1
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Han S, Lu Y. Fluorine in anti-HIV drugs approved by FDA from 1981 to 2023. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115586. [PMID: 37393791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nowadays, FDA has approved over thirty antiretroviral drugs grouped in six categories. Interestingly, one-third of these drugs contain different number of fluorine atoms. The introduction of fluorine to obtain drug-like compounds is a well-accepted strategy in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we summarized 11 fluorine-containing anti-HIV drugs, focusing on their efficacy, resistance, safety, and specific roles of fluorine in the development of each drug. These examples may be of help for the discovery of new drug candidates bearing fluorine in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Dongbang S, Doyle AG. Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling between Aziridines and Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Alkyl Radical Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20067-20077. [PMID: 36256882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aziridines are readily available C(sp3) precursors that afford valuable β-functionalized amines upon ring opening. In this article, we report a Ni/photoredox methodology for C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling between aziridines and methyl/1°/2° aliphatic alcohols activated as benzaldehyde dialkyl acetals. Orthogonal activation modes of each alkyl coupling partner facilitate cross-selectivity in the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reaction: the benzaldehyde dialkyl acetal is activated via hydrogen atom abstraction and β-scission via a bromine radical (generated in situ from single-electron oxidation of bromide), whereas the aziridine is activated at the Ni center via reduction. We demonstrate that an Ni(II) azametallacycle, conventionally proposed in aziridine cross-coupling, is not an intermediate in the productive cross-coupling. Rather, stoichiometric organometallic and linear free energy relationship studies indicate that aziridine activation proceeds via Ni(I) oxidative addition, a previously unexplored elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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3
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Talavera-Alemán A, Dagousset G, Thomassigny C. Synthesis of α-trifluoromethyl piperidine derivatives from tetrahydropyridines via nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of pyridinium cations. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Young RJ, Leeson PD. Mapping the Efficiency and Physicochemical Trajectories of Successful Optimizations. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6421-6467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Young
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul D. Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd., The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CV13 6LZ, U.K
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5
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Gu W, Jin XY, Li DD, Wang SF, Tao XB, Chen H. Design, synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of novel quinoline and oxadiazole derivatives of ursolic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4128-4132. [PMID: 28733083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of new quinoline derivatives of ursolic acid were designed and synthesized in an attempt to develop potential anticancer agents. The structures of these compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS spectra analysis. The target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, Hela and SMMC-7721). From the results, compounds 3a-d displayed significant antitumor activity against three cancer cell lines. Especially, compound 3b was found to be the most potent derivative with IC50 values of 0.61±0.07, 0.36±0.05, 12.49±0.08μM against MDA-MB-231, HeLa and SMMC-7721 cells, respectively, stronger than positive control etoposide. Furthermore, the Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining assay revealed that compound 3b could significantly induce the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis also indicated that compound 3b could cause cell cycle arrest of MDA-MB-231 cells at G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shi-Fa Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xu-Bing Tao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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Synthesis, Anti-Breast Cancer Activity, and Molecular Docking Study of a New Group of Acetylenic Quinolinesulfonamide Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020300. [PMID: 28212337 PMCID: PMC6155812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of regioisomeric acetylenic sulfamoylquinolines are designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against three human breast cacer cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) and a human normal fibroblast (HFF-1) by 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) assay. The antiproliferative activity of the tested acetylenic quinolinesulfonamides is comparable to that of cisplatin. The bioassay results demonstrate that most of the tested compounds show potent antitumor activities, and that some compounds exhibit better effects than the positive control cisplatin against various cancer cell lines. Among these compounds, 4-(3-propynylthio)-7-[N-methyl-N-(3-propynyl)sulfamoyl]quinoline shows significant antiprolierative activity against T47D cells with IC50 values of 0.07 µM. In addition, 2-(3-Propynylthio)-6-[N-methyl-N-(3-propynyl)sulfa-moyl]quinoline and 2-(3-propynylseleno)-6-[N-methyl-N-(3-propynyl)sulfamoyl]quinoline display highly effective atitumor activity against MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC50 values of 0.09 and 0.50 µM, respectively. Furthermore, most of the tested compounds show a weak cytotoxic effect against the normal HFF-1 cell line. Additionally, in order to suggest a mechanism of action for their activity, all compounds are docked into the binding site of two human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes. These data indicate that some of the title compounds display significant cytotoxic activity, possibly targeting the CYPs pathways.
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Marciniec K, Bafeltowska J, Maślankiewicz MJ, Buszman E, Boryczka S. Determination of the lipophilicity of quinolinesulfonamides by reversed-phase HPLC and theoretical calculations. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jolanta Bafeltowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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8
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Marciniec [] K, Maślankiewicz [] A, Maślankiewicz MJ. Synthesis of 6- and 8-Halogenosubstituted 3-Quinoline-Sulfonic Acid Derivatives[1]. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marciniec []
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Medical University of Silesia; Jagiellońska 4 41-200 Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Andrzej Maślankiewicz []
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Medical University of Silesia; Jagiellońska 4 41-200 Sosnowiec Poland
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Hanessian S, Jennequin T, Boyer N, Babonneau V, Soma U, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, De Nanteuil G. Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Balanced Dual NK1/NK3 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:550-5. [PMID: 24900878 DOI: 10.1021/ml400528y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with a program directed at potent and balanced dual NK1/NK3 receptor ligands, a focused exploration of an original class of peptidomimetic derivatives was performed. The rational design and molecular hybridization of a novel phenylalanine core series was achieved to maximize the in vitro affinity and antagonism at both human NK1 and NK3 receptors. This study led to the identification of a new potent dual NK1/NK3 antagonist with pK i values of 8.6 and 8.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas Jennequin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent Babonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Udaykumar Soma
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Clotilde Mannoury la Cour
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guillaume De Nanteuil
- Neuroscience Chemistry Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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10
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HIV-1 tropism testing and clinical management of CCR5 antagonists: Quebec review and recommendations. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 24:202-8. [PMID: 24489562 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 tropism assays play a crucial role in determining the response to CCR5 receptor antagonists. Initially, phenotypic tests were used, but limited access to these tests prompted the development of alternative strategies. Recently, genotyping tropism has been validated using a Canadian technology in clinical trials investigating the use of maraviroc in both experienced and treatment-naive patients. The present guidelines review the evidence supporting the use of genotypic assays and provide recommendations regarding tropism testing in daily clinical management.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the causative pathogen of AIDS, the world's biggest infectious disease killer. About 33 million people are infected worldwide, with 2.1 million deaths a year as a direct consequence. The devastating nature of AIDS has prompted widespread research, which has led to an extensive array of therapies to suppress viral replication and enable recovery of the immune system to prolong and improve patient life substantially. However, the genetic plasticity and replication rate of HIV-1 are considerable, which has lead to rapid drug resistance. This, together with the need for reducing drug side effects and increasing regimen compliance, has led researchers to identify antiretroviral drugs with new modes of action. OBJECTIVE This review describes the discovery and clinical development of CCR5 antagonists and the recent approval of maraviroc as a breakthrough in anti-HIV-1 therapy. CONCLUSION CCR5 inhibitors target a human cofactor to disable HIV-1 entry into the cells, and thereby provide a new hurdle for the virus to overcome. The status and expert opinion of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV-1 infection are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dorr
- Senior Principal Scientist Pfizer Global R&D, Primary Pharmacology, Sandwich Laboratories, CT13 9NJ, Kent, UK +44 0 1304648034 ; +44 0 1304651817 ;
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12
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Ionization constants of all seven positional isomers of quinolinesulfonamides and quinoline-N,N-dimethylsulfonamides. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Roy K, Chakraborty P, Mitra I, Ojha PK, Kar S, Das RN. Some case studies on application of “rm2” metrics for judging quality of quantitative structure-activity relationship predictions: Emphasis on scaling of response data. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:1071-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Statistically validated QSAR study of some antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor using least square support vector machine based on the genetic algorithm and factor analysis. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Marciniec K, Maślankiewicz A, Maślankiewicz MJ, Kurczab R. Synthesis, 15N NMR spectra and GIAO calculated data of the seven positional isomers of 15N-labeled N,N-dimethylsulfamoylquinoline. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Münk C, Landau NR. Production and use of HIV-1 luciferase reporter viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 12:Unit12.5. [PMID: 21956804 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1205s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes the production and use of HIV-1 luciferase reporter viruses. These viruses are used to rapidly and accurately quantify HIV-1 in cell culture. Protocols are also presented for screening and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Münk
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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QSAR study of some CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV agents using radial basis function neural network and general regression neural network on the basis of principal components. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Nedellec R, Coetzer M, Lederman MM, Offord RE, Hartley O, Mosier DE. Resistance to the CCR5 inhibitor 5P12-RANTES requires a difficult evolution from CCR5 to CXCR4 coreceptor use. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22020. [PMID: 21760945 PMCID: PMC3132774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral resistance to small molecule allosteric inhibitors of CCR5 is well documented, and involves either selection of preexisting CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants or envelope sequence evolution to use inhibitor-bound CCR5 for entry. Resistance to macromolecular CCR5 inhibitors has been more difficult to demonstrate, although selection of CXCR4-using variants might be expected. We have compared the in vitro selection of HIV-1 CC1/85 variants resistant to either the small molecule inhibitor maraviroc (MVC) or the macromolecular inhibitor 5P12-RANTES. High level resistance to MVC was conferred by the same envelope mutations as previously reported after 16–18 weeks of selection by increasing levels of MVC. The MVC-resistant mutants were fully sensitive to inhibition by 5P12-RANTES. By contrast, only transient and low level resistance to 5P12-RANTES was achieved in three sequential selection experiments, and each resulted in a subsequent collapse of virus replication. A fourth round of selection by 5P12-RANTES led, after 36 weeks, to a “resistant” variant that had switched from CCR5 to CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Envelope sequences diverged by 3.8% during selection of the 5P12-RANTES resistant, CXCR4-using variants, with unique and critical substitutions in the V3 region. A subset of viruses recovered from control cultures after 44 weeks of passage in the absence of inhibitors also evolved to use CXCR4, although with fewer and different envelope mutations. Control cultures contained both viruses that evolved to use CXCR4 by deleting four amino acids in V3, and others that maintained entry via CCR5. These results suggest that coreceptor switching may be the only route to resistance for compounds like 5P12-RANTES. This pathway requires more mutations and encounters more fitness obstacles than development of resistance to MVC, confirming the clinical observations that resistance to small molecule CCR5 inhibitors very rarely involves coreceptor switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mia Coetzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Offord
- Mintaka Foundation for Medical Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Donald E. Mosier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zhang X, Haney KM, Richardson AC, Wilson E, Gewirtz DA, Ware JL, Zehner ZE, Zhang Y. Anibamine, a natural product CCR5 antagonist, as a novel lead for the development of anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4627-30. [PMID: 20579875 PMCID: PMC2914538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the chemokine receptor CCR5 and the chemokine CCL5 may be involved in the proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer. Consequently, chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists could potentially act as anti-prostate cancer agents. As the first natural product CCR5 antagonist, anibamine provides a novel chemical structural skeleton compared with other known antagonists identified through high-throughput screening. Our studies demonstrate that anibamine produces significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation at micromolar to submicromolar concentrations as well as suppressing adhesion and invasion of the highly metastatic M12 prostate cancer cell line. Preliminary in vivo studies indicate that anibamine also inhibits prostate tumor growth in mice. These findings indicate that anibamine may prove to be a novel lead compound for the development of prostate cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kendra M. Haney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Amanda C. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Eden Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joy L. Ware
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zendra E. Zehner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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20
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Handel TM, Horuk R. Duffy antigen inhibitors: useful therapeutics for malaria? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:329-33. [PMID: 20382562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax accounts for 65% of all cases of malaria in Asia and South America. Although not usually deadly, this form of malaria continues to inflict misery on the millions of sufferers who have been infected. The paucity of treatments for malaria, coupled with the emerging resistance of the parasite to anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine, demonstrates an urgent need to develop new and alternative approaches to combat this disease. In this perspective, we propose that the development of small molecule inhibitors of the Duffy antigen, the portal of infection of P. vivax, would be a novel and potentially effective approach for treating this form of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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21
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Cabrera Z, Fernandez-Lorente G, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Palomo JM, Guisan JM. Novozym 435 displays very different selectivity compared to lipase from Candida antarctica B adsorbed on other hydrophobic supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Pratim Roy P, Paul S, Mitra I, Roy K. On two novel parameters for validation of predictive QSAR models. Molecules 2009; 14:1660-701. [PMID: 19471190 PMCID: PMC6254296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14051660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Validation is a crucial aspect of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. The present paper shows that traditionally used validation parameters (leave-one-out Q2 for internal validation and predictive R2 for external validation) may be supplemented with two novel parameters rm2 and Rp2 for a stricter test of validation. The parameter rm2(overall) penalizes a model for large differences between observed and predicted values of the compounds of the whole set (considering both training and test sets) while the parameter Rp2 penalizes model R2 for large differences between determination coefficient of nonrandom model and square of mean correlation coefficient of random models in case of a randomization test. Two other variants of rm2 parameter, rm2(LOO) and rm2(test), penalize a model more strictly than Q2 and R2pred respectively. Three different data sets of moderate to large size have been used to develop multiple models in order to indicate the suitability of the novel parameters in QSAR studies. The results show that in many cases the developed models could satisfy the requirements of conventional parameters (Q2 and R2pred) but fail to achieve the required values for the novel parameters rm2 and Rp2. Moreover, these parameters also help in identifying the best models from among a set of comparable models. Thus, a test for these two parameters is suggested to be a more stringent requirement than the traditional validation parameters to decide acceptability of a predictive QSAR model, especially when a regulatory decision is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Lab, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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23
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Li G, Haney KM, Kellogg GE, Zhang Y. Comparative docking study of anibamine as the first natural product CCR5 antagonist in CCR5 homology models. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:120-32. [PMID: 19166361 DOI: 10.1021/ci800356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anibamine, a novel pyridine quaternary alkaloid recently isolated from Aniba sp., has been found to effectively bind to the chemokine receptor CCR5 with an IC(50) at 1 microM in competition with (125)I-gp120, an HIV viral envelope protein binding to CCR5 with high affinity. Since CCR5, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is an essential coreceptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) entry to host cells, a CCR5 antagonist that inhibits the cellular entry of HIV-1 provides a new therapy choice for the treatment of HIV. Anibamine provides a novel structural skeleton that is remarkably different from all lead compounds previously identified as CCR5 antagonists. Here, we report comparative docking studies of anibamine with several other known CCR5 antagonists in two CCR5 homology models built based on the crystal structures of bovine rhodopsin and human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. The binding pocket of anibamine has some common features shared with other high affinity CCR5 antagonists, suggesting that they may bind in similar binding sites and/or modes. At the same time, several unique binding features of anibamine were identified, and it will likely prove beneficial in future molecular design of novel CCR5 antagonists based on the anibamine scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, USA
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Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. HIV entry inhibitors and their potential in HIV therapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:369-93. [PMID: 18720513 DOI: 10.1002/med.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress in the development of anti-HIV agents targeting the viral entry process. The three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors) are further broken down by specific mechanism of action and structure. Many of these inhibitors are in advanced clinical trials, including the HIV maturation inhibitor bevirimat, from the authors' laboratories. In addition, the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc has recently been FDA-approved. Possible roles for these agents in anti-HIV therapy, including treatment of virus resistant to current drugs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
The entry of viruses into target cells involves a complex series of sequential steps, with opportunities for inhibition at every stage. Entry inhibitors exert their biological properties by inhibiting protein-protein interactions either within the viral envelope (Env) glycoproteins or between viral Env and host-cell receptors. The nature of resistance to entry inhibitors also differs from compounds inhibiting enzymatic targets due to their different modes of action and the relative variability in Env sequences both temporally and between patients. Two drugs that target HIV-1 entry, enfuvirtide and maraviroc, are now licensed for treatment of HIV-1 infection. The efficacy of these drugs validates entry as a point of intervention in viral life cycles and, in the context of HIV treatment, contributes to the growing armamentarium of antivirals which, in multidrug combinations, can effectively inhibit viral replication and prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Melby
- Clinical Virology Associates, 101 E. Ellerbee St. Durham, NC 27704, USA.
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Cabrera Z, Fernandez-Lorente G, Palomo JM, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Asymmetric hydrolysis of dimethyl 3-phenylglutarate catalyzed by Lecitase Ultra®. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhuo Y, Kong R, Cong XJ, Chen WZ, Wang CX. Three-dimensional QSAR analyses of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine-based CCR5 receptor inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2724-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Predictive QSAR modeling of CCR5 antagonist piperidine derivatives using chemometric tools. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 24:205-23. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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31
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Mastrolorenzo A, Maresca A, Rusconi S, Supuran CT. Update on the development of HIV entry inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17469600.2.5.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV fusion and entry are two steps in the viral lifecycle that can be targeted by several classes of antiviral drugs. The discovery of chemokines focused the attention on cellular co-receptors used by the virus for entering cells, and on the various steps of such processes that are subject to interactions with small molecules. Intense research has led to a wide range of effective compounds that are able to inhibit these initial steps of viral replication. All steps in the process of HIV entry into the cell may be targeted by specific compounds, grouped into three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors and fusion inhibitors), which may be developed as novel antiretrovirals. Thus, several inhibitors of the gp120–CD4 interaction have been discovered (e.g., zintevir and BMS-378806). Small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors have also been described recently, including those which interact with both the CXCR4 co-receptor (e.g., AMD3100, AMD3465, ALX40-4C, T22, T134 and T140) and CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (TAK-779, TAK-220, E913, AK-602 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials). Recently, a third family of antivirals started to be used clinically (in addition to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors), with the advent of enfuvirtide (T20), the first fusion inhibitor to be approved as an anti-HIV agent. Some of these compounds demonstrated in vitro synergism with other classes of antivirals, thus offering the rationale for their combination in therapies for HIV-infected individuals. Many HIV entry and fusion inhibitors are currently being investigated in controlled clinical trials, and a number of them are bioavailable as oral formulations. In 2007, the US FDA approved maraviroc as an anti-HIV agent. Maraviroc is the product of a medicinal chemistry effort initiated following identification of an imidazopyridine CCR5 ligand from a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound file. Maraviroc demonstrated potent antiviral activity against all CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses tested, including 43 primary isolates from various clades and diverse geographic origin. Maraviroc was active against 200 clinically derived HIV-1 envelope-recombinant pseudoviruses, 100 of which were derived from viruses resistant to existing drug classes. Furthermore, in October 2007, the FDA announced the approval of raltegravir for the treatment of HIV-1 infection as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite optimized background antiretroviral therapy. At present, raltegravir is the only drug in the integrase inhibitor class approved for clinical use. With the approval of raltegravir, oral agents targeting all three constitutive viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, are now represented in FDA-approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Via degli Alfani 37, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”, Cattedra di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università degli Studi, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Maślankiewicz A, Maślankiewicz MJ, Marciniec K. Substituent effects of the N,N-dimethyl- sulfamoyl group on the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of positional isomers of quinolines. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:182-185. [PMID: 18088082 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments of seven positional isomers of N,N-dimethylsulfamoylquinolines 2-8 and quinoline have been made using 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments. Deltadelta(H) and Deltadelta(C) substituent effects induced by the sulfamoyl group were determined. The sulfamoyl substituent affects proton and carbon chemical shifts both in the parent and in the fused (pyridine or benzene) ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Maślankiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Aher YD, Agrawal A, Bharatam PV, Garg P. 3D-QSAR studies of substituted 1-(3, 3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl amides and ureas as CCR5 receptor antagonists. J Mol Model 2007; 13:519-29. [PMID: 17345108 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-007-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
3D-QSAR studies on the derivatives of 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl amide and urea as CCR5 receptor antagonists were performed by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices (CoMSIA) methods to rationalize the structural requirements responsible for the inhibitory activity of these compounds. The global minimum energy conformer of the template molecule, the most active and pharmacokinetically stable molecule of the series, was obtained by systematic search and used to build structures of the molecules in the dataset. The best predictions for the CCR5-receptor were obtained with the CoMFA standard model (q (2) = 0.787, r (2) = 0.962) and CoMSIA model combined steric, electrostatic and hydrophobic fields (q (2) = 0.809, r (2) = 0.951). The predictive ability of CoMFA and CoMSIA were determined using a test set of 12 compounds giving predictive correlation coefficients of 0.855 and 0.83, respectively, indicating good predictive power. Further, the robustness of the model was verified by bootstrapping analysis. The contour maps produced by the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were used to identify the structural features relevant to the biological activity in this series. Based on the CoMFA and CoMSIA analysis, we have identified some key features in the series that are responsible for CCR5 antagonistic activity which may be used to design more potent 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl derivatives and predict their activity prior to synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh D Aher
- Centre of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062, India
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Perros M. CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. ADVANCES IN ANTIVIRAL DRUG DESIGN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Maślankiewicz A, Marciniec K, Pawlowski M, Zajdel P. From Haloquinolines and Halopyridines to Quinoline- and Pyridinesulfonyl Chlorides and Sulfonamides. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Abdel-Magid AF, Mehrman SJ. A Review on the Use of Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride in the Reductive Amination of Ketones and Aldehydes. Org Process Res Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/op0601013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Department of Chemical Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, U.S.A
| | - Steven J. Mehrman
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Department of Chemical Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, U.S.A
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37
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Armour D, de Groot MJ, Edwards M, Perros M, Price DA, Stammen BL, Wood A. The Discovery of CCR5 Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of HIV Infection: Hit-to-Lead Studies. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:706-9. [PMID: 16902922 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Armour
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
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38
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Westby M, van der Ryst E. CCR5 antagonists: host-targeted antivirals for the treatment of HIV infection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 16:339-54. [PMID: 16329283 DOI: 10.1177/095632020501600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are potential host targets for exogenous, small-molecule antagonists for the inhibition of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 strains can be categorised by co-receptor tropism - their ability to utilise CCR5 (CCR5-tropic), CXCR4 (CXCR4-tropic) or both (dual-tropic) as a co-receptor for entry into susceptible cells. CCR5 may be the more suitable co-receptor target for small-molecule antagonists because a natural deletion in the CCR5 gene preventing its expression on the cell surface is not associated with any obvious phenotype, but can confer resistance to infection by CCR5-tropic strains - the most frequently sexually-transmitted strains. The current leading CCR5 antagonists in clinical development include maraviroc (UK-427,857, Pfizer), aplaviroc (873140, GlaxoSmithKline) and vicriviroc (SCH-D, Schering-Plough), which have demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacodynamic data also suggest that these compounds have a long plasma half-life and/or prolonged CCR5 occupancy, which may explain the delay in viral rebound observed following compound withdrawal in short-term monotherapy studies. A switch from CCR5 to CXCR4 tropism occurs spontaneously in approximately 50% of HIV-infected patients and has been associated with, but is not required for, disease progression. The possibility of a co-receptor tropism switch occurring under selection pressure by CCR5 antagonists is discussed. The completion of ongoing Phase lib/Ill studies of maraviroc, aplaviroc and vicriviroc will provide further insight into co-receptor tropism, HIV pathogenesis and the suitability of CCR5 antagonists as a potent new class of antiyirals for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Wood A, Armour D. The discovery of the CCR5 receptor antagonist, UK-427,857, a new agent for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005; 43:239-71. [PMID: 15850827 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(05)43007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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Haskell CA, Horuk R, Liang M, Rosser M, Dunning L, Islam I, Kremer L, Gutiérrez J, Marquez G, Martinez-A C, Biscone MJ, Doms RW, Ribeiro S. Identification and Characterization of a Potent, Selective Nonpeptide Agonist of the CC Chemokine Receptor CCR8. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:309-16. [PMID: 16221874 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the first example of a nonpeptide chemokine receptor agonist, 2-{2-[4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethoxy}ethanol (ZK 756326), for the CC chemokine receptor CCR8. ZK 756326 inhibited the binding of the CCR8 ligand I-309 (CCL1), with an IC(50) value of 1.8 muM. Furthermore, ZK 756326 was a full agonist of CCR8, dose-responsively eliciting an increase in intracellular calcium and cross-desensitizing the response of the receptor to CCL1. In addition, ZK 756326 stimulated extracellular acidification in cells expressing human CCR8. The ability of ZK 756326 to induce a response was receptor-specific and mediated through Galpha(i), because it could be blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin. The CCR8 agonist activated cells expressing murine CCR8, eliciting their chemotaxis and inducing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2. Like CCL1, ZK 756326 inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fusion of cells expressing CD4 and CCR8. Finally, unlike mCCL1, ZK 756326 bound to and activated a form of mCCR8 that was mutated to eliminate O-linked sulfation at tyrosines 14 and 15. Therefore, ZK 756326 is most probably not binding in the same manner as CCL1 but can activate the switch mechanism involved in transducing signaling events. In summary, we have identified a nonpeptide agonist of CCR8. This compound may be useful in evaluating the physiological role of CCR8 in HIV infection, as well as in the general study of CCR8 biology without the constraints inherent to the use of protein agonists such as its natural ligand.
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41
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Ribeiro S, Horuk R. The clinical potential of chemokine receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:44-58. [PMID: 15894378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to a family of chemotactic cytokines that direct the migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. They mediate their biological effects by binding to cell surface receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Since chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of autoinflammatory diseases, chemokine receptor antagonists could prove to be useful therapeutics to target these diseases. Here, we review the role of chemokines in autoimmunity, concentrating mainly on the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and discuss the potential utility of antagonists that target these 2 receptors as they progress through the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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42
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Fryszkowska A, Komar M, Koszelewski D, Ostaszewski R. Enzymatic desymmetrization of 3-arylglutaric acid anhydrides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
A combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs, commonly termed 'highly active antiretroviral therapy' (HAART), has become the standard-of-care treatment for HIV-related disease in the developed world. Since its initiation in the mid 1990s, HAART has led to substantial reductions in both mortality and morbidity. There are, however, significant problems associated with existing therapies including high pill burdens and serious side effects in many patients, as well as the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant HIV variants. There is, therefore, a need for new medicines to treat HIV infections, both from the existing drug classes and, perhaps more importantly, a need for medicines that act against the virus in entirely new ways. In recent years, much has been learned about how HIV enters its target cells and this work has led to the identification of compounds that potently inhibit the individual steps of viral entry. The status of current research focussed on preventing HIV entry is described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redshaw
- Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK.
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44
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Xu Y, Liu H, Niu C, Luo C, Luo X, Shen J, Chen K, Jiang H. Molecular docking and 3D QSAR studies on 1-amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-butanes based on the structural modeling of human CCR5 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6193-208. [PMID: 15519163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have used an approach combining protein structure modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, automated docking, and 3D QSAR analyses to investigate the detailed interactions of CCR5 with their antagonists. Homology modeling and MD simulation were used to build the 3D model of CCR5 receptor based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of bovine rhodopsin. A series of 64 CCR5 antagonists, 1-amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-butanes, were docked into the putative binding site of the 3D model of CCR5 using the docking method, and the probable interaction model between CCR5 and the antagonists were obtained. The predicted binding affinities of the antagonists to CCR5 correlate well with the antagonist activities, and the interaction model could be used to explain many mutagenesis results. All these indicate that the 3D model of antagonist-CCR5 interaction is reliable. Based on the binding conformations and their alignment inside the binding pocket of CCR5, three-dimensional structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) analyses were performed on these antagonists using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA) methods. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA provide statistically valid models with good correlation and predictive power. The q(2)(r(cross)(2)) values are 0.568 and 0.587 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The predictive ability of these models was validated by six compounds that were not included in the training set. Mapping these models back to the topology of the active site of CCR5 leads to a better understanding of antagonist-CCR5 interaction. These results suggest that the 3D model of CCR5 can be used in structure-based drug design and the 3D QSAR models provide clear guidelines and accurate activity predictions for novel antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Song M, Breneman CM, Sukumar N. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of piperidine-based CCR5 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:489-99. [PMID: 14723967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 chemokine receptor has recently been found to play a crucial role in the viral entry stage of HIV infection and has therefore become an attractive potential target for anti-HIV therapeutics. On the other hand, the lack of CCR5 crystal structure data has impeded the development of structure-based CCR5 antagonist design. In this paper, we compare two three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) methods: Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) on a series of piperidine-based CCR5 antagonists as an alternative approach to investigate the interaction between CCR5 antagonists and their receptor. Superimposition of antagonist structures was performed using two alignment rules: atomic/centroid rms fit and rigid body field fit techniques. The 3D QSAR models were derived from a training set of 72 compounds, and were found to have predictive capability for a set of 19 holdout test compounds. The resulting contour maps produced by the best CoMFA and CoMSIA models were used to identify the structural features relevant to biological activity in this series of compounds. Further analyses of these interaction-field contour maps also showed a high level of internal consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Guthikonda RN, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Carella A, Carver G, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and SAR studies of 4-(heteroarylpiperdin-1-yl-methyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl-acetic acid antagonists of the human CCR5 chemokine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3419-24. [PMID: 15177445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts toward the exploration of the title compounds as CCR5 antagonists are disclosed. The basis for such work stems from the fact that cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both CCR5 and CD4 receptors. The synthesis and SAR of pyrrolidineacetic acid derivatives as CCR5 antagonists displaying potent binding and antiviral properties in a HeLa cell-based HIV-1 infectivity assay are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shankaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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47
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Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Caldwell CG, Chen P, Finke PE, Oates B, MacCoss M, Mills SG, DeMartino JA, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Kwei G, Carella A, Carver G, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and biological evaluation of 5-(piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenyl-pentylsulfones as CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3589-93. [PMID: 15177481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both the CCR5 and CD4 receptors. Our medicinal chemistry efforts in this area have resulted in the identification of N-alkyl piperidine sulfones as CCR5 antagonists. These compounds display potent binding and show antiviral properties in HIV-1 spread cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shankaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Kazmierski W, Bifulco N, Yang H, Boone L, DeAnda F, Watson C, Kenakin T. Recent progress in discovery of small-molecule CCR5 chemokine receptor ligands as HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2663-76. [PMID: 12788340 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses key pharmacology and virology issues relevant in discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV drugs, such as target validation, receptor internalization, allosterism, viral resistance and tropism. Recent progress in the discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists, SAR and clinical status are reviewed. Finally, modeling-based structure of CCR5 is discussed in the context of a small-molecule antagonism of the CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Kazmierski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA.
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Abstract
Many lead compounds with the potential to progress to viable drug candidates have been identified from libraries during the past two years. There are two key strategies most often employed to find leads from libraries: first, high-throughput biological screening of corporate compound collections; and second, synthesis and screening of project-directed libraries (i.e. target-based libraries). Numerous success stories, including the discovery of several clinical candidates, testify to the utility of chemical library collections as proven sources of new leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Golebiowski
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040-8006, USA.
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors belong to one of the most pharmacologically exploited proteins, the G-protein-coupled receptors. Drugs that target these receptors make up greater than 45% of all known marketed medicines. Several excellent reviews published recently have concentrated on the biology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms of action of the chemokines [C. Gerard, B.J. Rollins, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 108; C.R. Mackay, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 95; M. Thelen, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 129] and the reader is directed toward them to gain a thorough understanding of the importance of this growing family of proteins. Although some background will be given here to aid in an understanding of the medical importance of chemokines, this review will focus on the rapid advances that have been made in identifying and characterizing chemokine receptor antagonists, by discussing their efficacy in animal models of disease as well as detailing their progression through human clinical trials. This approach is exemplified by specific reference to CCR1 and CCR5, which are the most advanced chemokine receptor programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Horuk
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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