1
|
Wang K, Sun G, Conlon MA, Ren W, Yang G. Editorial: Dietary Polyphenols for Improving Gut Health: Volume 1. Front Nutr 2021; 8:760917. [PMID: 34671635 PMCID: PMC8520993 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael A Conlon
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wenkai Ren
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dawson SL, O'Hely M, Jacka FN, Ponsonby AL, Symeonides C, Loughman A, Collier F, Moreno-Betancur M, Sly P, Burgner D, Tang MLK, Saffery R, Ranganathan S, Conlon MA, Harrison LC, Brix S, Kristiansen K, Vuillermin P. Maternal prenatal gut microbiota composition predicts child behaviour. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103400. [PMID: 34098340 PMCID: PMC8190443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine studies demonstrate that maternal prenatal gut microbiota influences brain development and behaviour of offspring. No human study has related maternal gut microbiota to behavioural outcomes during early life. This study aimed to evaluate relationships between the prenatal faecal microbiota, prenatal diet and childhood behaviour. METHODS A sub-cohort of 213 mothers and 215 children were selected from a longitudinal pre-birth cohort. Maternal prenatal exposure measures collected during the third trimester included the faecal microbiota (generated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing), and dietary intake. The behavioural outcome used the Childhood Behaviour Checklist at age two. Models were adjusted for prenatal diet, smoking, perceived stress, maternal age and sample batch. FINDINGS We found evidence that the alpha diversity of the maternal faecal microbiota during the third trimester of pregnancy predicts child internalising behaviour at two years of age (-2·74, (-4·71, -0·78), p = 0·01 (Wald test), R2=0·07). Taxa from butyrate-producing families, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, were more abundant in mothers of children with normative behaviour. A healthy prenatal diet indirectly related to decreased child internalising behaviours via higher alpha diversity of maternal faecal microbiota. INTERPRETATION These findings support animal studies showing that the composition of maternal prenatal gut microbiota is related to offspring brain development and behaviour. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate potential impacts of the prenatal gut microbiota on early life brain development. FUNDING This study was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1082307, 1147980), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Barwon Health and Deakin University.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Dawson
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Black Dog Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christos Symeonides
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Sly
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Leonard C Harrison
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susanne Brix
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- University of Copenhagen, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Conlon MA, Sambanthamurthi R, Tan YA, Sundram K, Fairus S, Abeywardena MY. Consumption of an Oil Palm Fruit Extract Promotes Large Bowel Health in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E644. [PMID: 32121179 PMCID: PMC7146302 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm fruit is widely used for edible oils, but the health benefits of other components are relatively unknown. We examined if consuming a polyphenol-rich extract of the fruit, from a vegetation by-product of oil processing, which also contains fibre, has gastro-intestinal benefits in rats on a Western-type diet (WD). The oil palm preparation (OPP) was added to food (OPP-F) or drinking water (OPP-D) to provide 50 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/d and compared to effects of high amylose maize starch (HAMS; 30%) in the diet or green tea extract (GT; 50 mg GAE/d) in drinking water over 4 wk. OPP treatments induced some significant effects (P < 0.05) compared to WD. OPP-D increased caecal digesta mass, caecal digesta concentrations of total SCFA, acetate and propionate (OPP-F increased caecal butyrate concentration), the numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells per colonic crypt, and caecal digesta abundance of some bacteria which may provide benefit to the host (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus). HAMS induced similar effects but with greater potency and had a broader impact on microbe populations, whereas GT had minimal impacts. These results suggest dietary OPP may benefit the large bowel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Yew Ai Tan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Kalyana Sundram
- Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Costello
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O, Bryant RV, Vincent AD, Blatchford P, Katsikeros R, Makanyanga J, Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Rosewarne CP, Bickley C, Peters C, Schoeman MN, Conlon MA, Roberts-Thomson IC, Andrews JM. Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on 8-Week Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:156-164. [PMID: 30644982 PMCID: PMC6439766 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.20046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE High-intensity, aerobically prepared fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating active ulcerative colitis (UC). FMT protocols involving anaerobic stool processing methods may enhance microbial viability and allow efficacy with a lower treatment intensity. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of a short duration of FMT therapy to induce remission in UC using anaerobically prepared stool. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 73 adults with mild to moderately active UC were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 3 Australian tertiary referral centers between June 2013 and June 2016, with 12-month follow-up until June 2017. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either anaerobically prepared pooled donor FMT (n = 38) or autologous FMT (n = 35) via colonoscopy followed by 2 enemas over 7 days. Open-label therapy was offered to autologous FMT participants at 8 weeks and they were followed up for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was steroid-free remission of UC, defined as a total Mayo score of ≤2 with an endoscopic Mayo score of 1 or less at week 8. Total Mayo score ranges from 0 to 12 (0 = no disease and 12 = most severe disease). Steroid-free remission of UC was reassessed at 12 months. Secondary clinical outcomes included adverse events. RESULTS Among 73 patients who were randomized (mean age, 39 years; women, 33 [45%]), 69 (95%) completed the trial. The primary outcome was achieved in 12 of the 38 participants (32%) receiving pooled donor FMT compared with 3 of the 35 (9%) receiving autologous FMT (difference, 23% [95% CI, 4%-42%]; odds ratio, 5.0 [95% CI, 1.2-20.1]; P = .03). Five of the 12 participants (42%) who achieved the primary end point at week 8 following donor FMT maintained remission at 12 months. There were 3 serious adverse events in the donor FMT group and 2 in the autologous FMT group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this preliminary study of adults with mild to moderate UC, 1-week treatment with anaerobically prepared donor FMT compared with autologous FMT resulted in a higher likelihood of remission at 8 weeks. Further research is needed to assess longer-term maintenance of remission and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12613000236796.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Costello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Waters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert V. Bryant
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Vincent
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Blatchford
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Katsikeros
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesica Makanyanga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Chelsea Bickley
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cian Peters
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark N. Schoeman
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ian C. Roberts-Thomson
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane M. Andrews
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang K, Jin X, Li Q, Sawaya ACHF, Le Leu RK, Conlon MA, Wu L, Hu F. Propolis from Different Geographic Origins Decreases Intestinal Inflammation and Bacteroides
spp. Populations in a Model of DSS-Induced Colitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800080. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Xiaolu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | | | - Richard K. Le Leu
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | | | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Charoensiddhi S, Lorbeer AJ, Franco CM, Su P, Conlon MA, Zhang W. Process and economic feasibility for the production of functional food from the brown alga Ecklonia radiata. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
Guest editors Michael Conlon and David Topping introduce this themed collection on foods, the large bowel microbiota and health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - David L Topping
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Charoensiddhi S, Conlon MA, Vuaran MS, Franco CM, Zhang W. Impact of extraction processes on prebiotic potential of the brown seaweed Ecklonia radiata by in vitro human gut bacteria fermentation. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
10
|
Wang K, Jin X, Chen Y, Song Z, Jiang X, Hu F, Conlon MA, Topping DL. Polyphenol-Rich Propolis Extracts Strengthen Intestinal Barrier Function by Activating AMPK and ERK Signaling. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050272. [PMID: 27164138 PMCID: PMC4882685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis has abundant polyphenolic constituents and is used widely as a health/functional food. Here, we investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich propolis extracts (PPE) on intestinal barrier function in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, as well as in rats. In Caco-2 cells, PPE increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased lucifer yellow flux. PPE-treated cells showed increased expression of the tight junction (TJ) loci occludin and zona occludens (ZO)-1. Confocal microscopy showed organized expressions in proteins related to TJ assembly, i.e., occludin and ZO-1, in response to PPE. Furthermore, PPE led to the activation of AMPK, ERK1/2, p38, and Akt. Using selective inhibitors, we found that the positive effects of PPE on barrier function were abolished in cells in which AMPK and ERK1/2 signaling were inhibited. Moreover, rats fed a diet supplemented with PPE (0.3% in the diet) exhibited increased colonic epithelium ZO-1 expression. Overall, these data suggest that PPE strengthens intestinal barrier function by activating AMPK and ERK signaling and provide novel insights into the potential application of propolis for human gut health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Xiaolu Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiasen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Y, Le Leu RK, Christophersen CT, Somashekar R, Conlon MA, Meng XQ, Winter JM, Woodman RJ, McKinnon R, Young GP. Manipulation of the gut microbiota using resistant starch is associated with protection against colitis-associated colorectal cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:366-375. [PMID: 26905582 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated whether dietary resistant starch (RS) and green tea extract (GTE), which have anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, protect against colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) using a rat model, also investigated potential mechanisms of action of these agents including their effects on the gut microbiota. Rats were fed a control diet or diets containing 10% RS, 0.5% GTE or a combination of the two (RS + GTE). CAC was initiated with 2 weekly azoxymethane (AOM) injections (10mg/kg) followed by 2% dextran sodium sulphate in drinking water for 7 days after 2 weeks on diets. Rats were killed 20 weeks after the first AOM. Colon tissues and tumours were examined for histopathology by H&E, gene/protein expression by PCR and immunohistochemistry and digesta for analyses of fermentation products and microbiota populations. RS and RS + GTE (but not GTE) diets significantly (P< 0.05) decreased tumour multiplicity and adenocarcinoma formation, relative to the control diet. Effects of RS + GTE were not different from RS alone. RS diet caused significant shifts in microbial composition/diversity, with increases in Parabacteroides, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Marvinbryantia and Bifidobacterium as primary contributors to the shift. RS-containing diets increased short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and expression of the SCFA receptor GPR43 mRNA, and reduced inflammation (COX-2, NF-kB, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA) and cell proliferation P< 0.05. GTE had no effect. This is the first study that demonstrates chemopreventive effects of RS (but not GTE) in a rodent CAC model, suggesting RS might have benefit to patients with ulcerative colitis who are at an increased risk of developing CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia, and
| | - Roshini Somashekar
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Xing Q Meng
- Biostatistics, Flinders Prevention, Promotion and Primary Health Care , General Practice , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Jean M Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Biostatistics, Flinders Prevention, Promotion and Primary Health Care , General Practice , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Ross McKinnon
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Costello SP, Conlon MA, Vuaran MS, Roberts-Thomson IC, Andrews JM. Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection using long-term frozen stool is effective: clinical efficacy and bacterial viability data. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:1011-8. [PMID: 26264455 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faecal microbial transplant (FMT) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI) is greatly facilitated by frozen stool banks. However, the effect of frozen storage of stool for greater than 2 months on the viability of stool bacteria is unknown and the efficacy of FMT is not clear. AIM To evaluate the viability of bacteria in stool frozen for up to 6 months, and the clinical efficacy of FMT with stool frozen for 2-10 months, for the treatment of rCDI. METHODS Viability of six representative groups of faecal bacteria after 2 and 6 months of storage at -80 °C, in normal saline (NS) or 10% glycerol were assessed by culture on plate media. The clinical outcomes of 16 consecutive patients with rCDI treated with aliquots of stool frozen in 10% glycerol and stored for 2-10 months were also examined. RESULTS Viability at both 2 and 6 months was similar to baseline, in specimens stored in 10% glycerol and at 2 months in stool stored in NS, but was reduced by >1 log at 6 months for Aerobes (P < 0.01), total Coliforms (P < 0.01) and Lactobacilli (P < 0.01) in NS. Using stool frozen for 2-10 months in 10% glycerol, the cure rate for rCDI was 88% with one FMT and 100% after repeat FMT in those who relapsed. CONCLUSION Stool for faecal microbial transplant to treat rCDI can be safely stored frozen in 10% glycerol for at least 6 months without loss of clinical efficacy or viability in the six bacterial groups tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Costello
- IBD Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M S Vuaran
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - I C Roberts-Thomson
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J M Andrews
- IBD Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Le Leu RK, Conlon MA, Bird AR, Clarke JM. Housing experimental rats in solid-based cages with digestible bedding may confound outcomes of nutritional studies. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:2155-2158. [PMID: 25242209 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rats used in nutritional studies are often kept in wire-based cages to prevent ingestion of bedding and minimise ingestion of faeces. However, wire-based cages are criticised because of potential negative animal welfare implications. This study investigated the effects of wire and solid-based cages with corncob bedding on large bowel fermentation and microbiota. Rats were group housed in wire or solid-based cages and fed either a low-fibre (LF) diet or a high-fibre (HF) diet composed of resistant starch for 4 weeks. RESULTS Bedding material was observed in faeces of rats housed in solid-based cages. Caging type and diet altered large bowel fermentation variables and bacterial populations. Caecal digesta weight was lower in rats fed HF diet and maintained on bedding than in HF-fed rats maintained on wire. Bacteria abundance associated with fibre fermentation was higher in LF-diet fed rats maintained on bedding compared with LF-fed rats housed on wire. CONCLUSION Maintaining rats in solid-based cages with corncob bedding alters large bowel fermentation and bacterial communities owing to ingestion of bedding. These changes may confound outcomes of nutritional studies, particularly those investigating the health effects of fibres. The use of wire-based caging may be justified in research of this type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M Clarke
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Humphreys KJ, Conlon MA, Young GP, Topping DL, Hu Y, Winter JM, Bird AR, Cobiac L, Kennedy NA, Michael MZ, Le Leu RK. Dietary manipulation of oncogenic microRNA expression in human rectal mucosa: a randomized trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 7:786-95. [PMID: 25092886 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High red meat (HRM) intake is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk, while resistant starch is probably protective. Resistant starch fermentation produces butyrate, which can alter microRNA (miRNA) levels in colorectal cancer cells in vitro; effects of red meat and resistant starch on miRNA expression in vivo were unknown. This study examined whether a HRM diet altered miRNA expression in rectal mucosa tissue of healthy volunteers, and if supplementation with butyrylated resistant starch (HRM+HAMSB) modified this response. In a randomized cross-over design, 23 volunteers undertook four 4-week dietary interventions; an HRM diet (300 g/day lean red meat) and an HRM+HAMSB diet (HRM with 40 g/day butyrylated high amylose maize starch), preceded by an entry diet and separated by a washout. Fecal butyrate increased with the HRM+HAMSB diet. Levels of oncogenic mature miRNAs, including miR17-92 cluster miRNAs and miR21, increased in the rectal mucosa with the HRM diet, whereas the HRM+HAMSB diet restored miR17-92 miRNAs, but not miR21, to baseline levels. Elevated miR17-92 and miR21 in the HRM diet corresponded with increased cell proliferation, and a decrease in miR17-92 target gene transcript levels, including CDKN1A. The oncogenic miR17-92 cluster is differentially regulated by dietary factors that increase or decrease risk for colorectal cancer, and this may explain, at least in part, the respective risk profiles of HRM and resistant starch. These findings support increased resistant starch consumption as a means of reducing risk associated with an HRM diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Humphreys
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Michael A Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David L Topping
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ying Hu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jean M Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynne Cobiac
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard K Le Leu
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Conlon MA, Bird AR, Clarke JM, Le Leu RK, Christophersen CT, Lockett TJ, Topping DL. Lowering of large bowel butyrate levels in healthy populations is unlikely to be beneficial. J Nutr 2015; 145:1030-1. [PMID: 25934666 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.209460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Conlon
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - Anthony R Bird
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - Julie M Clarke
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - Richard K Le Leu
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - Trevor J Lockett
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| | - David L Topping
- From the CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, Australia (MAC, e-mail: ; ARB, JMC, RKLL, CTC, TJL, and DLT)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colonic fermentation in patients with UC in remission was compared with that in matched healthy subjects on habitual diets and when dietary fibre was increased. DESIGN Fibre intake, faecal output of fibre (measured as non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)), starch, microbiota and fermentation products, and whole gut transit time (WGTT) were assessed in association with habitual diet and when dietary intake of wheat bran (WB)-associated fibre and high amylose-associated resistant starch (RS) was increased in an 8-week, randomised, single-blind, cross-over study. RESULTS Despite a tendency to lower habitual fibre intake in UC patients, faecal NSP and starch concentrations were threefold higher than in controls, whereas concentrations of phenols and short-chain fatty acids, pH and WGTT were similar. Increasing RS/WB intake was well tolerated. In controls (n=10), it more than doubled faecal NSP and starch excretion (p=0.002 for both), had no effect on NSP usage and reduced WGTT (p=0.024). In UC patients (n=19), high intake of RS/WB tended to normalise gut transit, but did not increase the proportion of NSP fermented. Increasing intake of RS/WB had little effect on faecal fermentation patterns or the structure of the microbiota. However, faeces from the UC cohort had lower proportions of Akkermansia muciniphila and increased diversity within Clostridium cluster XIVa compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Gut fermentation of NSP and starch is diminished in patients with UC. This cannot be explained by abnormal gut transit and was not corrected by increasing RS/WB intake, and may be due to abnormal functioning of the gut microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000271606.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally L James
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ourania Rosella
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of diet and other environmental factors in modulating the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota, which in turn can impact health. This narrative review explores the relevant contemporary scientific literature to provide a general perspective of this broad area. Molecular technologies have greatly advanced our understanding of the complexity and diversity of the gut microbial communities within and between individuals. Diet, particularly macronutrients, has a major role in shaping the composition and activity of these complex populations. Despite the body of knowledge that exists on the effects of carbohydrates there are still many unanswered questions. The impacts of dietary fats and protein on the gut microbiota are less well defined. Both short- and long-term dietary change can influence the microbial profiles, and infant nutrition may have life-long consequences through microbial modulation of the immune system. The impact of environmental factors, including aspects of lifestyle, on the microbiota is particularly poorly understood but some of these factors are described. We also discuss the use and potential benefits of prebiotics and probiotics to modify microbial populations. A description of some areas that should be addressed in future research is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Resistant starch prevents colonic DNA damage induced by high dietary cooked red meat or casein in rats. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 5:267-72. [PMID: 16410726 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.5.3.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we have shown that high levels of dietary protein (as casein) result in increased levels of colonic DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, and thinning of the colonic mucus layer in rats when dietary resistant starch (RS) is negligible. Feeding RS abolishes these effects. This study aimed to establish whether a diet high in protein as cooked red meat would have similar effects and whether RS was protective. Rats were fed a diet containing 15% or 25% casein or 25% cooked lean red beef, each with or without the addition of 48% high amylose maize starch (a rich source of RS) for four weeks. As expected, high dietary casein caused a 2-fold increase in colonic DNA damage compared with a low casein diet and reduced the thickness of the colonic mucus layer by 41%. High levels of cooked meat caused 26% greater DNA damage than the high casein diet but reduced mucus thickness to a similar degree to casein. Addition of RS to the diet abolished the increase in DNA damage and the loss of colonic mucus thickness induced by either high protein diet. Cecal and fecal short chain fatty acid pools were also increased by inclusion of RS in the diet. Because DNA damage is an early step in the initiation of cancer, these findings suggest that increased DNA damage due to high dietary protein as cooked red meat or casein could increase colorectal cancer risk but inclusion of resistant starch in the diet could significantly reduce that risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- CSIRO Human Nutrition, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, Australia, CSIRO Food Futures National Research, Flagship, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Topping D, Conlon MA. Feeding a hungry microbiome: large bowel fermentation and human health. Med J Aust 2014; 201:438. [PMID: 25332019 DOI: 10.5694/mja14.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Le Leu RK, Young GP, Hu Y, Winter J, Conlon MA. Dietary red meat aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice whereas resistant starch attenuates inflammation. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3475-82. [PMID: 23990000 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a genetic component has been identified as a risk factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease, there is evidence that dietary factors also play a role in the development of this disease. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a red meat diet with and without resistant starch (RS) to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS Colonic experimental colitis was induced in Balb/c mice using DSS. The severity of colitis was evaluated based on a disease activity index (based on bodyweight loss, stool consistency, rectal bleeding, and overall condition of the animal) and a histological score. Estimations were made of numbers of a range of different bacteria in the treatment pools of cecal digesta using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Consumption of a diet high in red meat increased DSS-induced colitis as evidenced by higher disease activity and histopathological scores. Addition of RS to the red meat diet exerted a beneficial effect in acute DSS-induced colitis. Subjective analysis of numbers of a range of bacterial targets suggest changes in the gut microbiota abundance were induced by red meat and RS treatments and these changes could contribute to the reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A dietary intake of red meat aggravates DSS-induced colitis whereas co-consumption of resistant starch reduces the severity of colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO, and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang L, Christophersen CT, Sorich MJ, Gerber JP, Angley MT, Conlon MA. Increased abundance of Sutterella spp. and Ruminococcus torques in feces of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2013; 4:42. [PMID: 24188502 PMCID: PMC3828002 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent report indicated that numbers of Sutterella spp. are elevated in gastrointestinal biopsies taken from children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We have recently reported changes in the numbers of some bacteria within the stool of ASD children, and now examine whether numbers of Sutterella spp. and some other mucosa-associated bacteria linked with gastrointestinal disease (Ruminococcus gnavus and Ruminococcus torques) are also altered in the stool of these children. Findings We show that numbers of Sutterella spp. are elevated in feces of ASD children relative to controls, and that numbers of R. torques are higher in the children with ASD with a reported functional gastrointestinal disorder than those without such a disorder. Conclusions We show further evidence of changes in the gut microbiota of children with ASD and confirm that the abundance of Sutterella spp. is altered in stool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Winter J, Young GP, Hu Y, Gratz SW, Conlon MA, Le Leu RK. Accumulation of promutagenic DNA adducts in the mouse distal colon after consumption of heme does not induce colonic neoplasms in the western diet model of spontaneous colorectal cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:550-8. [PMID: 24115497 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Red meat is considered a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Heme is considered to promote colonic hyperproliferation and cell damage. Resistant starch (RS) is a food that ferments in the colon with studies demonstrating protective effects against CRC. By utilizing the western diet model of spontaneous CRC, we determined if feeding heme (as hemin chloride) equivalent to a high red meat diet would increase colonic DNA adducts and CRC and whether RS could abrogate such effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of mice: control, heme, RS and heme + RS were fed diets for 1 or 18 months. Colons were analyzed for apoptosis, proliferation, DNA adducts "8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine" and "O(6) -methyl-2-deoxyguanosine" (O(6) MeG), and neoplasms. In the short term, heme increased cell proliferation (p < 0.05). Changes from 1 to 18 months showed increased cell proliferation (p < 0.01) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine adducts (p < 0.05) in all groups, but only heme-fed mice showed reduced apoptosis (p < 0.01) and increased O(6) MeG adducts (p < 0.01). The incidence of colon neoplasms was not different between any interventions. CONCLUSION We identified heme to increase proliferation in the short term, inhibit apoptosis over the long term, and increase O(6) MeG adducts in the colon over time although these changes did not affect colonic neoplasms within this mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Christophersen CT, Petersen A, Licht TR, Conlon MA. Xylo-oligosaccharides and inulin affect genotoxicity and bacterial populations differently in a human colonic simulator challenged with soy protein. Nutrients 2013; 5:3740-56. [PMID: 24064573 PMCID: PMC3798932 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary intakes of some protein sources, including soy protein, can increase colonic DNA damage in animals, whereas some carbohydrates attenuate this. We investigated whether inulin and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) could be protective against DNA strand breaks by adding them to a human colonic simulator consisting of a proximal vessel (PV) (pH 5.5) and a distal vessel (DV) (pH 6.8) inoculated with human faeces and media containing soy protein. Genotoxicity of the liquid phase and microbial population changes in the vessels were measured. Soy protein (3%) was fermented with 1% low amylose cornstarch for 10 day followed by soy protein with 1% XOS or 1% inulin for 10 day. Inulin did not alter genotoxicity but XOS significantly reduced PV genotoxicity and increased DV genotoxicity. Inulin and XOS significantly increased butyrate concentration in the DV but not PV. Numbers of the key butyrate-producing bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were significantly increased in the PV and DV by inulin but significantly decreased by XOS in both vessels. Other bacteria examined were also significantly impacted by the carbohydrate treatments or by the vessel (i.e., pH). There was a significant overall inverse correlation between levels of damage induced by the ferments and levels of sulphate-reducing bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis, and acetate. In conclusion, dietary XOS can potentially modulate the genotoxicity of the colonic environment and specific bacterial groups and short chain fatty acids may mediate this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus T. Christophersen
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Anne Petersen
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg 2860, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.R.L.)
| | - Tine R. Licht
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg 2860, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.R.L.)
| | - Michael A. Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-8-8303-8909; Fax: +61-8-8303-8899
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
West NP, Christophersen CT, Pyne DB, Cripps AW, Conlon MA, Topping DL, Kang S, McSweeney CS, Fricker PA, Aguirre D, Clarke JM. Butyrylated starch increases colonic butyrate concentration but has limited effects on immunity in healthy physically active individuals. Exerc Immunol Rev 2013; 19:102-119. [PMID: 23977723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate delivery to the large bowel may positively modulate commensal microbiota and enhance immunity. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of increasing large bowel butyrate concentration through ingestion of butyrylated high amylose maize starch (HAMSB) on faecal biochemistry and microbiota, and markers of immunity in healthy active individuals. DESIGN Male and female volunteers were assigned randomly to consume either two doses of 20 g HAMSB (n = 23; age 37.9 +/- 7.8 y; mean +/- SD) or a low amylose maize starch (LAMS) (n = 18; age 36.9 = 9.5 y) twice daily for 28 days. Samples were collected on days 0, 10 and 28 for assessment of faecal bacterial groups, faecal biochemistry, serum cytokines and salivary antimicrobial proteins. RESULTS HAMSB led to relative increases in faecal free (45%; 12-86%; mean; 90% confidence interval; P = 0.02), bound (950%; 563-1564%; P < 0.01) and total butyrate (260%; 174-373%; P < 0.01) and faecal propionate (41%; 12-77%; P = 0.02) from day 0 to day 28 compared to LAMS. HAMSB was also associated with a relative 1.6-fold (1.2- to 2.0-fold; P < 0.01) and 2.5-fold (1.4- to 4.4-fold; P = 0.01) increase in plasma IL-10 and TNF-alpha but did not alter other indices of immunity. There were relative greater increases in faecal P. distasonis (81-fold (28- to 237-fold; P < 0.01) and F. prausnitzii (5.1-fold (2.1- to 12-fold; P < 0.01) in the HAMSB group. CONCLUSIONS HAMSB supplementation in healthy active individuals promotes the growth of bacteria that may improve bowel health and has only limited effects on plasma cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P West
- Australian Institute of Sport, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Mail Centre Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
West NP, Pyne DB, Cripps A, Christophersen CT, Conlon MA, Fricker PA. Gut Balance, a synbiotic supplement, increases fecal Lactobacillus paracasei but has little effect on immunity in healthy physically active individuals. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:221-7. [PMID: 22572834 PMCID: PMC3427214 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.19579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synbiotic supplements, which contain multiple functional ingredients, may enhance the immune system more than the use of individual ingredients alone. A double blind active controlled parallel trial over a 21 d exercise training period was conducted to evaluate the effect of Gut Balance™, which contains Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (L. casei 431®), Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis (BB-12®), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5®), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG®), two prebiotics (raftiline and raftilose) and bovine whey derived lactoferrin and immunoglobulins with acacia gum on fecal microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), gut permeability, salivary lactoferrin and serum cytokines. All subjects randomized were included in the analysis. There was a 9-fold (1.2-fold to 64-fold; 95% confidence intervals p = 0.03) greater increase in fecal L. paracasei numbers with Gut Balance™ compared with acacia gum supplementation. Gut Balance™ was associated with a 50% (-12% to 72%; p = 0.02) smaller increase in the concentration of serum IL-16 in comparison to acacia gum from pre- to post-study. No substantial effects of either supplement were evident in fecal SCFA concentrations, measures of mucosal immunity or GI permeability. Clinical studies are now required to determine whether Gut Balance™ may exert beneficial GI health effects by increasing the recovery of fecal L. paracasei. Both supplements had little effect on immunity. Twenty two healthy physically active male subjects (mean age = 33.9 ± 6.5y) were randomly allocated to either daily prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation for 21 d. Saliva, blood, urine and fecal samples were collected pre-, mid and post-intervention. Participants recorded patterns of physical activity on a self-reported questionnaire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. West
- Department of Physiology; Australian Institute of Sport; Canberra, Australia,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science; Griffith Health; Griffith University; Southport, Australia
| | - David B. Pyne
- Department of Physiology; Australian Institute of Sport; Canberra, Australia,Medical School; Australian National University; Canberra, Australia
| | - Allan Cripps
- Griffith Health; Griffith University; Southport, Australia,Correspondence to: Allan Cripps,
| | - Claus T. Christophersen
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship; CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences; Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael A. Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship; CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences; Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Conlon MA, Kerr CA, McSweeney CS, Dunne RA, Shaw JM, Kang S, Bird AR, Morell MK, Lockett TJ, Molloy PL, Regina A, Toden S, Clarke JM, Topping DL. Resistant starches protect against colonic DNA damage and alter microbiota and gene expression in rats fed a Western diet. J Nutr 2012; 142:832-40. [PMID: 22457395 PMCID: PMC3327741 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.147660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), fed as high amylose maize starch (HAMS) or butyrylated HAMS (HAMSB), opposes dietary protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage in rats. In this study, rats were fed Western-type diets moderate in fat (19%) and protein (20%) containing digestible starches [low amylose maize starch (LAMS) or low amylose whole wheat (LAW)] or RS [HAMS, HAMSB, or a whole high amylose wheat (HAW) generated by RNA interference] for 11 wk (n = 10/group). A control diet included 7% fat, 13% protein, and LAMS. Colonocyte DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) were significantly higher (by 70%) in rats fed the Western diet containing LAMS relative to controls. Dietary HAW, HAMS, and HAMSB opposed this effect while raising digesta levels of SCFA and lowering ammonia and phenol levels. SSB correlated inversely with total large bowel SCFA, including colonic butyrate concentration (R(2) = 0.40; P = 0.009), and positively with colonic ammonia concentration (R(2) = 0.40; P = 0.014). Analysis of gut microbiota populations using a phylogenetic microarray revealed profiles that fell into 3 distinct groups: control and LAMS; HAMS and HAMSB; and LAW and HAW. The expression of colonic genes associated with the maintenance of genomic integrity (notably Mdm2, Top1, Msh3, Ung, Rere, Cebpa, Gmnn, and Parg) was altered and varied with RS source. HAW is as effective as HAMS and HAMSB in opposing diet-induced colonic DNA damage in rats, but their effects on the large bowel microbiota and colonocyte gene expression differ, possibly due to the presence of other fiber components in HAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Conlon
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline A. Kerr
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robert A. Dunne
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Janet M. Shaw
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seungha Kang
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Livestock Industries, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew K. Morell
- Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Lockett
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter L. Molloy
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed Regina
- Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shusuke Toden
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M. Clarke
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David L. Topping
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bird AR, Conlon MA, Christophersen CT, Topping DL. Resistant starch, large bowel fermentation and a broader perspective of prebiotics and probiotics. Benef Microbes 2011; 1:423-31. [PMID: 21831780 DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic end products of the large bowel microbiota contribute significantly to human health. After weaning to solid foods, some of the most important of these are the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by the fermentation of undigested dietary components and endogenous secretions. The main SCFA are acetate, propionate and butyrate which have numerous documented effects promoting large bowel function. Of the major acids, butyrate seems especially important. It is a major metabolic fuel for colonocytes and promotes a normal phenotype in these cells, potentially lowering the risk of diseases such as colo-rectal cancer. Imbalances in the microbiota are thought to predispose to large bowel dysfunction and probiotics are being developed to correct this. However, most commercial products contain bacteria (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) which are dominant species in milk-fed infants but have limited roles in adults. Prebiosis is defined usually by the specific stimulation of these bacteria. However, the end products of most probiotics do not include butyrate or propionate which raises questions about their effectiveness in promoting bowel health in adults. Resistant starch (RS) is a dietary fibre component and its fermentation generally favours butyrate production. Dietary RS intakes and faecal butyrate levels are high in populations at low risk of diet-related large bowel diseases. Conversely, RS intakes and faecal butyrate levels are very low in high risk groups. This raises the possibility that greater RS consumption could be of health benefit. RS is not regarded widely as a prebiotic but (according to the accepted definition) most forms show the requisite features in stimulating specific bacteria, giving raised total SCFA and butyrate levels and a consequent benefit to the host. Current efforts to improve public health through increasing RS consumption could be facilitated by greater recognition of its prebiotic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bird
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC 5000, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Callaghan NJ, Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Fenech M, Conlon MA. Colonocyte telomere shortening is greater with dietary red meat than white meat and is attenuated by resistant starch. Clin Nutr 2011; 31:60-4. [PMID: 21963168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Population studies indicate that greater red meat consumption increases colorectal cancer risk while dietary fibre is protective. Previous work in rats showed that diets high in protein, including red meat, increase colonocyte DNA strand breaks and that this effect is attenuated by resistant starches (RS). Telomeres are long hexamer repeats that protect against spontaneous DNA damage which would lead to chromosomal instability. Telomere shortening is associated with greater risk of colorectal cancer. The current study aimed to determine the effects of cooked red and white meat intake on colonocyte telomere length in rats and whether dietary RS modified their effects. METHODS After four weeks of feeding cooked beef or chicken at 15, 25 and 35% of diet with or without RS, colonocyte telomere length was measured. RESULTS Telomere length decreased in proportion to red meat content of the diet. A similar trend was observed in the white meat group. Colonocyte telomere shortening due to increased dietary meat was attenuated by the inclusion of RS. CONCLUSION These data support previous findings of increased colonocyte DNA damage with greater red and white meat intake and also the protective effect of dietary fibre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J O'Callaghan
- Nutritional Genomics and DNA Damage Research Group, CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Kintore Avenue, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Winter J, Nyskohus L, Young GP, Hu Y, Conlon MA, Bird AR, Topping DL, Le Leu RK. Inhibition by resistant starch of red meat-induced promutagenic adducts in mouse colon. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1920-8. [PMID: 21885815 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Population studies have shown that high red meat intake may increase colorectal cancer risk. Our aim was to examine the effect of different amounts and sources of dietary protein on induction of the promutagenic adduct O(6)-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O(6)MeG) in colonocytes, to relate these to markers of large bowel protein fermentation and ascertain whether increasing colonic carbohydrate fermentation modified these effects. Mice (n = 72) were fed 15% or 30% protein as casein or red meat or 30% protein with 10% high amylose maize starch as the source of resistant starch. Genetic damage in distal colonocytes was detected by immunohistochemical staining for O(6)MeG and apoptosis. Feces were collected for measurement of pH, ammonia, phenols, p-cresol, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). O(6)MeG and fecal p-cresol concentrations were significantly higher with red meat than with casein (P < 0.018), with adducts accumulating in cells at the crypt apex. DNA adducts (P < 0.01) and apoptosis (P < 0.001) were lower and protein fermentation products (fecal ammonia, P < 0.05; phenol, P < 0.0001) higher in mice fed resistant starch. Fecal SCFA levels were also higher in mice fed resistant starch (P < 0.0001). This is the first demonstration that high protein diets increase promutagenic adducts (O(6)MeG) in the colon and dietary protein type seems to be the critical factor. The delivery of fermentable carbohydrate to the colon (as resistant starch) seems to switch from fermentation of protein to that of carbohydrate and a reduction in adduct formation, supporting previous observations that dietary resistant starch opposes the mutagenic effects of dietary red meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Winter
- Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang L, Christophersen CT, Sorich MJ, Gerber JP, Angley MT, Conlon MA. Low relative abundances of the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in feces of children with autism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6718-21. [PMID: 21784919 PMCID: PMC3187122 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05212-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disturbance is frequently reported for individuals with autism. We used quantitative real-time PCR analysis to quantify fecal bacteria that could influence gastrointestinal health in children with and without autism. Lower relative abundances of Bifidobacteria species and the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila were found in children with autism, the latter suggesting mucus barrier changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lv Wang
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Claus T. Christophersen
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael J. Sorich
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Jacobus P. Gerber
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Manya T. Angley
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael A. Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ito H, Takemura N, Sonoyama K, Kawagishi H, Topping DL, Conlon MA, Morita T. Degree of polymerization of inulin-type fructans differentially affects number of lactic acid bacteria, intestinal immune functions, and immunoglobulin A secretion in the rat cecum. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:5771-8. [PMID: 21506616 DOI: 10.1021/jf200859z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of degree of polymerization (DP) of inulin-fructans in modulating the interaction between lactic acid bacteria and IgA cecal secretion. Rats were fed a control diet or a diet containing one of the fructans with different DP. Consuming fructans increased the cecal IgA concentrations in the order DP4 > DP8 > DP16. Cecal lactobacilli counts were higher in DP4, DP8, and DP16, whereas bifidobacteria were higher in DP8, DP16, and DP23. Cecal IgA concentrations were correlated with cecal lactobacilli counts (P < 0.01). DP4, DP8, and DP16, but not DP23, significantly increased IgA-producing plasma cells in the cecal mucosa. IFN-γ and IL-10 production in the cecal CD4(+) T cells was enhanced solely in DP4. The results show that fructans with lower DP enhance cecal IgA secretion and increase the plasma cells and suggest that the increased lactobacilli may contribute to the stimulation of cecal IgA secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
McOrist AL, Miller RB, Bird AR, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but are usually increased by a diet high in resistant starch. J Nutr 2011; 141:883-9. [PMID: 21430242 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate and other SCFA produced by bacterial fermentation of resistant starch (RS) or nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) promote human colonic health. To examine variation in fecal variables, especially butyrate, among individuals and the response to these fibers, a randomized cross-over study was conducted that compared the effects of foods supplying 25 g of NSP or 25 g of NSP plus 22 g of RS/d over 4 wk in 46 healthy adults (16 males, 30 females; age 31-66 y). Fecal SCFA levels varied widely among participants at entry (butyrate concentrations: 3.5-32.6 mmol/kg; butyrate excretions: 0.3-18.2 mmol/48 h). BMI explained 27% of inter-individual butyrate variation, whereas protein, starch, carbohydrate, fiber, and fat intake explained up to 16, 6, 2, 4, and 2% of butyrate variation, respectively. Overall, acetate, butyrate, and total SCFA concentrations were higher when participants consumed RS compared with entry and NSP diets, but individual responses varied. Individual and total fecal SCFA excretion, weight, and moisture were higher than those for habitual diets when either fiber diet was consumed. SCFA concentrations (except butyrate) and excretions were higher for males than for females. Butyrate levels increased in response to RS in most individuals but often decreased when entry levels were high. Fecal butyrate and ammonia excretions were positively associated ((2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). In conclusion, fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but consuming a diet high in RS usually increases levels and may help maintain colorectal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L McOrist
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
West NP, Pyne DB, Cripps AW, Hopkins WG, Eskesen DC, Jairath A, Christophersen CT, Conlon MA, Fricker PA. Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC®) supplementation and gastrointestinal and respiratory-tract illness symptoms: a randomised control trial in athletes. Nutr J 2011; 10:30. [PMID: 21477383 PMCID: PMC3083335 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics purportedly reduce symptoms of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory-tract illness by modulating commensal microflora. Preventing and reducing symptoms of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness are the primary reason that dietary supplementation with probiotics are becoming increasingly popular with healthy active individuals. There is a paucity of data regarding the effectiveness of probiotics in this cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a probiotic on faecal microbiology, self-reported illness symptoms and immunity in healthy well trained individuals. Methods Competitive cyclists (64 males and 35 females; age 35 ± 9 and 36 ± 9 y, VO2max 56 ± 6 and 52 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean ± SD) were randomised to either probiotic (minimum 1 × 109 Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC®) per day) or placebo treatment for 11 weeks in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. The outcome measures were faecal L. fermentum counts, self-reported symptoms of illness and serum cytokines. Results Lactobacillus numbers increased 7.7-fold (90% confidence limits 2.1- to 28-fold) more in males on the probiotic, while there was an unclear 2.2-fold (0.2- to 18-fold) increase in females taking the probiotic. The number and duration of mild gastrointestinal symptoms were ~2-fold greater in the probiotic group. However, there was a substantial 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) of a scale step reduction in the severity of gastrointestinal illness at the mean training load in males, which became more pronounced as training load increased. The load (duration×severity) of lower respiratory illness symptoms was less by a factor of 0.31 (99%CI; 0.07 to 0.96) in males taking the probiotic compared with placebo but increased by a factor of 2.2 (0.41 to 27) in females. Differences in use of cold and flu medication mirrored these symptoms. The observed effects on URTI had too much uncertainty for a decisive outcome. There were clear reductions in the magnitude of acute exercise-induced changes in some cytokines. Conclusion L. fermentum may be a useful nutritional adjunct for healthy exercising males. However, uncertainty in the effects of supplementation on URTI and on symptoms in females needs to be resolved. Trial registration The trial was registered in the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12611000006943).
Collapse
|
35
|
Toden S, Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Effects of Dietary Beef and Chicken With and Without High Amylose Maize Starch on Blood Malondialdehyde, Interleukins, IGF-I, Insulin, Leptin, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 Concentrations in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:454-65. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Abell GC, Conlon MA, McOrist AL. Methanogenic archaea in adult human faecal samples are inversely related to butyrate concentration. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600601048969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy C.J. Abell
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A. Conlon
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. McOrist
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Topping DL, Bajka BH, Bird AR, Clarke JM, Cobiac L, Conlon MA, Morell MK, Toden S. Resistant starches as a vehicle for delivering health benefits to the human large bowel. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600802106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Topping
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Balazs H. Bajka
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie M. Clarke
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lynne Cobiac
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | | | | - Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abell GCJ, Cooke CM, Bennett CN, Conlon MA, McOrist AL. Phylotypes related to Ruminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:505-15. [PMID: 18616586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand how diets containing high levels of fibre protect against colorectal cancer, we examined the effects of diets high in nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) or high in NSP plus resistant starch (RS) on the composition of the faecal microbial community in 46 healthy adults in a randomized crossover intervention study. Changes in bacterial populations were examined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Bacterial profiles demonstrated changes in response to the consumption of both RS and NSP diets [analysis of similarities (ANOSIM): R=0.341-0.507, P<0.01]. A number of different DGGE bands with increased intensity in response to dietary intervention were attributed to as-yet uncultivated bacteria closely related to Ruminococcus bromii. A real-time PCR assay specific to the R. bromii group was applied to faecal samples from the dietary study and this group was found to comprise a significant proportion of the total community when individuals consumed their normal diets (4.4+/-2.6% of total 16S rRNA gene abundance) and numbers increased significantly (+/-67%, P<0.05) with the RS, but not the NSP, dietary intervention. This study indicates that R. bromii-related bacteria are abundant in humans and may be significant in the fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the large bowel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy C J Abell
- Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Topping DL, Bajka BH, Bird AR, Clarke JM, Cobiac L, Conlon MA, Morell MK, Toden S. Resistant starches as a vehicle for delivering health benefits to the human large bowel. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2008. [DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v20i2.7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
40
|
Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. High red meat diets induce greater numbers of colonic DNA double-strand breaks than white meat in rats: attenuation by high-amylose maize starch. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2355-62. [PMID: 17916911 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human population studies show that dietary red and processed, but not white, meats are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer but dietary fibre appears to be protective. We examined whether dietary cooked red or white meat had differential effects on colonic DNA damage in rats and if resistant starch (RS), a dietary fibre component, provided protection. Rats were fed diets containing approximately 15, 25 or 35% of cooked beef or chicken, both with or without 20% high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) as a source of RS, for 4 weeks. DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB) were measured in isolated colonocytes (by comet assay) along with apoptosis levels, colonic mucus thickness and large bowel short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Both red and white meat increased colonocyte SSB and DSB dose dependently but damage was substantially greater with red meat. Dietary HAMS prevented these increases. Apoptotic cell numbers were increased dose dependently by red meat irrespective of HAMS feeding, whereas white meat only increased apoptotic cell numbers in the presence of HAMS. Red meat induced greater colonic mucus layer thinning than white meat but HAMS was protective in both cases. HAMS induced increases in large bowel SCFA, including butyrate, and significantly lowered concentrations of phenols and cresols. We have demonstrated that dietary red meat causes greater levels of colonic DNA SSB and DSB than white meat, consistent with the epidemiological data. Dietary RS protects against this damage and also against loss of the mucus barrier, probably through increased butyrate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Differential effects of dietary whey, casein and soya on colonic DNA damage and large bowel SCFA in rats fed diets low and high in resistant starch. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:535-43. [PMID: 17313716 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507336817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Feeding higher levels of dietary animal protein (as casein or red meat) increases colonic DNA damage and thins the colonic mucus barrier in rats. Feeding resistant starch (RS) reverses these changes and increases large bowel SCFA. The present study examined whether high dietary dairy (casein or whey) or plant (soya) proteins had similar adverse effects and whether dietary RS was protective. Adult male rats were fed diets containing 15 or 25 % casein, whey or soya protein with or without 48 % high amylose starch (as a source of RS) for 4 weeks. DNA damage was measured in isolated colonocytes using the comet assay. Higher dietary casein and soya (but not whey) increased colonocyte DNA damage. DNA damage was highest with soya when fed at 15 or 25 % protein without RS. Dietary RS attenuated protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage in all groups but it remained significantly higher in rats fed 25 % soya compared with those fed 15 % protein. Dietary protein level did not affect colonic mucus thickness overall but the barrier was thinner in rats fed high dietary casein. This effect was reversed by feeding RS. Caecal total SCFA and butyrate pools were higher in rats fed RS compared with digestible starch. Caecal and faecal SCFA were unrelated to genetic damage but correlated with mucus thickness. The present data confirm that higher dietary protein affected colonocyte DNA and colonic mucus thickness adversely but that proteins differ in their effects on these indices of colon health. The data show also that these changes were reversed by RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Dose-dependent reduction of dietary protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage by resistant starch in rats correlates more highly with caecal butyrate than with other short chain fatty acids. Cancer Biol Ther 2007; 6:253-8. [PMID: 17218781 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.6.2.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown increased levels of colonocyte DNA damage (as measured by the comet assay) and thinning of the colonic mucus layer in rats fed higher dietary protein as casein or red meat with highly digestible starch. Feeding resistant starch (RS) as high amylose maize starch (HAMS) opposed these changes. However, the dietary level of HAMS was relatively high (48% by weight) so this study was conducted to establish whether HAMS had the same effects at lower dietary levels. Adult male rats were fed a diet containing 25% casein with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% or 40% HAMS for 4 wk. DNA single strand breaks and 8-hydroxyguanosine levels were measured in isolated colonocytes by the comet assay. As expected, comet tail moment was greatest and the mucus barrier thinnest in rats fed 0% HAMS. DNA damage was reduced and the mucus barrier thickened in a logarithmic dose-dependent manner by HAMS. There was no significant difference in 8-hydroxyguanosine between dietary groups. Caecal and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) pools rose with the increased level of dietary HAMS. DNA damage of colonocytes correlated negatively with caecal SCFA but the strongest correlation was with caecal butyrate, which is consistent with the proposed role of this SCFA in promoting a normal cell phenotype. These data show that HAMS prevents protein-induced colonic DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Inclusion of 10% HAMS was found to be sufficient to oppose colonocyte DNA damage, and to increase caecal and fecal SCFA pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- CSIRO Human Nutrition and CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abell GC, Conlon MA, Mcorist AL. Methanogenic archaea in adult human faecal samples are inversely related to butyrate concentration. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2006. [DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v18i3-4.7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
44
|
Patten GS, Conlon MA, Bird AR, Adams MJ, Topping DL, Abeywardena MY. Interactive effects of dietary resistant starch and fish oil on short-chain fatty acid production and agonist-induced contractility in ileum of young rats. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:254-61. [PMID: 16534666 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-3121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have shown independently that dietary fiber and n-3 fatty acids can affect gut function. This study investigated the interactive effects of resistant starch (RS) (as high amylose maize starch [HAMS]) and tuna fish oil on ileal contractility. Four-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed 4 diets that contained 100 g/kg fat as sunflower oil or tuna fish oil, with 10% fiber supplied as alpha -cellulose or HAMS for 6 weeks. Fish oil feeding led to higher ileal n-3 fatty acid levels (mainly as DHA) and higher agonist-induced maximal contractility with an RS effect noted for carbachol. HAMS-containing diets resulted in lower colonic pH and higher total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), but not for butyrate with fish oil. Low prostanoid responses in young rats were enhanced by fish oil independent of RS. The order of muscarinic receptor subtype responses were different compared to older rats; fish oil feeding altered the sensitivity of the M(1) receptor subtype. Although little interactive effects were demonstrated, these data suggest developmental changes in ileal receptor systems with independent effects of RS and fish oil on some bowel properties in juvenile rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen S Patten
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary complex carbohydrates are protective against colorectal cancer but dietary protein may increase risk. However, experimental data to support these relationships are scant. We have shown in rats that consumption of a high-protein (25% casein) diet for 4 wk resulted in a twofold increase in damage to colonocyte DNA compared with a low-protein (15% casein) diet. This was associated with thinning of the colonic mucous barrier and increased levels of fecal p-cresol. Addition of resistant starch as a high-amylose maize starch to the diet increased cecal short-chain fatty acid pools and attenuated DNA damage, suggesting protection against genotoxic agents. In humans, this could translate to altered risk of colonic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Conlon MA, Tomas FM. Inhibition of cell migration from tendon explants into fibrin clots by extracts derived from cheese whey is largely due to transforming growth factor-beta. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:157-61. [PMID: 12507593 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whey-derived growth factor extract (WGFE) and the acid-activated form (WGFE-a) were tested for their ability to influence the migration of cells from chicken flexor tendon biopsies into fibrin clots. When added to the medium surrounding clots, both extracts significantly inhibited migration relative to controls (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner when measurements were made after seven days of incubation. WGFE-a was approximately ten times more potent than WGFE. Since transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and -beta2 activity of WGFE-a is much higher than in WGFE we hypothesized that TGF-beta was responsible for the inhibition of tendon cell migration. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody was added to the medium bathing tendon biopsies in fibrin clots along with WGFE-a. WGFE-a alone inhibited migration by 51% and this was reversed by the antibody in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, recombinant human TGF-beta1 and -beta2 significantly inhibited tendon cell migration with similar dose-dependent potency when tested in the assay. These results indicate that TGF-beta is largely responsible for the inhibition of tendon cell migration by WGFE-a. This sheds further light on the functions of this growth factor during the early events in tendon repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Conlon
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, P.O. Box 10065, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Conlon MA, Kita K. Muscle protein synthesis rate is altered in response to a single injection of insulin-like growth factor-I in seven-day-old Leghorn chicks. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1543-7. [PMID: 12412921 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.10.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if a single injection of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) can affect muscle protein synthesis in chickens, 7-d-old male Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were injected s.c. with physiological saline (control) or 35 microg of recombinant human IGF-I. After 2 h 30 min, or 6, 12, or 24 h the chicks were injected with 3H-phenylalanine and killed, and the fractional synthesis rate (Ks) of breast muscle protein was measured. The Ks of IGF-I-treated birds were lower (P = 0.03) than controls at 2 h 30 min post-injection, higher (P = 0.07) than controls at 6 h post-injection, but not different from controls at later times. A second experiment examined serum changes during the 6 h after chicks were injected with IGF-I or saline as in the first experiment. Serum IGF-I concentration increased relative to almost undetectable levels (1 ng/mL) of controls to 216 +/- 59 ng/mL at 20 min after IGF-I injection (P < 0.001) and decreased to 12 +/- 6 ng/ mL by 6 h. Serum glucose and nonprotein nitrogen concentrations were significantly decreased for all or most of the 3 h after IGF-I injection, respectively, but only glucose concentration was the same as controls by 6 h. Low serum glucose and nonprotein nitrogen during the first few hours after IGF-I injection may contribute to the inhibition of Ks at 2.5 h, but the mechanisms behind the increased Ks at 6 h are not clear. These results support a role for IGF-I in the posthatching muscle development of chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Conlon
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kita K, Nagao K, Taneda N, Inagaki Y, Hirano K, Shibata T, Yaman MA, Conlon MA, Okumura JI. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 gene expression can be regulated by diet manipulation in several tissues of young chickens. J Nutr 2002; 132:145-51. [PMID: 11823570 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between nutritional status and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) gene expression in chickens was studied. Chickens (6 wk old) were food deprived for 2 d and then refed. IGFBP-2 mRNA in the brain was significantly decreased by food deprivation and levels did not increase when birds were refed for 24 h. Gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased by food deprivation and decreased by refeeding. Any nutrients tested decreased hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression. In kidney, IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected but not influenced by food deprivation and refeeding. In another study, the influence of dietary protein source [isolated soybean protein vs. casein; crude protein (CP) 20%] and the supplementation of essential amino acids on IGFBP-2 gene expression of young chickens (5 wk old) was examined. The influence of feeding a low soybean protein diet (CP 5%) on tissue IGFBP-2 gene expression was also investigated. Hepatic IGFBP-2 mRNA was not detected in any group. Feeding the low protein diet for 7 d decreased brain IGFBP-2 mRNA level and increased gizzard IGFBP-2 level compared with chickens fed 20% protein diets. A significant interaction between protein source and amino acid supplementation was observed in gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA level. In both casein-fed groups and in chickens fed 20% soybean protein diet without supplemental amino acids, the levels did not differ from one another or from the low protein diet-fed birds. The level was lower in chickens fed the amino acid-supplemented, 20% soybean protein diet. In conclusion, the response of IGFBP-2 gene expression to variations in nutritional status was rapid and different in several tissues of young chickens, which would help modulate the growth-promoting effect of circulating IGF-I by making the IGF-IGFBP complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kita
- Laboratory of Grassland Science, University Farm, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Togo, Aichi 470-0151, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In the present study, porcine growth hormone (pGH) and LongR(3)IGF-I (LR(3)IGF-I), a potent analogue of IGF-I, were infused continuously into 430-g guinea pigs for 7 days, either alone or in combination, to examine whether pGH can counteract the reduction in circulating IGF-I concentrations induced by LR(3)IGF-I administration. The pGH and LR(3)IGF-I were infused at rates of 400 microg/day (0.93 mg/kg/day) and 120 microg/day (0.28 mg/kg/day), respectively, by miniosmotic pumps. The same doses were infused in the combination treatment. During the first day of treatment, animals lost between 2 and 3% of body weight. Cumulative body weight gains as a percentage of initial body weight were significantly (P < 0.001) increased relative to vehicle-treated controls by the LR(3)IGF-I, pGH, and combination treatments when effects were analyzed across the whole 7-day treatment period. The increased weight gains relative to controls were largely made on day 2, but these gains were not associated with increased water or feed intakes, indicating that pGH and LR(3)IGF-I improved feed conversion efficiency. LR(3)IGF-I alone or in combination with pGH significantly increased the fractional weight of kidneys at the end of the 7-day treatment period, whereas LR(3)IGF-I alone increased the fractional weight of spleens. Concentrations of IGF-I in serum collected after 7 days of treatment were decreased by LR(3)IGF-I, but this decrease was not ameliorated by coinfusion with pGH. GH alone did not have any effects on IGF-I concentration. This study suggests that pGH does not have a strong influence on circulating IGF-I concentrations in the guinea pig. We have also demonstrated that pGH and LR(3)IGF-I are capable of enhancing the recovery of body weight lost in response to surgery in the guinea pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Conlon
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-01, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kita K, Hangsanet K, Shibata T, Conlon MA, Sasaki T, Saito N, Okumura J. Refeeding increases hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression and plasma IGF-I concentration in fasted chicks. Br Poult Sci 1998; 39:679-82. [PMID: 9925322 DOI: 10.1080/00071669888566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. We examined the influence of refeeding after 2 d of fasting on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration and hepatic IGF-I gene expression in chickens at 6 weeks of age. 2. Hepatic IGF-I mRNA was measured by ribonuclease protection assay and plasma IGF-I concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. 3. Plasma IGF-I concentration decreased following fasting, increased to the level of fed controls after 2 h of refeeding but then fell back to the level of fasted chickens after 6 h of refeeding. 4. Fasting reduced hepatic IGF-I mRNA concentrations to less than half of those in the fed controls. Refeeding increased IGF-I mRNA sharply at 2 h after refeeding, but by 6 h after refeeding they had taller back again to levels significantly lower than at 2 h. 5. A significant correlation between plasma IGF-I concentration and hepatic IGF-I gene expression was found, suggesting that when chicks are refed after 2 d of fasting, the short-term increase in plasma IGF-I concentration may be partly regulated by the alteration in hepatic IGF-I mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kita
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|