (4.2%) with focal or localized type of uptake were considered at risk of false-positive tumor identification, and 15 subjects (10.4%) with diffuse type of uptake were considered at risk of their tumors being missed at the site of FDG uptake. To confirm the feasibility of our criteria, this classification should be tested with a larger number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiei Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Hartenbach M, Delker A, Hartenbach S, Schlichtiger J, Niedermoser S, Wängler C, Wängler B, Böning G, Gildehaus FJ, Neumaier K, Lauber K, Kraft K, Belka C, Hacker M, Meineke V, Bartenstein P. Dose-dependent uptake of 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18) F]fluorothymidine by the bowel after total-body irradiation. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:846-53. [PMID: 24915935 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to non-invasively assess early, irradiation-induced normal tissue alterations via metabolic imaging with 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18) F]fluorothymidine ([(18) F]FLT). PROCEDURES Twenty-nine male C57BL/6 mice were investigated by [(18) F]FLT positron emission tomography for 7 days after total body irradiation (1, 4, and 8 Gy) versus 'sham' irradiation (0 Gy). Target/background ratios were determined. The imaging results were validated by histology and immunohistochemistry (Thymidine kinase 1, Ki-67). RESULTS [(18) F]FLT demonstrated a dose-dependent intestinal accumulation post irradiation. Mean target/background ratio (±standard error) 0 Gy: 1.4 (0.2), 1 Gy: 1.7 (0.1), 4 Gy: 3.1 (0.3), 8 Gy: 4.2 (0.6). Receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under the curve, p value): 0 vs. 1 Gy: 0.81, 0.049; 0 vs. 4 Gy: 1.0, 0.0016; and 0 vs. 8 Gy: 1.0, 0.0020. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results. CONCLUSIONS [(18) F]FLT seems to provide dose-dependent information on radiation-induced proliferation in the bowel. This opens the perspective for monitoring therapy-related side-effects as well as assessing, e.g., radiation accident victims.
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Zhang J, Yang S, An C, Wang J, Yan H, Huang Y, Song J, Yin C, Baines AJ, Mohandas N, An X. Comprehensive characterization of protein 4.1 expression in epithelium of large intestine. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:529-39. [PMID: 24912669 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The protein 4.1 family consists of four members, 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1B and 4.1G, each encoded by a distinct gene. All 4.1 mRNAs undergo extensive alternative splicing. Functionally, they usually serve as adapters that link actin-based cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins. It has been reported that 4.1 proteins are expressed in most animal cell types and tissues including epithelial cells and epithelial tissues. However, the expression of 4.1 proteins in large intestine has not been well characterized. In the present study, we performed RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis to characterize the transcripts, the protein expression and cellular localization of 4.1 proteins in the epithelia of mouse large intestine. We show that multiple transcripts derive from each gene, including eight 4.1R isoforms, four 4.1N isoforms, four 4.1B isoforms and six 4.1G isoforms. However, at the protein level, only one or two major bands were detected, implying that not all transcripts are translated and/or the proteins do not accumulate at detectable levels. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 4.1R, 4.1N and 4.1B are all expressed at the lateral membrane as well as cytoplasm of epithelial cells, suggesting a potentially redundant role of these proteins. Our findings not only provide new insights into the structure of protein 4.1 genes but also lay the foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Center, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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Kishino E, Norii M, Fujita K, Hara K, Teramoto F, Fukunaga M. Enhancement by Lactosucrose of the Calcium Absorption from the Intestine in Growing Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1485-8. [PMID: 16794330 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.50538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary lactosucrose on calcium absorption from the intestine and calcium accumulation in bones were investigated in growing female rats. The apparent calcium-45 ((45)Ca) absorption, residual (45)Ca ratio in the body, and (45)Ca accumulation in the femur and tibia of lactosucrose-supplemented rats were significantly higher than in control rats 24 h after the administration of a (45)CaCl(2) solution.
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45
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Yamamoto M, Miyamoto S, Moon JH, Murota K, Hara Y, Terao J. Effect of Dietary Green Tea Catechin Preparation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Large Intestinal Mucosa of Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:286-9. [PMID: 16428852 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intake of green tea catechin (GTC) for 4 weeks was found to elevate vitamin E level in the mucosa of the rat large intestine. Iron-induced lipid peroxidation of the mucosal homogenate was suppressed by intake of GTC in rats fed monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), indicating that the protective effect of dietary GTC on mucosal oxidative stress is enhanced by combination with a MUFA-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science, Tokushima Bunri Junior College, Tokushima, Japan
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46
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Abstract
We examined the effects of feeding raffinose on intestinal calcium absorption in ovariectomized rats by two separate experiments. In experiment 1, female Sprague-Dawley rats (6 wk old) were divided into two groups: sham operation and ovariectomy, and fed diets with or without raffinose (30 g/kg diet) for 4 wk. In experiment 2, ovariectomized rats with cecocolonectomy or transsection and reanastomosis (sham) were divided into two groups as in experiment 1 and fed the same diets for 3 wk. In experiment 1, calcium absorption was lower in the ovariectomized rats than in the sham rats but calcium absorption in rats fed the raffinose diet was higher than that in rats fed the raffinose-free diet. In experiment 2, increased calcium absorption in the raffinose group was abolished by cecocolonectomy. The impaired absorption in ovariectomized rats was restored by feeding raffinose. The large intestine is involved in the beneficial effects of raffinose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Mitamura
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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47
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Oh-oka K, Kono H, Ishimaru K, Miyake K, Kubota T, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Shibata S, Nakao A. Expressions of tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 are under the circadian control in the mouse large intestine: implications in intestinal permeability and susceptibility to colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98016. [PMID: 24845399 PMCID: PMC4028230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The circadian clock drives daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. A recent study suggests that intestinal permeability is also under control of the circadian clock. However, the precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. Because intestinal permeability depends on tight junction (TJ) that regulates the epithelial paracellular pathway, this study investigated whether the circadian clock regulates the expression levels of TJ proteins in the intestine. Methods The expression levels of TJ proteins in the large intestinal epithelium and colonic permeability were analyzed every 4, 6, or 12 hours between wild-type mice and mice with a mutation of a key clock gene Period2 (Per2; mPer2m/m). In addition, the susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was compared between wild-type mice and mPer2m/m mice. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 exhibited daily variations in the colonic epithelium in wild-type mice, whereas they were constitutively high in mPer2m/m mice. Colonic permeability in wild-type mice exhibited daily variations, which was inversely associated with the expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 proteins, whereas it was constitutively low in mPer2m/m mice. mPer2m/m mice were more resistant to the colonic injury induced by DSS than wild-type mice. Conclusions Occludin and Claudin-1 expressions in the large intestine are under the circadian control, which is associated with temporal regulation of colonic permeability and also susceptibility to colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Oh-oka
- Department of Immunology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kono
- The First Department of Surgery, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishimaru
- Department of Immunology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Epigenetic Medicine, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubota
- Department of Epigenetic Medicine, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakao
- Department of Immunology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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48
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Zannoni A, Bombardi C, Dondi F, Morini M, Forni M, Chiocchetti R, Spadari A, Romagnoli N. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 expression in the intestinal tract of the horse. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:464-71. [PMID: 24656343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for trypsin and mast cell tryptase; it is highly expressed at the intestinal level with multiple functions, such as epithelial permeability and intestinal motility. Many proteases activate PAR2 during tissue damage, suggesting a role of the inflammatory response receptors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR2 in the jejunum, the ileum and the pelvic flexure, using samples collected from healthy adult horses after slaughter. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 immunoreactivity (PAR2-IR) was observed in the enterocytes, intestinal glands, the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae, and the longitudinal and circular muscle layers; there were no differences in the distribution of PAR2-IR in the different sections of the intestinal tract. The protein expression level showed that the relative amount of the PAR2 content in the mucosa of the intestinal tract decreased from the small to the large intestine while the PAR2 mRNA analysed showed similar values. This study provides relevant findings concerning the distribution of the PAR2 in the intestines of healthy horses and represents the starting point for evaluating the role of the PAR2 during strangulative intestinal disease and consequent systemic intestinal reperfusion/injury complications in horses in order to identify and employ antagonist PAR2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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49
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Reimer RA, Maathuis AJH, Venema K, Lyon MR, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effect of the novel polysaccharide PolyGlycopleX® on short-chain fatty acid production in a computer-controlled in vitro model of the human large intestine. Nutrients 2014; 6:1115-27. [PMID: 24638070 PMCID: PMC3967181 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the health benefits associated with dietary fiber are attributed to their fermentation by microbiota and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The aim of this study was to investigate the fermentability of the functional fiber PolyGlyopleX® (PGX®) in vitro. A validated dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro system simulating the conditions in the proximal large intestine (TIM-2) was used. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) consumption in the system was used as an indicator of fermentability and SCFA and branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) production was determined. NaOH consumption was significantly higher for Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) than PGX, which was higher than cellulose (p = 0.002). At 32, 48 and 72 h, acetate and butyrate production were higher for FOS and PGX versus cellulose. Propionate production was higher for PGX than cellulose at 32, 48, 56 and 72 h and higher than FOS at 72 h (p = 0.014). Total BCFA production was lower for FOS compared to cellulose, whereas production with PGX was lower than for cellulose at 72 h. In conclusion, PGX is fermented by the colonic microbiota which appeared to adapt to the substrate over time. The greater propionate production for PGX may explain part of the cholesterol-lowering properties of PGX seen in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | | | - Koen Venema
- TNO, Healthy Living, P.O. Box 360, Zeist, AJ 3700, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael R Lyon
- Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, 1552 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC V3K 6Y2, Canada.
| | - Roland J Gahler
- Factors Group R & D, 3655 Bonneville Place, Burnaby, BC V3N 3S9, Canada.
| | - Simon Wood
- University of British Columbia, Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Vancouver, BC V6P 2G9, Canada.
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Waśkiewicz A, Beszterda M, Kostecki M, Zielonka Ł, Goliński P, Gajęcki M. Deoxynivalenol in the gastrointestinal tract of immature gilts under per os toxin application. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:973-87. [PMID: 24603665 PMCID: PMC3968371 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol is also known as vomitoxin due to its impact on livestock through interference with animal growth and acceptance of feed. At the molecular level, deoxynivalenol disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome and by activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related to proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Because of concerns related to deoxynivalenol, the United States FDA has instituted advisory levels of 5 µg/g for grain products for most animal feeds and 10 µg/g for grain products for cattle feed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of low doses of deoxynivalenol applied per os on the presence of this mycotoxin in selected tissues of the alimentary canal of gilts. The study was performed on 39 animals divided into two groups (control, C; n = 21 and experimental, E; n = 18), of 20 kg body weight at the beginning of the experiment. Gilts received the toxin in doses of 12 µg/kg b.w./day (experimental group) or placebo (control group) over a period of 42 days. Three animals from two experimental groups were sacrificed on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42, excluding day 1 when only three control group animals were scarified. Tissues samples were prepared for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses with the application of solid phase extraction (SPE). The results show that deoxynivalenol doses used in our study, even when applied for a short period, resulted in its presence in gastrointestinal tissues. The highest concentrations of deoxynivalenol reported in small intestine samples ranged from 7.2 (in the duodenum) to 18.6 ng/g (in the ileum) and in large intestine samples from 1.8 (in transverse the colon) to 23.0 ng/g (in the caecum). In liver tissues, the deoxynivalenol contents ranged from 6.7 to 8.8 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Monika Beszterda
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Marian Kostecki
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
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