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He Q, Liu C, Shen L, Zeng L, Wang T, Sun J, Zhou X, Wan J. Theory of the exterior-interior relationship between the lungs and the large intestine to explore the mechanism of Eriobotrya japonica leaf water extract in the treatment of cough variant asthma. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 281:114482. [PMID: 34438032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl leaf (EJL) is used as a traditional Chinese medicine. E. japonica is a member of the Rosaceae family. EJL suppresses cough and relieves asthma and is widely used to treat lung diseases. In the present study, guided by the traditional Chinese medicine theory of the exterior-interior relationship between the lungs and the large intestine, the pathogenesis of cough variant asthma (CVA) and the treatment mechanism of EJL on CVA were explored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the airway remodeling effects of EJL in CVA from the perspective of the intestinal flora and the matrix metallopeptidase 9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-9/TIMP-1) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oleanolic acid and ursolic acid contents in EJL were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ensure the quality of EJL. BALB/c mice were used to establish a CVA model through ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and atomization. EJL (at 5, 10, or 20 g/kg/day) was intragastrically administered. The body weight, ratio of total bronchial wall area (WAt) to bronchial basement membrane perimeter (Pbm) (WAt/Pbm), the number of coughs, and cough latency were measured. The pathological changes of the lung tissue were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were detected in the lung tissue by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Additionally, an Illumina Hiseq platform was used for 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) high-throughput sequencing to detect the intestinal flora in feces samples. RESULTS The results confirmed the positive effects of EJL on CVA. After administration of EJL, the number of coughs and the WAt/Pbm ratio decreased, the cough latency was prolonged, body weight was increased, and the general status was better than that of the CVA model mice. HE staining revealed that EJL decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and improved the histopathological structure of the lung tissue. EJL also showed significant inhibitory effects on the expression of α-SMA, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 and normalized the intestinal flora to a certain extent. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that EJL alleviated airway remodeling of CVA mice, which might be related to the inhibition of the MMP-P/TIMP-1 pathway and the regulation of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ling Shen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Linlin Zeng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Jun Wan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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Jensen BAH, Holm JB, Larsen IS, von Burg N, Derer S, Sonne SB, Pærregaard SI, Damgaard MV, Indrelid SA, Rivollier A, Agrinier AL, Sulek K, Arnoldussen YJ, Fjære E, Marette A, Angell IL, Rudi K, Treebak JT, Madsen L, Åkesson CP, Agace W, Sina C, Kleiveland CR, Kristiansen K, Lea TE. Lysates of Methylococcus capsulatus Bath induce a lean-like microbiota, intestinal FoxP3 +RORγt +IL-17 + Tregs and improve metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 33597537 PMCID: PMC7889900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between host and gut microbial communities are modulated by diets and play pivotal roles in immunological homeostasis and health. We show that exchanging the protein source in a high fat, high sugar, westernized diet from casein to whole-cell lysates of the non-commensal bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath is sufficient to reverse western diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota to a state resembling that of lean, low fat diet-fed mice, both under mild thermal stress (T22 °C) and at thermoneutrality (T30 °C). Concomitant with microbiota changes, mice fed the Methylococcus-based western diet exhibit improved glucose regulation, reduced body and liver fat, and diminished hepatic immune infiltration. Intake of the Methylococcu-based diet markedly boosts Parabacteroides abundances in a manner depending on adaptive immunity, and upregulates triple positive (Foxp3+RORγt+IL-17+) regulatory T cells in the small and large intestine. Collectively, these data point to the potential for leveraging the use of McB lysates to improve immunometabolic homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diet
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Male
- Methylococcus capsulatus/chemistry
- Methylococcus capsulatus/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microbiota/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Obesity/immunology
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jacob B Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Microbiomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida S Larsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole von Burg
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Si B Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone I Pærregaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads V Damgaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine A Indrelid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aymeric Rivollier
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Laure Agrinier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Karolina Sulek
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yke J Arnoldussen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Inga L Angell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Metabolism and Environmental Influences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Piercey Åkesson
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - William Agace
- Mucosal Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Charlotte R Kleiveland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
| | - Tor E Lea
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Vaga S, Lee S, Ji B, Andreasson A, Talley NJ, Agréus L, Bidkhori G, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Park J, Lee D, Proctor G, Ehrlich SD, Nielsen J, Engstrand L, Shoaie S. Compositional and functional differences of the mucosal microbiota along the intestine of healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14977. [PMID: 32917913 PMCID: PMC7486370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut mucosal microbes evolved closest to the host, developing specialized local communities. There is, however, insufficient knowledge of these communities as most studies have employed sequencing technologies to investigate faecal microbiota only. This work used shotgun metagenomics of mucosal biopsies to explore the microbial communities' compositions of terminal ileum and large intestine in 5 healthy individuals. Functional annotations and genome-scale metabolic modelling of selected species were then employed to identify local functional enrichments. While faecal metagenomics provided a good approximation of the average gut mucosal microbiome composition, mucosal biopsies allowed detecting the subtle variations of local microbial communities. Given their significant enrichment in the mucosal microbiota, we highlight the roles of Bacteroides species and describe the antimicrobial resistance biogeography along the intestine. We also detail which species, at which locations, are involved with the tryptophan/indole pathway, whose malfunctioning has been linked to pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease. Our study thus provides invaluable resources for investigating mechanisms connecting gut microbiota and host pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vaga
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Andreasson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Agréus
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junseok Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, & Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
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4
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Miller AL, Pasternak JA, Medeiros NJ, Nicastro LK, Tursi SA, Hansen EG, Krochak R, Sokaribo AS, MacKenzie KD, Palmer MB, Herman DJ, Watson NL, Zhang Y, Wilson HL, Wilson RP, White AP, Tükel Ç. In vivo synthesis of bacterial amyloid curli contributes to joint inflammation during S. Typhimurium infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008591. [PMID: 32645118 PMCID: PMC7347093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis, an autoimmune disorder, occurs following gastrointestinal infection with invasive enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica. Curli, an extracellular, bacterial amyloid with cross beta-sheet structure can trigger inflammatory responses by stimulating pattern recognition receptors. Here we show that S. Typhimurium produces curli amyloids in the cecum and colon of mice after natural oral infection, in both acute and chronic infection models. Production of curli was associated with an increase in anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and joint inflammation in infected mice. The negative impacts on the host appeared to be dependent on invasive systemic exposure of curli to immune cells. We hypothesize that in vivo synthesis of curli contributes to known complications of enteric infections and suggest that cross-seeding interactions can occur between pathogen-produced amyloids and amyloidogenic proteins of the host. Our manuscript focuses on curli, a ‘functional amyloid’ produced by Salmonella as well as other enteric bacteria. We present the first biochemical evidence that these fibers are produced in the gastrointestinal tract of mice after oral infection, the natural route for Salmonella infections. This finding is significant because of the immune impacts on the host; we show that curli cause an increase in autoimmunity and inflammation in the knee joints of infected mice. Reactive arthritis is a known autoimmune complication after enteric infections and our results indicate that presence of curli in the gut provides a novel linchpin of pathogenesis. As curli or curli-like amyloids are also produced by the commensal bacteria, it is possible that the unintended release of amyloids produced by the microbiota could trigger similar autoimmune reactions. Finally, our work provides conceptual evidence for the possibility of cross-seeding between bacterial amyloids like curli and human amyloids involved in amyloid-associated diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease via the gut microbiome or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren K. Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Tursi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ryan Krochak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Melissa B. Palmer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nikole L. Watson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R. Paul Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
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Umu ÖCO, Mydland LT, Øverland M, Press CM, Sørum H. Rapeseed-based diet modulates the imputed functions of gut microbiome in growing-finishing pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9372. [PMID: 32523033 PMCID: PMC7287078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed meal is a sustainable feed ingredient that can be used as an alternative to imported soybean meal in European pig production. The gut microbiota plays an important role on pig physiology and health but the impact on microbiota of using rapeseed in diets is still not well known. In this study, 84 purebred Norwegian Landrace pigs with average initial weight of 25 kg were divided into two groups and fed for approximately three months with either a control diet containing soybean meal (CON) or a high-fiber experimental diet where 20% rapeseed meal (RSF) was included as an alternative to soybean meal in CON. The composition and function of microbiome in gut digesta samples were analyzed by performing 16S rRNA gene sequencing and culturing of bacteria. The microbiota diversity and composition were similar between the dietary treatments; however, relative abundance of a variety of bacterial groups and imputed functions of microbiome in the ileum and large intestine were altered when the pigs were fed with a rapeseed-based diet. It was notable that the immune-inducing bacterial group Mucispirillum and anti-inflammatory stimulating bacteria Lachnospira were more abundant in the ileum and large intestine of the RSF group, respectively. Moreover, there was a higher abundance of major amino acid fermenters and amylolytic bacteria in the CON group and a high abundance of putative short chain fatty acid producers in RSF group. In comparison with the CON group, the gut microbiome of RSF group possessed an enhanced potential for carbohydrate and energy metabolism and a reduced potential for bacterial pathogenicity-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Candan Onarman Umu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, N-0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
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Tong Q, Hu ZF, Du XP, Bie J, Wang HB. Effects of Seasonal Hibernation on the Similarities Between the Skin Microbiota and Gut Microbiota of an Amphibian (Rana dybowskii). Microb Ecol 2020; 79:898-909. [PMID: 31820074 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Both the gut and skin microbiotas have important functions for amphibians. The gut microbiota plays an important role in both the health and evolution of the host species, whereas the role of skin microbiota in disease resistance is particularly important for amphibians. Many studies have examined the effects of environmental factors on the skin and gut microbiotas, but no study has yet explored the similarities between the skin and gut microbiotas. In this study, the gut and skin microbiotas of Rana dybowskii in summer and winter were investigated via high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the alpha diversity of gut and skin microbiotas decreased significantly from summer to winter. In both seasons, the microbial composition and structure differed significantly between the gut and skin, and the similarities between these microbiotas differed between seasons. The pairwise distances between the gut and skin microbiotas were greater in winter than in summer. The ratio of core OTUs and shared OTUs to the sum of the OTUs in the gut and skin microbiotas in summer was significantly higher than that in winter. The similarities between the gut and skin microbiotas are important for understanding amphibian ecology and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zong-Fu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Bie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, China.
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7
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Conlon MA, Sambanthamurthi R, Tan YA, Sundram K, Fairus S, Abeywardena MY. Consumption of an Oil Palm Fruit Extract Promotes Large Bowel Health in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E644. [PMID: 32121179 PMCID: PMC7146302 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm fruit is widely used for edible oils, but the health benefits of other components are relatively unknown. We examined if consuming a polyphenol-rich extract of the fruit, from a vegetation by-product of oil processing, which also contains fibre, has gastro-intestinal benefits in rats on a Western-type diet (WD). The oil palm preparation (OPP) was added to food (OPP-F) or drinking water (OPP-D) to provide 50 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/d and compared to effects of high amylose maize starch (HAMS; 30%) in the diet or green tea extract (GT; 50 mg GAE/d) in drinking water over 4 wk. OPP treatments induced some significant effects (P < 0.05) compared to WD. OPP-D increased caecal digesta mass, caecal digesta concentrations of total SCFA, acetate and propionate (OPP-F increased caecal butyrate concentration), the numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells per colonic crypt, and caecal digesta abundance of some bacteria which may provide benefit to the host (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus). HAMS induced similar effects but with greater potency and had a broader impact on microbe populations, whereas GT had minimal impacts. These results suggest dietary OPP may benefit the large bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Yew Ai Tan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Kalyana Sundram
- Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
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Wang S, Zhang B, Chen T, Li C, Fu X, Huang Q. Chemical Cross-Linking Controls in Vitro Fecal Fermentation Rate of High-Amylose Maize Starches and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13728-13736. [PMID: 31617357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A slow fermentation rate of dietary fiber could result in a steady metabolite production release and even distribution in the entire colon, increasing the likelihood of meeting the energy requirements of the distal colon. In the present study, we modulated the fermentation rate in an in vitro human fecal fermentation model by applying chemical cross-linking modification to a type 2 resistant starch [i.e., high-amylose maize starch (HAMS)]. Cross-linking modification decreased the gas production (an indicator of the fermentation rate) of HAMS throughout the whole fermentation progress. The butyrate production rate of cross-linked starches decreased gradually with the increase of the cross-linking degree. Certain beneficial gut microbiota such as genera of Blautia and Clostridiales members were remarkably promoted by starches with low and medium cross-linking degrees, whereas HAMS with a high cross-linking degree obviously promoted the abundance of Bacteroides uniformis and Ruminococcus bromii. This finding reveals that cross-linking modification effectively controls the fermentation rate and highlights the modulation metabolite profiles and gut microbiota composition through chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901-8525 , United States
- School of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, National Research Center for Tropical Health Food, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Sino-Singapore International Research Institute , Guangzhou 510555 , China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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9
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Lin H, He C, Koprivsek JJ, Chen J, Zhou Z, Arulanandam B, Xu Z, Tang L, Zhong G. Antigen-Specific CD4 + T Cell-Derived Gamma Interferon Is Both Necessary and Sufficient for Clearing Chlamydia from the Small Intestine but Not the Large Intestine. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00055-19. [PMID: 30962403 PMCID: PMC6529659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00055-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genital tract pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is frequently detected in the gastrointestinal tract, but the host immunity that regulates chlamydial colonization in the gut remains unclear. In a Chlamydia muridarum-C57 mouse model, chlamydial organisms are cleared from the genital tract in ∼4 weeks, but the genital organisms can spread to the gastrointestinal tract. We found that the gastrointestinal chlamydial organisms were cleared from the small intestine by day 28, paralleling their infection course in the genital tract, but persisted in the large intestine for long periods. Mice deficient in α/β T cells or CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells showed chlamydial persistence in the small intestine, indicating a critical role for CD4+ T cells in clearing Chlamydia from the small intestine. The CD4+ T cell-dependent clearance is likely mediated by gamma interferon (IFN-γ), since mice deficient in IFN-γ but not interleukin 22 (IL-22) signaling pathways rescued chlamydial colonization in the small intestine. Furthermore, exogenous IFN-γ was sufficient for clearing Chlamydia from the small intestine but not the large intestine. Mice deficient in developing Chlamydia-specific Th1 immunity showed chlamydial persistence in the small intestine. Finally, IFN-γ-producing CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells from immunized donor mice were sufficient for eliminating Chlamydia from the small intestine but not the large intestine of recipient mice. Thus, we have demonstrated a critical role for Th1 immunity in clearing Chlamydia from the small intestine but not the large intestine, indicating that chlamydial colonization in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by distinct immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Conghui He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - John J Koprivsek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bernard Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lingli Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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10
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Kårlund A, Gómez-Gallego C, Turpeinen AM, Palo-Oja OM, El-Nezami H, Kolehmainen M. Protein Supplements and Their Relation with Nutrition, Microbiota Composition and Health: Is More Protein Always Better for Sportspeople? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040829. [PMID: 31013719 PMCID: PMC6521232 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition products are developed and targeted mainly for athletes to improve their nutrient intake, performance, and muscle growth. The fastest growing consumer groups for these products are recreational sportspeople and lifestyle users. Although athletes may have elevated physiological protein requirements and they may benefit from dietary supplements, the evidence regarding the role of dietary protein and supplements in the nutrition of recreational sportspeople and sedentary populations is somewhat complex and contradictory. In high-protein diets, more undigested protein-derived constituents end up in the large intestine compared to moderate or low-protein diets, and hence, more bacterial amino acid metabolism takes place in the colon, having both positive and negative systemic and metabolic effects on the host. The aim of the present review is to summarize the impact of the high-protein products and diets on nutrition and health, in sportspeople and in sedentary consumers. We are opening the debate about the current protein intake recommendations, with an emphasis on evidence-based effects on intestinal microbiota and personalized guidelines regarding protein and amino acid supplementation in sportspeople and lifestyle consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Outi-Maaria Palo-Oja
- Business School, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Schmitz JM, Tonkonogy SL, Dogan B, Leblond A, Whitehead KJ, Kim SC, Simpson KW, Sartor RB. Murine Adherent and Invasive E. coli Induces Chronic Inflammation and Immune Responses in the Small and Large Intestines of Monoassociated IL-10-/- Mice Independent of Long Polar Fimbriae Adhesin A. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:875-885. [PMID: 30576451 PMCID: PMC6458545 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is preferentially associated with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). The role of AIEC in the development of inflammation and its regional tropism is unresolved. The presence of long polar fimbriae (LPF) in 71% of ileal CD AIEC suggests a role for LPF in the tropism and virulence of AIEC. The aim of our study is to determine if AIEC, with or without LpfA, induces intestinal inflammation in monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. METHODS We compared murine AIEC strains NC101 (phylogroup B2, LpfA-) and CUMT8 (phylogroup B1, LpfA+), and isogenic mutant CUMT8 lacking lpfA154, with a non-AIEC (E. coli K12), evaluating histologic inflammation, bacterial colonization, mucosal adherence and invasion, and immune activation. RESULTS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with AIEC (either CUMT8, CUMT8:ΔlpfA, or NC101) but not K12 developed diffuse small intestinal and colonic inflammation. There was no difference in the magnitude and distribution of inflammation in mice colonized with CUMT8:ΔlpfA compared with wild-type CUMT8. Bacterial colonization was similar for all E. coli strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed mucosal adherence and tissue invasion by AIEC but not K12. Production of the cytokines IL-12/23 p40 by the intestinal tissue and IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4 T cells correlated with inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with murine AIEC irrespective of LpfA expression developed chronic inflammation accompanied by IL-12/23 p40 production in the small and large intestines and IFN-γ/IL-17 production by CD4 T cells that model the interplay between enteric pathosymbionts, host susceptibility, and enhanced immune responses in people with IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Adhesion
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/pathology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/immunology
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/pathology
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schmitz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan L Tonkonogy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Belgin Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Anna Leblond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kristi J Whitehead
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sandra C Kim
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill and Raleigh, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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12
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Keasey SL, Suh MJ, Das S, Blancett CD, Zeng X, Andresson T, Sun MG, Ulrich RG. Decreased Antibiotic Susceptibility Driven by Global Remodeling of the Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:657-668. [PMID: 30617156 PMCID: PMC6442359 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can circumvent the effect of antibiotics by transitioning to a poorly understood physiological state that does not involve conventional genetic elements of resistance. Here we examine antibiotic susceptibility with a Class A β-lactamase+ invasive strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae that was isolated from a lethal outbreak within laboratory colonies of Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus monkeys. Bacterial responses to the ribosomal synthesis inhibitors streptomycin and doxycycline resulted in distinct proteomic adjustments that facilitated decreased susceptibility to each antibiotic. Drug-specific changes to proteomes included proteins for receptor-mediated membrane transport and sugar utilization, central metabolism, and capsule production, whereas mechanisms common to both antibiotics included elevated scavenging of reactive oxygen species and turnover of misfolded proteins. Resistance to combined antibiotics presented integrated adjustments to protein levels as well as unique drug-specific proteomic features. Our results demonstrate that dampening of Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility involves global remodeling of the bacterial proteome to counter the effects of antibiotics and stabilize growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Keasey
- From the ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland;; Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Moo-Jin Suh
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sudipto Das
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Candace D Blancett
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Mei G Sun
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert G Ulrich
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;.
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13
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Schmidt TSB, Hayward MR, Coelho LP, Li SS, Costea PI, Voigt AY, Wirbel J, Maistrenko OM, Alves RJC, Bergsten E, de Beaufort C, Sobhani I, Heintz-Buschart A, Sunagawa S, Zeller G, Wilmes P, Bork P. Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract. eLife 2019; 8:e42693. [PMID: 30747106 PMCID: PMC6424576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is abundantly colonized by microbes, yet the translocation of oral species to the intestine is considered a rare aberrant event, and a hallmark of disease. By studying salivary and fecal microbial strain populations of 310 species in 470 individuals from five countries, we found that transmission to, and subsequent colonization of, the large intestine by oral microbes is common and extensive among healthy individuals. We found evidence for a vast majority of oral species to be transferable, with increased levels of transmission in colorectal cancer and rheumatoid arthritis patients and, more generally, for species described as opportunistic pathogens. This establishes the oral cavity as an endogenous reservoir for gut microbial strains, and oral-fecal transmission as an important process that shapes the gastrointestinal microbiome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas SB Schmidt
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthew R Hayward
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Luis P Coelho
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Simone S Li
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Paul I Costea
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anita Y Voigt
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jakob Wirbel
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Oleksandr M Maistrenko
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Renato JC Alves
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
- Joint PhD programmeEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Emma Bergsten
- Department of Gastroenterology and EA7375 -EC2M3APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est CréteilCréteilFrance
| | - Carine de Beaufort
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Clinique PédiatriqueCentre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Iradj Sobhani
- Department of Gastroenterology and EA7375 -EC2M3APHP and UPEC Université Paris-Est CréteilCréteilFrance
| | | | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
- Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU)European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Bioinformatics, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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14
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Kim HJ, Shin SI, Lee SJ, Moon TW, Lee CJ. Screening and selection of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from human feces capable of utilizing resistant starch. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:5901-5907. [PMID: 30009448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant starch (RS) has been studied for its ability to serve as a substrate for the microbiota present in the human large intestine and for its beneficial physiological effects. The aim of this study was to screen and select novel strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the genus Bifidobacterium isolated from human fecal samples for further application as probiotics relying on their utilization of RS3, a prebiotic. RESULTS LAB were isolated from human fecal samples, based on their ability to utilize RS3 as a carbon source. Consequently, two LAB were identified as Bifidobacterium adolescentis based on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, and molecular biological analysis. The RS3-utilizing ability of these isolates was shown by the rapid decrease in pH of RS3-MRS media and by the pinhole traces on the surface of RS3 particles. Isolated B. adolescentis JSC2 was shown to be negative for β-glucuronidase, suggesting that it would be safe for human use, and was found to be tolerant towards the acidic, bile-salt environment. CONCLUSION This synbiotics approach of B. adolescentis JCS2, an RS-utilizing probiotics, coupled with RS utilization, is expected to enhance RS utilization in the food industry and be beneficial for the promotion of human health. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ick Shin
- R&D Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chungkang College of Cultural Industries, Icheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wha Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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15
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Reese AT, Pereira FC, Schintlmeister A, Berry D, Wagner M, Hale LP, Wu A, Jiang S, Durand HK, Zhou X, Premont RT, Diehl AM, O'Connell TM, Alberts SC, Kartzinel TR, Pringle RM, Dunn RR, Wright JP, David LA. Microbial nitrogen limitation in the mammalian large intestine. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1441-1450. [PMID: 30374168 PMCID: PMC6264799 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resource limitation is a fundamental factor governing the composition and function of ecological communities. However, the role of resource supply in structuring the intestinal microbiome has not been established and represents a challenge for mammals that rely on microbial symbionts for digestion: too little supply might starve the microbiome while too much might starve the host. We present evidence that microbiota occupy a habitat that is limited in total nitrogen supply within the large intestines of 30 mammal species. Lowering dietary protein levels in mice reduced their faecal concentrations of bacteria. A gradient of stoichiometry along the length of the gut was consistent with the hypothesis that intestinal nitrogen limitation results from host absorption of dietary nutrients. Nitrogen availability is also likely to be shaped by host-microbe interactions: levels of host-secreted nitrogen were altered in germ-free mice and when bacterial loads were reduced via experimental antibiotic treatment. Single-cell spectrometry revealed that members of the phylum Bacteroidetes consumed nitrogen in the large intestine more readily than other commensal taxa did. Our findings support a model where nitrogen limitation arises from preferential host use of dietary nutrients. We speculate that this resource limitation could enable hosts to regulate microbial communities in the large intestine. Commensal microbiota may have adapted to nitrogen-limited settings, suggesting one reason why excess dietary protein has been associated with degraded gut-microbial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen T Reese
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fátima C Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anchi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather K Durand
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiyou Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tyler R Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Genda T, Kondo T, Sugiura S, Hino S, Shimamoto S, Nakamura T, Ukita S, Morita T. Bacterial Fermentation of Water-Soluble Cellulose Acetate Raises Large-Bowel Acetate and Propionate and Decreases Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations in Rats. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11909-11916. [PMID: 30354117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that water-soluble cellulose acetate (WSCA) could be useful tool for the delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the large intestine. Rats were fed a control diet or a diet containing graded levels of WSCA for up to 21 days. Consuming WSCA dose-dependently increased large-bowel acetate and propionate concentrations through the bacterial fermentation. When WSCA was used as substrate, acetyl esterase activity in the cecal bacteria was detected solely in rats fed WSCA, in which the activity increased over time accompanied by an increased number of Bacteroides xylanisolvens. Consuming WSCA at a 4% level increased the goblet cell numbers and mucin contents in the cecum and lowered plasma cholesterol concentrations, which tended to correlate with the portal plasma concentrations of propionate. The results suggest that bacterial fermentation of WSCA is characterized by the greater production of acetate and propionate, which may contribute to the physiologic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Genda
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shunsaku Sugiura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shingo Hino
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Shu Shimamoto
- Daicel Corporation , Konan 2-18-1 , Minatoku , Tokyo 108-8230 , Japan
| | | | - Shizuka Ukita
- Daicel Corporation , Konan 2-18-1 , Minatoku , Tokyo 108-8230 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
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Yoon H, Schaubeck M, Lagkouvardos I, Blesl A, Heinzlmeir S, Hahne H, Clavel T, Panda S, Ludwig C, Kuster B, Manichanh C, Kump P, Haller D, Hörmannsperger G. Increased Pancreatic Protease Activity in Response to Antibiotics Impairs Gut Barrier and Triggers Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:370-388.e3. [PMID: 30182050 PMCID: PMC6121113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Antibiotic (ABx) therapy is associated with increased risk for Crohn's disease but underlying mechanisms are unknown. We observed high fecal serine protease activity (PA) to be a frequent side effect of ABx therapy. The aim of the present study was to unravel whether this rise in large intestinal PA may promote colitis development via detrimental effects on the large intestinal barrier. Methods Transwell experiments were used to assess the impact of high PA in ABx-treated patients or vancomycin/metronidazole-treated mice on the epithelial barrier. Serine protease profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis. The impact of high large intestinal PA on the intestinal barrier in wild-type and interleukin (IL)10-/- mice and on colitis development in IL10-/- mice was investigated using vancomycin/metronidazole with or without oral serine protease inhibitor (AEBSF) treatment. Results The ABx-induced, high large intestinal PA was caused by significantly increased levels of pancreatic proteases and impaired epithelial barrier integrity. In wild-type mice, the rise in PA caused a transient increase in intestinal permeability but did not affect susceptibility to chemically induced acute colitis. In IL10-/- mice, increased PA caused a consistent impairment of the intestinal barrier associated with inflammatory activation in the large intestinal tissue. In the long term, the vancomycin/metronidazole-induced lasting increase in PA aggravated colitis development in IL10-/- mice. Conclusions High large intestinal PA is a frequent adverse effect of ABx therapy, which is detrimental to the large intestinal barrier and may contribute to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in susceptible individuals.
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Key Words
- ABx, antibiotics
- AEBSF, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Epithelial Barrier
- GF, germ-free
- Gut Microbiota
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
- PA, protease activity
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethane-sulfonylfluoride
- SPF, specific pathogen-free
- Serine Proteases
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- V/M, vancomycin/metronidazole
- WT, wild-type
- cecal-sup, cecal-supernatants
- ctr, control
- stool-sup, stool-supernatants
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsup Yoon
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Monika Schaubeck
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroimmunology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Technische Universität München, Junior Research Group Microbial Bioinformatics, ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andreas Blesl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hannes Hahne
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- OmicScouts GmbH, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- RWTH University Hospital, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Functional Microbiome Research Group, Aachen, Germany
| | - Suchita Panda
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Digestive Research Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Patrizia Kump
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk Haller
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hörmannsperger
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Skrypnik K, Suliburska J. Association between the gut microbiota and mineral metabolism. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2449-2460. [PMID: 28991359 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the most recent scientific evidence of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and minerals, and the effect of this interaction on the health of the host. The Web of Science database from the years 2013-2017 on this topic was reviewed. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that iron significantly affects the intestinal microbiota. However, Bifidobacteriaceae are capable of binding iron in the large intestine, thereby limiting the formation of free radicals synthesized in the presence of iron, and thus reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Animal studies have revealed that supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has a significant effect on bone calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism. The dynamic interaction between microbiota and zinc was shown. Human studies have provided evidence of the influence of probiotic bacteria on parathormone, calcium and phosphate levels and thus on bone resorption. Recent studies have produced new information mainly on the impact of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of calcium and iron. From a scientific perspective, the most urgent fields that remain to be investigated are the identification of all human gut microbes and new therapies targeting the interaction between intestinal bacteria and minerals. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Jung ES, Park HM, Hyun SM, Shon JC, Singh D, Liu KH, Whon TW, Bae JW, Hwang JS, Lee CH. The green tea modulates large intestinal microbiome and exo/endogenous metabolome altered through chronic UVB-exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187154. [PMID: 29117187 PMCID: PMC5695601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The attenuating effects of green tea supplements (GTS) against the ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced skin damages are distinguished. However, the concomitant effects of GTS on the large intestinal microbiomes and associated metabolomes are largely unclear. Herein, we performed an integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis to uncover the esoteric links between gut microbiome and exo/endogenous metabolome maneuvered in the large intestine of UVB-exposed mice subjected to dietary GTS. In UVB-exposed mice groups (UVB), class Bacilli and order Bifidobacteriales were observed as discriminant taxa with decreased lysophospholipid levels compared to the unexposed mice groups subjected to normal diet (NOR). Conversely, in GTS fed UVB-exposed mice (U+GTS), the gut-microbiome diversity was greatly enhanced with enrichment in the classes, Clostridia and Erysipelotrichia, as well as genera, Allobaculum and Lachnoclostridium. Additionally, the gut endogenous metabolomes changed with an increase in amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, and bile acids contents coupled with a decrease in nucleobases and carbohydrate levels. The altered metabolomes exhibited high correlations with GTS enriched intestinal microflora. Intriguingly, the various conjugates of green tea catechins viz., sulfated, glucuronided, and methylated ones including their exogenous derivatives were detected from large intestinal contents and liver samples. Hence, we conjecture that the metabolic conversions for the molecular components in GTS strongly influenced the gut micro-environment in UVB-exposed mice groups, ergo modulate their gut-microbiome as well as exo/endogenous metabolomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Hyun
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (CHL)
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSH); (CHL)
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20
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Deng YF, Liu YY, Zhang YT, Wang Y, Liang JB, Tufarelli V, Laudadio V, Liao XD. Efficacy and role of inulin in mitigation of enteric sulfur-containing odor in pigs. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:2382-2391. [PMID: 27664398 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and role of inulin in the mitigation of enteric sulfur-containing odor gases hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3 SH) in pigs were examined in this study. Twelve Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire male finisher pigs (60.7 ± 1.9 kg), housed individually in open-circuit respiration chambers, were randomly assigned to two dietary groups, namely basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) inulin. At the end of the 45 day experiment, pigs were slaughtered and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, sulfate radical (SO42- ) concentration, population of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and expression of methionine gamma-lyase (MGL) gene were determined in contents from the caecum, colon (two segments) and rectum. Metabonomic analysis was used to compare differences in biochemical composition, and the Illumina MiSeq procedure to investigate differences in bacterial components, in the different parts of the large intestine between inulin-supplemented and inulin-free (control) groups. RESULTS Inulin decreased (P < 0.05) the average daily enteric H2 S and CH3 SH production by 12.4 and 12.1% respectively. The concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate in the large intestinal content were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with inulin treatment, whereas valerate concentration and MGL mRNA expression decreased (P < 0.05). The growth of Lactobacillus, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium butyricum was stimulated, while that of Desulfovibrio, the dominant SRB, was inhibited, and there was an accumulation of SO42- in the large intestinal content of the inulin-supplemented pigs, suggesting that inulin mitigates H2 S generation from the SO42- reduction pathway by reducing the growth of SRB. CONCLUSION The results showed that inulin mitigates CH3 SH generation via three methionine degradation metabolic pathways and H2 S generation from two cysteine degradation metabolic pathways, thus resulting in increased synthesis of these two sulfur-containing amino acids in the pig large intestine. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fan Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi-Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Enterprise Laboratory of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Environment Control, Xinxing, China
| | - Juan-Boo Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Study of Bari 'Aldo Moro', I-70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Study of Bari 'Aldo Moro', I-70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Xin-Di Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Enterprise Laboratory of Healthy Animal Husbandry and Environment Control, Xinxing, China
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21
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Zhang Y, Simon SE, Johnson JA, Allen MS. Spatial Microbial Composition Along the Gastrointestinal Tract of Captive Attwater's Prairie Chicken. Microb Ecol 2017; 73:966-977. [PMID: 27752719 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important component of individual health, and therefore, our ability to quantify its diversity accurately is central for exploring different ways to improve health. Non-invasive sampling methods, such as cloaca swabs, are often used to measure gastrointestinal microbiota diversity within an individual. However, few studies have addressed to what degree differences exist in microbial community composition along the gastrointestinal tract, and measures obtained from the cloaca may not actually represent the diversity present elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we systematically characterized the gastrointestinal microbial community of the critically endangered Attwater's Prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) by opportunistically sampling four different locations (ileum, cecum, large intestine, and cloaca) along the gastrointestinal tract of eight individuals. Spatial variation of microbial community was observed at different sampling locations within the gastrointestinal tract. The cecum harbored the most diverse and significantly different microbiota from the other locations, while the microbial α- and β-diversities were similar in the ileum, large intestine, and cloaca. The results of this study provide evidence that microbiota diversity can differ depending on sampling location and metric used to quantify diversity. As shown here, non-invasive cloacal sampling strategies may reflect microbiota diversity elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, yet caution is warranted when making generalizations in terms of the microbiota diversity correlations when samples are obtained from a single location within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
- Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Stephanie E Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jeff A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Michael S Allen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
- Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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22
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Yao W, Yang C, Wen Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Ma Q, Ji P, Hua Y, Wei Y. Treatment effects and mechanisms of Yujin Powder on rat model of large intestine dampness-heat syndrome. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 202:265-280. [PMID: 28330724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yujin Powder (YJP), an old prescription, is one of the most classical prescription for treating the large intestine dampness-heat syndrome (LIDHS). However, its potential modern pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to explore the essence of LIDHS and treatment mechanisms of the YJP on the LIDHS. METHODS The rat model of LIDHS was established by such complex factors as high-sugar and high-fat diet, improper diet, high temperature and humidity environment (HTHE), drinking and intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli., which imitated the inducing conditions of LIDHS. Then the clinical symptoms and signs, blood routine, blood biochemistry, whole blood viscosity (WBV), serum inflammatory cytokines levels and the histopathological changes of main organs were detected and observed, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that the clinical symptoms and signs of the model rats were consistent with the diagnostic criteria of LIDHS, moreover, there were obvious systemic inflammatory response and extensive congestion. And after treatment with YJP in different dosages, the clinical symptoms and signs of the rats with LIDHS were improved; the indexes of blood routine and blood biochemistry and inflammatory cytokines levels tended to be normal; the WBV decreased and histopathological changes of major organs were alleviated or returned to normal. There was an obvious dose-effect relationship, and the high dose of YJP (HD-YJP) had the best treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that in LIDHS, diarrhea was the major clinical manifestation; the large intestine was the main lesion area; mucosa injury, inflammation and congestion of the large intestine with systemic inflammatory response and congestion were the most typical pathological characteristics. Meanwhile, YJP exhibited the comprehensive effects of anti-diarrhea, anti-inflammation, lowering blood lipid, relieving blood stasis, repairing intestinal mucosa and regulation and protection of multiple organs on LIDHS. These findings provided not only important information for understanding the essence of LIDHS but also the theoretical basis for developing new-drugs for treating dampness-heat type of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Chaoxue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yanqiao Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Wangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Qi Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yongli Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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Kairkhanova Y, Chaizhunusоva N, Urazalin M, Stepanenko V, Hоshi M. [RESEARCH OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN THE RATS FOLLOWING THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL IRRADIATION]. Georgian Med News 2017:103-109. [PMID: 28480860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was comparative investigation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of large intestinal microflora following internal (by dispersed powdered 56Mn) and internal exposure of Wistar rats. Ten weeks-old male Wistar rats were used. Rats were divided into four groups: L-56Mn group with 12 rats, H-56Mn with ten rats, 60Co group with nine rats and control group with nine rats. L-56Mn and H-56Mn groups were exposed to two different doses of 56MnO2 powder. 60Co group received 2 Gy of external 60Co γ-ray whole body irradiation. Totally 40 rats. Three rats from each group were sacrificed throw 6 hours and on days 3, 14, and 60 after the exposure. Animals were examined throw 6 hours and on days 3, 14 and 60 after exposure. Although the absorbed doses in large intestine were only 0.69 and 1.90 Gy in 56Mn exposed groups, respectively, changes in large intestinal microflora were evident. After 6 hours and on day 3 after 56Mn exposure amount of main representatives of large intestinal microflora (Bifidobacterium and lactobacilli) was decreased in the dose dependent manner. On the other hand, the amount of conditionally pathogenic bacteria was increased. These changes were persistent even on day 14. External 60Co γ-irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy also changed the intestinal microflora, but these changes were not persistent and on day 14 after irradiation returned to the control level. Our data suggest that internal exposure to dispersed powdered 56Mn has a significant biological impact on the intestinal microflora for a prolonged period of time, when it is compared with the effects of external radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kairkhanova
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan; A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia; Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N Chaizhunusоva
- 1Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan; A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia; 3Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Urazalin
- 1Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan; A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia; 3Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - V Stepanenko
- 1Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan; A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia; 3Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Hоshi
- 1Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan; A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center - National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia; 3Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ogata S, Shimizu K, Tominaga S, Nakanishi K. Immunohistochemical study of mucins in human intestinal spirochetosis. Hum Pathol 2017; 62:126-133. [PMID: 28188751 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS; a colorectal bacterial infection caused by Brachyspira species) seem asymptomatic, and its pathogenicity remains unclear. Recently, alterations in mucin expression were reported in animal Brachyspira infection. The present question was "Is mucin expression altered in HIS?" Using antibodies for MUCs 1, 2, 4, 5AC, and 6, we immunohistochemically compared 215 specimens from 83 histology-confirmed HIS cases with 106 specimens from 26 non-HIS cases. Positive staining (which included even focal positive staining) was rated "high (+)" or "low (+)." Results were analyzed for 4 categories of lesions, and associations between MUC expression and spirochetal presence were also analyzed. In the "specimens without polyps or adenocarcinoma" category, high (+) MUC2 positivity was more frequent in HIS than in control. In the hyperplasia/serrated polyp category, in HIS (versus control), the MUC5AC positivity rate was lower, whereas high (+) MUC4 positivity was more frequent. In the conventional adenoma category, in HIS (versus control), the MUC1 positivity rate was lower, whereas both high (+) MUC2 positivity and high (+) MUC5AC positivity were less frequent. In the adenocarcinoma category, high (+) MUC2 positivity was more frequent in HIS than in control. Among the above mucins, only MUC1 positivity was significantly associated with an absence of the so-called fringe formation, an absence of spiral organisms within mucus, and an absence of strong immunopositive materials within the epithelial layer and within the subepithelial layer. The results suggest that Brachyspira infection or a related change in the microbiome may alter the large intestine mucin expression profile in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ogata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, JCHO Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Saitama 330-0074, Japan.
| | - Ken Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, JCHO Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Saitama 330-0074, Japan
| | - Susumu Tominaga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nakanishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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Hui L, Dai Y, Guo Z, Zhang J, Zheng F, Bian X, Wu Z, Jiang Q, Guo M, Ma K, Zhang J. Immunoregulation effects of different γδT cells and toll-like receptor signaling pathways in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6077. [PMID: 28225489 PMCID: PMC5569415 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to observe cytokine and T-cell-related toll-like-receptor (TLR) changes in intestinal samples of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis patients.Four necrotic bowels were collected from neonatal NEC patients with gestational ages of 28 to 29 weeks in our hospital, whereas 4 neonatal patients who underwent intestinal atresia surgery served as the controls. Intestinal flora was examined and IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in resected intestine samples, as well as in isolated gamma delta T (γδT) cells, were analyzed immunohistochemically and via quantitative RT-PCR. γδT cells were isolated from the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their TLR4/TLR9 distribution in the intestinal tissues was determined by flow cytometry.The bacterial flora of the neonatal NEC patients' contained significantly higher amounts of Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, and Bacteroides but anaerobic Gram-positive Bifidobacteria occurred significantly less in the NEC than the control group. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in the resected intestine samples and in isolated γδT cells were enhanced in NEC samples compared to the controls. γδT cells were less prevalent in NEC-derived intestinal tissues, but their TLR4/TLR9 expressions were significantly enhanced.The changed bacterial flora in preterm neonatal NEC patients led to an obvious inflammation of the intestines, which was accompanied by reductions of γδT cell localizations to the intestine and a shift of their surface expressions to TLR4 and TLR9.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/surgery
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestinal Atresia/immunology
- Intestinal Atresia/microbiology
- Intestinal Atresia/pathology
- Intestinal Atresia/surgery
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Large/surgery
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/surgery
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Xiangli Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Ke Ma
- Emergency Department, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
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Liu Z, Shen J, Zhu W. [Interaction between microflora and nitrogen nutrients in large intestine and its impacts on host health]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2017; 57:8-14. [PMID: 29746055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are not only the main building blocks for the construction of tissue, but also crucial for metabolic activity in animals. The microbial community colonized in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in host nutrients metabolism, especially nitrogen nutrients. Bacteria in small intestine could metabolize parts of amino acids (AAs), which further affects the systemic AAs metabolism of host. Compared with that in small intestine, the density of bacteria is much higher and the retention time of chyme is much longer in large intestine. On the one hand, the metabolism and community structure of microflora could be affected by nitrogen nutrients entering the large intestine. Thus, the metabolism of nitrogen nutrients by large intestinal microflora can lead to the formation of several metabolites, which are generally presumed to be detrimental for the host health. This review summarized the effects of dietary protein on the community structure of large intestinal microflora, the microbial metabolites of AAs in large intestine and their impacts on intestinal physiology and host health.
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Ogata S, Shimizu K, Oda T, Tominaga S, Nakanishi K. Immunohistochemical detection of human intestinal spirochetosis. Hum Pathol 2016; 58:128-133. [PMID: 27581381 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS) is a colorectal infection by Brachyspira species of spiral bacteria. Immunohistochemical cross-reaction to an antibody for Treponema pallidum aids its histologic diagnosis. This study's aim was to analyze the immunohistochemical characteristics of HIS. In this analysis, on 223 specimens from 83 HIS cases, we focused on so-called fringe formation (a histologic hallmark of HIS), spiral organisms within mucus or within crypts, and strong immunopositive materials in the mucosa, together with their location and the types of lesions. Fringe formation was found in 81.6% of all specimens and spiral organisms within mucus or within crypts in 97.3% and 57.0%, respectively. Strong immunopositive materials were observed in the surface epithelial layer in 87.9%, in the subepithelial layer in 94.6%, and in deeper mucosa in 2.2% of all specimens. The positive rates in conventional adenomas (24.0%, n = 146) and hyperplastic nodules (100%, n = 17) were each different from that found in inflammation (70.8%, n = 24), and spiral organisms were seen more frequently in the right-side large intestine than in the left (within mucus, 100%, n = 104 versus 95.0%, n = 119; within crypts, 65.4%, n = 104 versus 49.6%, n = 119). Thus, immunohistochemistry was effective not only in supporting the diagnosis of HIS but also in highlighting spiral organisms within mucus or crypts that were invisible in routine histology. Possibly, these spiral organisms may spread throughout the entire large intestine, although there is a potential problem with antibody specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ogata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, JCHO Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, 330-0074, Japan.
| | - Ken Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, JCHO Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, 330-0074, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Susumu Tominaga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nakanishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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Titov VN, Aripovskii AV, Schekotov VV, Schekotova AP, Kukharchuk VV. [The oleic triglycerides of palm oil and palmitic triglycerides of creamy fat. The reaction of palmitoylation, potassium and magnesium palmitate, absorption of fatty acids by enterocytes and microbiota of large intestine]. Klin Lab Diagn 2016; 61:452-461. [PMID: 30601634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The decreasing of content of animal, palmitic milk fat (butter) by means of its substitution with vegetable, oleic, palmy oil in food of adults optimal by its quantity is physically chemically and biologically substantiated. In oleic palmy oil higher content of oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid and oleic triglycerides than in creamy fat is established. The biologic availability of palmitic unsaturated palmitic acid in the form of free fatty acid is decreased at its absorption by enterocytes of small intestines is detected. There are no transforms of mono unsaturated acids in palmy oil in contrast with hydrogenated margarines. In palmy, oleic oil there is not enough of short-chained fatty acids (C4-C6) and it has no taste quality and it has low level of unsaturated fatty acids and factually it is lacking of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, it is compensated in case of availability offish and sea products in food. If adults, especially older ones, will refuse to consume creamy fat and decrease intake of products with high content of palmitic unsaturated fatty acid and palmitic triglycerides (beef, sour cream, fatty cheeses) it'll positively impact their health. The refusal from these products is a real step in prevention of metabolic pandemic (atherosclerosis and atheromatosis, metabolic syndrome, resistance to insulin, obesity). There are still large number of people who at optimal amount of food retain in vivo increased amount of exogenous, endogenously synthesized from glucose palmitic unsaturated fatty acid in the form of unesterified fatty acids (syndrome of resistance to insulin) and increased content of palmitic triglycerides.
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Venkataraman A, Sieber JR, Schmidt AW, Waldron C, Theis KR, Schmidt TM. Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch. Microbiome 2016; 4:33. [PMID: 27357127 PMCID: PMC4928258 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fermentation of dietary fiber to various organic acids is a beneficial function provided by the microbiota in the human large intestine. In particular, butyric acid contributes to host health by facilitating maintenance of epithelial integrity, regulating inflammation, and influencing gene expression in colonocytes. We sought to increase the concentration of butyrate in 20 healthy young adults through dietary supplementation with resistant starch (unmodified potato starch-resistant starch (RS) type 2). METHODS Fecal samples were collected from individuals to characterize butyrate concentration via liquid chromatography and composition of the microbiota via surveys of 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences from the Illumina MiSeq platform. Random Forest and LEfSe analyses were used to associate responses in butyrate production to features of the microbiota. RESULTS RS supplementation increased fecal butyrate concentrations in this cohort from 8 to 12 mmol/kg wet feces, but responses varied widely between individuals. Individuals could be categorized into three groups based upon butyrate concentrations before and during RS: enhanced, high, and low (n = 11, 3, and 6, respectively). Fecal butyrate increased by 67 % in the enhanced group (from 9 to 15 mmol/kg), while it remained ≥11 mmol/kg in the high group and ≤8 mmol/kg in the low group. Microbiota analyses revealed that the relative abundance of RS-degrading organisms-Bifidobacterium adolescentis or Ruminococcus bromii-increased from ~2 to 9 % in the enhanced and high groups, but remained at ~1.5 % in the low group. The lack of increase in RS-degrading bacteria in the low group may explain why there was no increase in fecal butyrate in response to RS. The microbiota of individuals in the high group were characterized by an elevated abundance of the butyrogenic microbe Eubacterium rectale (~6 % in high vs. 3 % in enhanced and low groups) throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS We document the heterogeneous responses in butyrate concentrations upon RS supplementation and identify characteristic of the microbiota that appear to underlie this variation. This study complements and extends other studies that call for personalized approaches to manage beneficial functions provided by gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Venkataraman
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - J. R. Sieber
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
- />Present address: Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - A. W. Schmidt
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - C. Waldron
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - K. R. Theis
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
- />Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - T. M. Schmidt
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
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Beaumont M, Andriamihaja M, Lan A, Khodorova N, Audebert M, Blouin JM, Grauso M, Lancha L, Benetti PH, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Bouillaud F, Davila AM, Blachier F. Detrimental effects for colonocytes of an increased exposure to luminal hydrogen sulfide: The adaptive response. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:155-64. [PMID: 26849947 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein fermentation by the gut microbiota releases in the large intestine lumen various amino-acid derived metabolites. Among them, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in excess has been suspected to be detrimental for colonic epithelium energy metabolism and DNA integrity. The first objective of this study was to evaluate in rats the epithelial response to an increased exposure to H2S. Experiments from colonocyte incubation and intra-colonic instillation indicate that low millimolar concentrations of the sulfide donor NaHS reversibly inhibited colonocyte mitochondrial oxygen consumption and increased gene expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) together with inflammation-related genes namely inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) and interleukin-6 (Il-6). Additionally, rat colonocyte H2S detoxification capacity was severely impaired in the presence of nitric oxide. Based on the γH2AX ICW technique, NaHS did not induce DNA damage in colonocytes. Since H2S is notably produced by the gut microbiota from sulfur containing amino acids, the second objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a high protein diet (HPD) on large intestine luminal sulfide content and on the expression of genes involved in H2S detoxification in colonocytes. We found that HPD markedly increased H2S content in the large intestine but the concomitant increase of the content mass maintained the luminal sulfide concentration. HPD also provoked an increase of sulfide quinone reductase (Sqr) gene expression in colonocytes, indicating an adaptive response to increased H2S bacterial production. In conclusion, low millimolar NaHS concentration severely affects colonocyte respiration in association with increased expression of genes associated with intestinal inflammation. Although HPD increases the sulfide content of the large intestine, the colonic adaptive responses to this modification limit the epithelial exposure to this deleterious bacterial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Blouin
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marta Grauso
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Robert Benamouzig
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes UMRS1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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Jiang Y, Xiong X, Danska J, Parkinson J. Metatranscriptomic analysis of diverse microbial communities reveals core metabolic pathways and microbiome-specific functionality. Microbiome 2016; 4:2. [PMID: 26757703 PMCID: PMC4710996 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metatranscriptomics is emerging as a powerful technology for the functional characterization of complex microbial communities (microbiomes). Use of unbiased RNA-sequencing can reveal both the taxonomic composition and active biochemical functions of a complex microbial community. However, the lack of established reference genomes, computational tools and pipelines make analysis and interpretation of these datasets challenging. Systematic studies that compare data across microbiomes are needed to demonstrate the ability of such pipelines to deliver biologically meaningful insights on microbiome function. RESULTS Here, we apply a standardized analytical pipeline to perform a comparative analysis of metatranscriptomic data from diverse microbial communities derived from mouse large intestine, cow rumen, kimchi culture, deep-sea thermal vent and permafrost. Sequence similarity searches allowed annotation of 19 to 76% of putative messenger RNA (mRNA) reads, with the highest frequency in the kimchi dataset due to its relatively low complexity and availability of closely related reference genomes. Metatranscriptomic datasets exhibited distinct taxonomic and functional signatures. From a metabolic perspective, we identified a common core of enzymes involved in amino acid, energy and nucleotide metabolism and also identified microbiome-specific pathways such as phosphonate metabolism (deep sea) and glycan degradation pathways (cow rumen). Integrating taxonomic and functional annotations within a novel visualization framework revealed the contribution of different taxa to metabolic pathways, allowing the identification of taxa that contribute unique functions. CONCLUSIONS The application of a single, standard pipeline confirms that the rich taxonomic and functional diversity observed across microbiomes is not simply an artefact of different analysis pipelines but instead reflects distinct environmental influences. At the same time, our findings show how microbiome complexity and availability of reference genomes can impact comprehensive annotation of metatranscriptomes. Consequently, beyond the application of standardized pipelines, additional caution must be taken when interpreting their output and performing downstream, microbiome-specific, analyses. The pipeline used in these analyses along with a tutorial has been made freely available for download from our project website: http://www.compsysbio.org/microbiome .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Xuejian Xiong
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Jayne Danska
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Departments of Biochemistry, Computer Science and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Mosele JI, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Metabolic and Microbial Modulation of the Large Intestine Ecosystem by Non-Absorbed Diet Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2015; 20:17429-68. [PMID: 26393570 PMCID: PMC6331829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a diverse group of phytochemicals whose intake is associated with a wide spectrum of health benefits. As consequence of their low bioavailability, most of them reach the large intestine where, mediated by the action of local microbiota, a series of related microbial metabolites are accumulated. In the present review, gut microbial transformations of non-absorbed phenolic compounds are summarized. Several studies have reached a general consensus that unbalanced diets are associated with undesirable changes in gut metabolism that could be detrimental to intestinal health. In terms of explaining the possible effects of non-absorbed phenolic compounds, we have also gathered information regarded their influence on the local metabolism. For this purpose, a number of issues are discussed. Firstly, we consider the possible implications of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of colonic products, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), sterols (cholesterol and bile acids), and microbial products of non-absorbed proteins. Due to their being recognized as affective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, the ability of phenolic compounds to counteract or suppress pro-oxidant and/or pro-inflammatory responses, triggered by bowel diseases, is also presented. The modulation of gut microbiota through dietetic maneuvers including phenolic compounds is also commented on. Although the available data seems to assume positive effects in terms of gut health protection, it is still insufficient for solid conclusions to be extracted, basically due to the lack of human trials to confirm the results obtained by the in vitro and animal studies. We consider that more emphasis should be focused on the study of phenolic compounds, particularly in their microbial metabolites, and their power to influence different aspects of gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
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Abstract
The gut microbiota profoundly affects the biology of its host. The composition of the microbiota is dynamic and is affected by both host genetic and many environmental effects. The gut microbiota of laboratory mice has been studied extensively, which has uncovered many of the effects that the microbiota can have. This work has also shown that the environments of different research institutions can affect the mouse microbiota. There has been relatively limited study of the microbiota of wild mice, but this has shown that it typically differs from that of laboratory mice (and that maintaining wild caught mice in the laboratory can quite quickly alter the microbiota). There is also inter-individual variation in the microbiota of wild mice, with this principally explained by geographical location. In this study we have characterised the gut (both the caecum and rectum) microbiota of wild caught Mus musculus domesticus at three UK sites and have investigated how the microbiota varies depending on host location and host characteristics. We find that the microbiota of these mice are generally consistent with those described from other wild mice. The rectal and caecal microbiotas of individual mice are generally more similar to each other, than they are to the microbiota of other individuals. We found significant differences in the diversity of the microbiotas among mice from different sample sites. There were significant correlations of microbiota diversity and body weight, a measure of age, body-mass index, serum concentration of leptin, and virus, nematode and mite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Abolins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Lenzi
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bourne
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kushkevych IV, Antonyak HL, Bartoš M. Kinetic properties of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase of intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria. Ukr Biochem J 2015; 86:129-38. [PMID: 25816613 DOI: 10.15407/ubj86.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of specific activity of ATP sulfurylase and kinetic properties of the enzyme in cell-free extracts of intestinal bacterial strains Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 and Desulfomicrobium sp. Rod-9 is presented. The microbiological, biochemical, biophysical and statistical methods were used in the work. The optimal temperature (35°C) and pH 8.0-8.5 for enzyme reaction were determined. An analysis of kinetic properties of ATP sulfurylase has been carried out. Initial (instantaneous) reaction velocity (V0), maximum amount of the product of reaction (Pmax), the reaction time (half saturation period, τ) and maximum velocity of the ATP sulfurylase reaction (Vmax) have been defined. Michaelis constants (Km(Sulfate), Km(ATP), Km(APS), and Km(Pyrophosphate)) of the enzyme reaction were demonstrated for both D. piger Vib-7 and Desulfomicrobium sp. Rod-9 intestinal bacterial strains.
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Fomenko IS, Korniychuk OP, Hural AR, Shykula RG, Ilkiv II, Sklyarov AY. [Role of cyclooxygenase in modification of intestinal microflora under stress condition]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:42-9. [PMID: 26040034 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which act as nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, are the main factors of ulcerogenesis in digestive system. However, the peculiarities of their combined action upon the status of intestinal microflora and the parameters of NO-synthase system are still poorly understood. In experiments with rats we show that water-restrained stress was accompanied by a considerable increase of iNOS activity and intensity of lipoperoxidation processes. The increase of Escherichia coli content and the decrease in Enterococcus spp. concentration in the small intestine with their simultaneous rise in the large intestine were noticed under these conditions. Cyclooxygenese blockage with naproxen prior to induction of water-restrained stress was accompanied by the decease of iNOS in small and large intestines, with the synchronous rise of cNOS activity in the large intestine as compared with indexes in stress. The moderate increase in Enterococcus spp. content in duodenum with the rise of Escherichia coli concentration in the ileum was shown. The Escherichia coli content decreased in the proximal part of the large intestine and decreased in its distal part. Disbiosis, intensification of lipoperoxidation processes and changes in NO-synthase system parameters under condition of simultaneous action of stress and cyclooxygenase blockage can create preconditions for the development of destructive changes and enteropathias.
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Colston TJ, Noonan BP, Jackson CR. Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Different Regions of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Agkistrodon piscivorus, the Cottonmouth Snake. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128793. [PMID: 26039313 PMCID: PMC4454441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are metagenomic organisms in that they are composed not only of their own genes but also those of their associated microbial cells. The majority of these associated microorganisms are found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and presumably assist in processes such as energy and nutrient acquisition. Few studies have investigated the associated gut bacterial communities of non-mammalian vertebrates, and most rely on captive animals and/or fecal samples only. Here we investigate the gut bacterial community composition of a squamate reptile, the cottonmouth snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus through pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. We characterize the bacterial communities present in the small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. Many bacterial lineages present have been reported by other vertebrate gut community studies, but we also recovered unexpected bacteria that may be unique to squamate gut communities. Bacterial communities were not phylogenetically clustered according to GIT region, but there were statistically significant differences in community composition between regions. Additionally we demonstrate the utility of using cloacal swabs as a method for sampling snake gut bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Colston
- Biology Department, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brice P. Noonan
- Biology Department, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
| | - Colin R. Jackson
- Biology Department, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
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Lopez CA, Kingsbury DD, Velazquez EM, Bäumler AJ. Collateral damage: microbiota-derived metabolites and immune function in the antibiotic era. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:156-163. [PMID: 25121745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our long-standing evolutionary association with gut-associated microbial communities has given rise to an intimate relationship, which affects many aspects of human health. Recent studies on the mechanisms that link these microbial communities to immune education, nutrition, and protection against pathogens point to microbiota-derived metabolites as key players during these microbe-host interactions. A disruption of gut-associated microbial communities by antibiotic treatment can result in a depletion of microbiota-derived metabolites, thereby enhancing pathogen susceptibility, impairing immune homeostasis, and contributing to the rise of certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we highlight some of the recently elucidated mechanisms that showcase the impacts of microbiota-derived metabolites on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lopez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dawn D Kingsbury
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric M Velazquez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Lu Y, Bonny O. [Oxalate: a poorly soluble organic waste with consequences]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2015; 104:353-359. [PMID: 25804778 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a001966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxalate is a highly insoluble metabolic waste excreted by the kidneys. Disturbances of oxalate metabolism are encountered in enteric hyperoxaluria (secondary to malabsorption, gastric bypass or in case of insufficient Oxalobacter colonization), in hereditary hyperoxaluria and in intoxication (ethylene glycol, vitamin C). Hyperoxaluria causes a large spectrum of diseases, from isolated hyperoxaluria to kidney stones and nephrocalcinosis formation, eventually leading to kidney failure and systemic oxalosis with life-threatening deposits in vital organs. New causes of hyperoxaluria are arising recently, in particular after gastric bypass surgery, which requires regular and preemptive monitoring. The treatment of hyperoxaluria involves reduction in oxalate intake and increase in calcium intake. Optimal urine dilution and supplementation with inhibitors of kidney stone formation (citrate) are required. Some conditions may need vitamin B6 supplementation, and the addition of probiotics might be useful in the future. Primary care physicians should identify cases of recurrent calcium oxalate stones and severe hyperoxaluria. Further management of hyperoxaluria requires specialized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Lu
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hypertension, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne und Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne
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Zhao W, Wang Y, Liu S, Huang J, Zhai Z, He C, Ding J, Wang J, Wang H, Fan W, Zhao J, Meng H. The dynamic distribution of porcine microbiota across different ages and gastrointestinal tract segments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117441. [PMID: 25688558 PMCID: PMC4331431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenome of gut microbes has been implicated in metabolism, immunity, and health maintenance of its host. However, in most of previous studies, the microbiota was sampled from feces instead of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, we compared the microbial populations from feces at four different developmental stages and contents of four intestinal segments at maturity to examine the dynamic shift of microbiota in pigs and investigated whether adult porcine fecal samples could be used to represent samples of the GI tract. Analysis results revealed that the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes from the feces of the older pigs (2-, 3-, 6- month) were 10 times higher compared to those from piglets (1-month). As the pigs matured, so did it seem that the composition of microbiome became more stable in feces. In adult pigs, there were significant differences in microbial profiles between the contents of the small intestine and large intestine. The dominant genera in the small intestine belonged to aerobe or facultative anaerobe categories, whereas the main genera in the large intestine were all anaerobes. Compared to the GI tract, the composition of microbiome was quite different in feces. The microbial profile in large intestine was more similar to feces than those in the small intestine, with the similarity of 0.75 and 0.38 on average, respectively. Microbial functions, predicted by metagenome profiles, showed the enrichment associated with metabolism pathway and metabolic disease in large intestine and feces while higher abundance of infectious disease, immune function disease, and cancer in small intestine. Fecal microbes also showed enriched function in metabolic pathways compared to microbes from pooled gut contents. Our study extended the understanding of dynamic shift of gut microbes during pig growth and also characterized the profiles of bacterial communities across GI tracts of mature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chuan He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinmei Ding
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weibing Fan
- Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Limited Company, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (HM)
| | - He Meng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (HM)
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Cote R, Katani R, Moreau MR, Kudva IT, Arthur TM, DebRoy C, Mwangi MM, Albert I, Raygoza Garay JA, Li L, Brandl MT, Carter MQ, Kapur V. Comparative analysis of super-shedder strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 reveals distinctive genomic features and a strongly aggregative adherent phenotype on bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116743. [PMID: 25664460 PMCID: PMC4321836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) are significant foodborne pathogens and pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. The major reservoirs of O157 are asymptomatic cattle which harbor the organism in the terminal recto-anal junction (RAJ). Some colonized animals, referred to as “super-shedders” (SS), are known to shed O157 in exceptionally large numbers (>104 CFU/g of feces). Recent studies suggest that SS cattle play a major role in the prevalence and transmission of O157, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms associated with super-shedding. Whole genome sequence analysis of an SS O157 strain (SS17) revealed a genome of 5,523,849 bp chromosome with 5,430 open reading frames and two plasmids, pO157 and pSS17, of 94,645 bp and 37,446 bp, respectively. Comparative analyses showed that SS17 is clustered with spinach-associated O157 outbreak strains, and belongs to the lineage I/II, clade 8, D group, and genotype 1, a subgroup of O157 with predicted hyper-virulence. A large number of non-synonymous SNPs and other polymorphisms were identified in SS17 as compared with other O157 strains (EC4115, EDL933, Sakai, TW14359), including in key adherence- and virulence-related loci. Phenotypic analyses revealed a distinctive and strongly adherent aggregative phenotype of SS17 on bovine RAJ stratified squamous epithelial (RSE) cells that was conserved amongst other SS isolates. Molecular genetic and functional analyses of defined mutants of SS17 suggested that the strongly adherent aggregative phenotype amongst SS isolates is LEE-independent, and likely results from a novel mechanism. Taken together, our study provides a rational framework for investigating the molecular mechanisms associated with SS, and strong evidence that SS O157 isolates have distinctive features and use a LEE-independent mechanism for hyper-adherence to bovine rectal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cote
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robab Katani
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Moreau
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Terrance M. Arthur
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chitrita DebRoy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- E. coli Reference Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Mwangi
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Istvan Albert
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juan Antonio Raygoza Garay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria T. Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Q. Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kushkevych I, Kollar P, Suchy P, Parak T, Pauk K, Imramovsky A. Activity of selected salicylamides against intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2015; 36 Suppl 1:106-113. [PMID: 26757109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our work was to evaluate effect of selected salicylamides on cell viability of sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 isolated from the human large intestine, as well as to assess antimicrobial activity and biological properties of these compounds. METHODS Microbiological, biochemical, biophysical methods, and statistical processing of the results were used. RESULTS An antimicrobial activity and biological properties of salicylamides against intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria was studied. Primary in vitro screening of the synthesized selected salicylamides was performed against D. piger Vib-7. Adding 0.37-1.10 µmol.L(-1) (N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide, 5-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzamide and 4-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide) caused decrease in biomass accumulation by 8-53, 64-66, 49-50, 82-90, 43-46% compared to control, respectively. The studied compounds completely inhibited the growth of D. piger Vib-7 under the effect of 30 µmol.L(-1). Moreover, addition of the compounds in the culture medium inhibited the process of dissimilation sulfate dose dependently. Treatment with salicylamides led to the bacterial growth inhibition which correlated with the level of inhibition of sulfate reduction. The data on relative survival of D. piger Vib-7 cells and cytotoxicity of salicylamides are consistent to our research in previous series of the biomass accumulation experiments. CONCLUSIONS A significant cytotoxic activity under the influence of salicylamides was determined. These results are consistent with a data on bacterial growth and inhibition process of dissimilation sulfate. The strongest cytotoxic effect of the derivatives was observed in compounds of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide and 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzamide which showed low survival and high toxicity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kushkevych
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kollar
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Suchy
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Parak
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pauk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Imramovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Markova YM, Sidorova YS. [Condition of protective intestinal microbiota populations under stress exposure in rats received different diets with bioactive food components]. Vopr Pitan 2015; 84:58-65. [PMID: 26402944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the levels of major colon microbiota populations (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria) was carried out in two 15-days experiments on Wistar rats, exposed to stress factor (electric shock) and fed with different diets with the addition of biologic active micronutrients [extract from the leaves of Serratula coronata L. and Enzymatic hydrolyzate of the mussels meat (EHMM)]. In the first experiment animals were fed with a common vivarium diet. In the experimental group the water extract from leaves of Serratula coronata L. as a phytoecdysteroid source (5 mg per 1 kg body weight) was added to water. In the second experiment rats received balanced semisynthetic diet. In the diet of the experimental group the part of the protein (casein) was replaced by the peptides from EHMM. During the experiment the animal body weight was measured. On the 14th day of the experiment the animals were subjected to stress stimulation [electrodermal stimulation on paws (electric current 0.4 mA for 8 seconds)]. On the last day of the experiment the animals were euthanized by decapitation and micro-ecological research of protective microbiota populations in the cecal contents was carried out. The relative body weight increase was recorded in both experiments. In the second experiment in animals receiving EHMM this index (68.2 ± 3.0%) was considerably higher than in the control group and in the experimental group receiving no EHMM (57.2 ± 4.0 and 59.7 ± 2.8% respectively). The results of the microecological study showed different effect of diets with biologically active micronutrients on the population levels of lactobacilli. In the experiment with common vivarium diet no significant changes of the levels of the studied colon microbiota populations had been recorded in the rats of control group compared with rats of experimental group, exposed to stress factor but received no extract from Serratula coronata L. The decrease of the levels of lactobacilli by the end of the experiment was observed in the experimental group of rats received water extract from the leaves of Serratula coronata L (content of lactobacilli 7.76 ± 0.17 lg CFU/g) compared to those in control group and experimental group of rats received no extract (8.4 ± 0.09 and 8.69 ± 0.07 lg CFU/g respectively). Feeding with the balanced semisynthetic diet with the addition of EHMM or without it had a positive effect on the levels of lactobacilli and their balance with the aerobic component of the Enterobacteriaceae. There was a trend toward increased levels of lactic acid bacteria in the experimental group received EHMM (9.16 ± 0.12 lg CFU/g) compared with the contents in the control group and in the experimental group exposed to stress factor without adding EHMM in the diet (8.74 ± 0.34 and 8.79 ± 0.23 lg CFU/g, respectively). The conclusion about the positive (protective) effect of a semisynthetic diet enriched with peptides from EHMM was made based on the comparison of indicators that reflect the status of non-specific resistance of the organism: the integral criterion of weight gain and the levels of major colon microbiota populations of laboratory animals.
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Maier E, Anderson RC, Roy NC. Understanding how commensal obligate anaerobic bacteria regulate immune functions in the large intestine. Nutrients 2014; 7:45-73. [PMID: 25545102 PMCID: PMC4303826 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonised by trillions of commensal bacteria, most of which are obligate anaerobes residing in the large intestine. Appropriate bacterial colonisation is generally known to be critical for human health. In particular, the development and function of the immune system depends on microbial colonisation, and a regulated cross-talk between commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells is required to maintain mucosal immune homeostasis. This homeostasis is disturbed in various inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate a role for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila and segmented filamentous bacteria in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. These obligate anaerobes are abundant in the healthy intestine but reduced in several inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association with protective effects on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effects of obligate anaerobic intestinal bacteria remains limited, in part due to the difficulty of co-culturing obligate anaerobes together with oxygen-requiring human epithelial cells. By using novel dual-environment co-culture models, it will be possible to investigate the effects of the unstudied majority of intestinal microorganisms on the human epithelia. This knowledge will provide opportunities for improving human health and reducing the risk of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maier
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel C Anderson
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Bowcutt R, Forman R, Glymenaki M, Carding SR, Else KJ, Cruickshank SM. Heterogeneity across the murine small and large intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15216-15232. [PMID: 25386070 PMCID: PMC4223255 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have evolved to have discrete functions with distinct anatomies and immune cell composition. The importance of these differences is underlined when considering that different pathogens have uniquely adapted to live in each region of the gut. Furthermore, different regions of the GIT are also associated with differences in susceptibility to diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation. The large and small intestine, given their anatomical and functional differences, should be seen as two separate immunological sites. However, this distinction is often ignored with findings from one area of the GIT being inappropriately extrapolated to the other. Focussing largely on the murine small and large intestine, this review addresses the literature relating to the immunology and biology of the two sites, drawing comparisons between them and clarifying similarities and differences. We also highlight the gaps in our understanding and where further research is needed.
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Gapon MN, Ternovskaia LN, Akelina OV, Zarubinskiĭ BI. [Indexes of local cytokine status in individuals with intestine dysbacteriosis]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:73-77. [PMID: 25816517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Determination of the content of various cytokines in coprofiltrates of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed intestine dysbacteriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Qualitative and quantitative content of large intestine microbiocenosis was studied; IFNγ, pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) content was determined using EIA in coprofiltrates of 139 individuals aged 18 - 60 years. All the indexes were juxtaposed with the cytokine index (CI): RESULTS. A high content of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 with normal levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 was established. A comparable content of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and escherichia was detected in individuals with various CI index; in individuals with CI above 1 c.u. and above 10 c.u., against the background of proportionally intensifying IFNγ induction, an increase of quantity of escherichia with decreased enzymatic activity and frequent detection of opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci and Candida genus fungi is noted. CONCLUSION The presence of opportunistic microflora at low content of IFNγ with CI of less than 1 c.u. could be evaluated as a dysbiotic reaction, and the presence of opportunistic microflora against the background of high IFNγ content with CI of above 10 c.u.--as a development of systemic inflammation due to translocation of dysbiotic microflora into the bloodflow.
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Looft T, Allen HK, Cantarel BL, Levine UY, Bayles DO, Alt DP, Henrissat B, Stanton TB. Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations. ISME J 2014; 8:1566-76. [PMID: 24522263 PMCID: PMC4817603 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance of the beneficial gut microbial community is a potential collateral effect of antibiotics, which have many uses in animal agriculture (disease treatment or prevention and feed efficiency improvement). Understanding antibiotic effects on bacterial communities at different intestinal locations is essential to realize the full benefits and consequences of in-feed antibiotics. In this study, we defined the lumenal and mucosal bacterial communities from the small intestine (ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon) plus feces, and characterized the effects of in-feed antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine and penicillin (ASP250)) on these communities. 16S rRNA gene sequence and metagenomic analyses of bacterial membership and functions revealed dramatic differences between small and large intestinal locations, including enrichment of Firmicutes and phage-encoding genes in the ileum. The large intestinal microbiota encoded numerous genes to degrade plant cell wall components, and these genes were lacking in the ileum. The mucosa-associated ileal microbiota harbored greater bacterial diversity than the lumen but similar membership to the mucosa of the large intestine, suggesting that most gut microbes can associate with the mucosa and might serve as an inoculum for the lumen. The collateral effects on the microbiota of antibiotic-fed animals caused divergence from that of control animals, with notable changes being increases in Escherichia coli populations in the ileum, Lachnobacterium spp. in all gut locations, and resistance genes to antibiotics not administered. Characterizing the differential metabolic capacities and response to perturbation at distinct intestinal locations will inform strategies to improve gut health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brandi L Cantarel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Healthcare system, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Uri Y Levine
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thaddeus B Stanton
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Plickert R, Wiedemann T, Loddenkemper C, Göbel UB, Bereswill S, Rieder G. Helicobacter pylori induced gastric immunopathology is associated with distinct microbiota changes in the large intestines of long-term infected Mongolian gerbils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100362. [PMID: 24941045 PMCID: PMC4062524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in mice and men are frequently accompanied by distinct changes of the GI microbiota composition at sites of inflammation. Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection results in gastric immunopathology accompanied by colonization of stomachs with bacterial species, which are usually restricted to the lower intestine. Potential microbiota shifts distal to the inflammatory process following long-term H. pylori infection, however, have not been studied so far. Methodology/Principal Findings For the first time, we investigated microbiota changes along the entire GI tract of Mongolian gerbils after 14 months of infection with H. pylori B8 wildtype (WT) or its isogenic ΔcagY mutant (MUT) strain which is defective in the type IV secretion system and thus unable to modulate specific host pathways. Comprehensive cultural analyses revealed that severe gastric diseases such as atrophic pangastritis and precancerous transformations were accompanied by elevated luminal loads of E. coli and enterococci in the caecum and together with Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. in the colon of H. pylori WT, but not MUT infected gerbils as compared to naïve animals. Strikingly, molecular analyses revealed that Akkermansia, an uncultivable species involved in mucus degradation, was exclusively abundant in large intestines of H. pylori WT, but not MUT infected nor naïve gerbils. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, long-term infection of Mongolian gerbils with a H. pylori WT strain displaying an intact type IV secretion system leads to distinct shifts of the microbiota composition in the distal uninflamed, but not proximal inflamed GI tract. Hence, H. pylori induced immunopathogenesis of the stomach, including hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia, might trigger large intestinal microbiota changes whereas the exact underlying mechanisms need to be further unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiedemann
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Rieder
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Reimer RA, Maathuis AJH, Venema K, Lyon MR, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effect of the novel polysaccharide PolyGlycopleX® on short-chain fatty acid production in a computer-controlled in vitro model of the human large intestine. Nutrients 2014; 6:1115-27. [PMID: 24638070 PMCID: PMC3967181 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the health benefits associated with dietary fiber are attributed to their fermentation by microbiota and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The aim of this study was to investigate the fermentability of the functional fiber PolyGlyopleX® (PGX®) in vitro. A validated dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro system simulating the conditions in the proximal large intestine (TIM-2) was used. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) consumption in the system was used as an indicator of fermentability and SCFA and branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) production was determined. NaOH consumption was significantly higher for Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) than PGX, which was higher than cellulose (p = 0.002). At 32, 48 and 72 h, acetate and butyrate production were higher for FOS and PGX versus cellulose. Propionate production was higher for PGX than cellulose at 32, 48, 56 and 72 h and higher than FOS at 72 h (p = 0.014). Total BCFA production was lower for FOS compared to cellulose, whereas production with PGX was lower than for cellulose at 72 h. In conclusion, PGX is fermented by the colonic microbiota which appeared to adapt to the substrate over time. The greater propionate production for PGX may explain part of the cholesterol-lowering properties of PGX seen in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | | | - Koen Venema
- TNO, Healthy Living, P.O. Box 360, Zeist, AJ 3700, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael R Lyon
- Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, 1552 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC V3K 6Y2, Canada.
| | - Roland J Gahler
- Factors Group R & D, 3655 Bonneville Place, Burnaby, BC V3N 3S9, Canada.
| | - Simon Wood
- University of British Columbia, Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Vancouver, BC V6P 2G9, Canada.
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Candela M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Carbonero F, Rampelli S, Fiorentini C, Brigidi P. Inflammation and colorectal cancer, when microbiota-host mutualism breaks. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:908-922. [PMID: 24574765 PMCID: PMC3921544 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural changes in the gut microbial community have been shown to accompany the progressive development of colorectal cancer. In this review we discuss recent hypotheses on the mechanisms involved in the bacteria-mediated carcinogenesis, as well as the triggering factors favoring the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. The possible role of inflammation, bacterial toxins and toxic microbiota metabolites in colorectal cancer onset is specifically discussed. On the other hand, the strategic role of inflammation as the keystone factor in driving microbiota to become carcinogenic is suggested. As a common outcome of different environmental and endogenous triggers, such as diet, aging, pathogen infection or genetic predisposition, inflammation can compromise the microbiota-host mutualism, forcing the increase of pathobionts at the expense of health-promoting groups, and allowing the microbiota to acquire an overall pro-inflammatory configuration. Consolidating inflammation in the gut, and favoring the bloom of toxigenic bacterial drivers, these changes in the gut microbial ecosystem have been suggested as pivotal in promoting carcinogenesis. In this context, it will become of primary importance to implement dietary or probiotics-based interventions aimed at preserving the microbiota-host mutualism along aging, counteracting deviations that favor a pro-carcinogenic microbiota asset.
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