1
|
Wang H, Ba J, Kang Y, Gong Z, Liang T, Zhang Y, Qi J, Wang J. Recent Progress in CDK4/6 Inhibitors and PROTACs. Molecules 2023; 28:8060. [PMID: 38138549 PMCID: PMC10745860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division in eukaryotes is a highly regulated process that is critical to the life of a cell. Dysregulated cell proliferation, often driven by anomalies in cell Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activation, is a key pathological mechanism in cancer. Recently, selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have shown clinical success, particularly in treating advanced-stage estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the action mechanism and recent advancements in CDK4/6 inhibitors, categorizing them based on their structural characteristics and origins. Furthermore, it explores proteolysis targeting chimers (PROTACs) targeting CDK4/6. We hope that this review could be of benefit for further research on CDK4/6 inhibitors and PROTACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianguo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University Jinming Campus, Kaifeng 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu H, Wang B, Li FY, Wang JY. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cyclization Strategy: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 5 H-Naphtho[2,3- c]carbazole-8,13-dione Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36800394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of novel carbazolequinones were efficiently obtained by a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization reaction. This protocol not only had a simple operation, broad substrate range, and high atomic economy, but also had a low catalyst loading and avoided using metal catalysts. In addition, we constructed diverse new carbazole-fused compounds under different reduction conditions. The results of photophysical characterization showed that the structure of carbazole-fused derivatives had a significant impact on the fluorescence properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China.,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiraltechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, Zhao P, Wu D, Qiu Z, Zhao C, Zhang W, Li F, Zhou J, Liu L. Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Reaction of N-arylnaphthalen-2-amines with Quinone Esters for the Construction of Carbazole and C-N Axially Chiral Carbazole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36812409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated here an efficient synthetic method of carbazole derivatives from readily available N-arylnaphthalen-2-amines and quinone esters catalyzed by Brønsted acid. With this strategy, a series of carbazole derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields (76 to >99) under mild conditions. Large scale reaction illustrated the synthetic utility of this protocol. Meanwhile, a series of C-N axially chiral carbazole derivatives were also constructed in moderate to good yields (36-89% yield) with moderate to excellent atroposelectivities (44-94% ee) by using chiral phosphoric acid as a catalyst, which provides a novel strategy for the atroposelective construction of C-N axially chiral compounds and a new member of the C-N atropisomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Pin Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Dongqing Wu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Zhichao Qiu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Chenyue Zhao
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Feng Li
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lantao Liu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi H, Chi D, He J, Wang L, Chen S. Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Intramolecular Heck Cyclization/Dearomatization of Indoles for the Construction of Two All-Carbon Quaternary Centers. Org Lett 2022; 24:8880-8885. [PMID: 36445060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile Pd-catalyzed cascade of intramolecular Heck cyclization/alkylpalladium activated dearomatization of aryl alkyne-tethered indole is described. In this single step two nonadjacent all-carbon quaternary centers, two nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and three C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds are efficiently furnished. These products could also undergo 5-to-6 ring migration-expansion reaction under Brønsted-acid conditions to transform into the benzo[c]carbazole skeletons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Qi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Dongmei Chi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jing He
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Leming Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gérardin B, Traboulsi I, Pal S, Lebunetelle G, Ramondenc Y, Hoarau C, Schneider C. Direct Synthesis of Benzo[ c]carbazoles by Pd-Catalyzed C–H [4 + 2] Annulation of 3-Arylindoles with External 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8164-8169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gérardin
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Iman Traboulsi
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Suman Pal
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Yvan Ramondenc
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Hoarau
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Cédric Schneider
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76 000 Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang JM, Yao ML, Li JC, Liu JK, Wu B. Access to Azepino-Annulated Benzo[ c]carbazoles Enabled by Gold-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkynylindoles and Subsequent Oxidative Cyclization. Org Lett 2022; 24:6505-6509. [PMID: 36047768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile and efficient synthetic method to construct azepino[1,2-a]indoles through a novel gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkynylindoles. A wide range of functional groups can be well tolerated in this transformation, and the corresponding highly functionalized azepino[1,2-a]indole skeletons were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Subsequent oxidation of the products gave the interesting and valuable polycyclic carbazoles, which were widely used as the key building blocks in materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Lian Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Chi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Banerjee A, Kundu S, Bhattacharyya A, Sahu S, Maji MS. Benzannulation strategies for the synthesis of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a critical and authoritative analysis of several exciting benzannulation approaches developed in the past decade for the construction of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Arya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kripalaya Ratheesh A, Sparkes HA, Prasad KJR. A new strategy for the synthesis of diverse benzo[a]carbazoles via a divergent catalytic Michael reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2527-2540. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00154e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new type of divergent catalytic Michael addition reaction of α,α-dicyanomethylidene carbazoles afforded multifunctional benzo[a]carbazoles in good yields.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan JK, Mathiew M, Nayak S, Chan PWH. Brønsted Acid-Mediated Cycloaromatization of 1H-Indol-2-yl Propargyl Benzoates to 7H-Benzo[c]carbazoles. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1475-1479. [PMID: 28608646 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the efficient assembly of benzo[c]carbazole derivatives that relies on silica gel-activated benzoic acid-mediated cycloaromatization of 1H-indol-2-yl propargyl benzoates under atmospheric conditions is described. Robust with a variety of substitution patterns tolerated, the reaction provides a one-step strategy to construct a member of the N-heterocycles family in good to excellent yields. A tentative mechanism is proposed in which the cycloaromatization process is thought to involve a Brønsted acid-mediated formal 1,3-acyloxy migration/6π-electrocyclization pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javey Khiapeng Tan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mitch Mathiew
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Sanatan Nayak
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Wai Hong Chan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
N N, Zhu H, Liu J, V K, C GPD, Chakraborty C, Chen L. Analysing the Effect of Mutation on Protein Function and Discovering Potential Inhibitors of CDK4: Molecular Modelling and Dynamics Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133969. [PMID: 26252490 PMCID: PMC4529227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)-cyclin D1 complex plays a crucial role in the transition from the G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle. Among the CDKs, CDK4 is one of the genes most frequently affected by somatic genetic variations that are associated with various forms of cancer. Thus, because the abnormal function of the CDK4-cyclin D1 protein complex might play a vital role in causing cancer, CDK4 can be considered a genetically validated therapeutic target. In this study, we used a systematic, integrated computational approach to identify deleterious nsSNPs and predict their effects on protein-protein (CDK4-cyclin D1) and protein-ligand (CDK4-flavopiridol) interactions. This analysis resulted in the identification of possible inhibitors of mutant CDK4 proteins that bind the conformations induced by deleterious nsSNPs. Using computational prediction methods, we identified five nsSNPs as highly deleterious: R24C, Y180H, A205T, R210P, and R246C. From molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies, we observed that these deleterious nsSNPs affected CDK4-cyclin D1 and CDK4-flavopiridol interactions. Furthermore, in a virtual screening approach, the drug 5_7_DIHYDROXY_ 2_ (3_4_5_TRI HYDROXYPHENYL) _4H_CHROMEN_ 4_ONE displayed good binding affinity for proteins with the mutations R24C or R246C, the drug diosmin displayed good binding affinity for the protein with the mutation Y180H, and the drug rutin displayed good binding affinity for proteins with the mutations A205T and R210P. Overall, this computational investigation of the CDK4 gene highlights the link between genetic variation and biological phenomena in human cancer and aids in the discovery of molecularly targeted therapies for personalized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagasundaram N
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hailong Zhu
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Karthick V
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sha F, Tao Y, Tang CY, Zhang F, Wu XY. Construction of Benzo[c]carbazoles and Their Antitumor Derivatives through the Diels–Alder Reaction of 2-Alkenylindoles and Arynes. J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sha
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials
and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials
and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yu Tang
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials
and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials
and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials
and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Indumathi T, Fronczek FR, Prasad KJR. DABCO-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction for Synthesis of Benzo[a]carbazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.871561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Domino C–H functionalization reactions of gem-dibromoolefins: synthesis of N-fused benzo[c]carbazoles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Lim BY, Choi MK, Cho CG. Acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,2′-diamino-1,1′-biaryls for the synthesis of benzo[c]carbazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Yamuna E, Zeller M, Prasad KJR. Regioselective cycloaddition of acetylenic esters: a one-pot synthesis of novel dihydrobenzo[a]carbazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Ergün Y, Gündoğdu C, Tercan B, Ermiş E, Hökelek T. 11-Butyl-3-methoxy-11 H-benzo[ a]carbazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1634-5. [PMID: 21587864 PMCID: PMC3007054 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C21H21NO, consists of a carbazole skeleton with a methoxybenzene ring fused to the carbazole, and a butyl group attached to the carbazole N atom. The carbazole skeleton is nearly planar [maximum deviation = 0.078 (2) Å], and it is oriented at a dihedral angle of 4.22 (4)° with respect to the adjacent methoxybenzene ring.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Yadav AK, Ila H, Junjappa H. Synthesis of Novel Substituted Phenanthrenes and Polycyclic Heteroarenes by Pd-Catalyzed, Direct, Intramolecular Arylation/Heteroarylation. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Lei B, Xi L, Li J, Liu H, Yao X. Global, local and novel consensus quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of 4-(Phenylaminomethylene) isoquinoline-1, 3 (2H, 4H)-diones as potent inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 644:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Wang C, Zhang W, Lu S, Wu J, Shi Z. One-pot synthesis of benzo[c]carbazoles by photochemical annulation of 2-chloroindole-3-carbaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5176-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b808854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Pathak R, Nhlapo JM, Govender S, Michael JP, van Otterlo WA, de Koning CB. A concise synthesis of novel naphtho[a]carbazoles and benzo[c]carbazoles. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Toogood PL, Harvey PJ, Repine JT, Sheehan DJ, VanderWel SN, Zhou H, Keller PR, McNamara DJ, Sherry D, Zhu T, Brodfuehrer J, Choi C, Barvian MR, Fry DW. Discovery of a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2388-406. [PMID: 15801831 DOI: 10.1021/jm049354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacological approach to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) using highly selective small molecule inhibitors has the potential to provide novel cancer therapies for clinical use. Achieving high levels of selectivity for Cdk4/6, versus other ATP-dependent kinases, presents a significant challenge. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template provides an effective platform for the inhibition of a broad cross-section of kinases, including Cdks. It is now demonstrated that the modification of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones to include a 2-aminopyridine side chain at the C2-position provides inhibitors with exquisite selectivity for Cdk4/6 in vitro. This selectivity profile is recapitulated in cells where the most selective inhibitors create a G(1) block at concentrations up to 100-fold the IC(50) for cell proliferation. On the basis of its selectivity profile and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 43 (PD 0332991) was identified as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Toogood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
VanderWel SN, Harvey PJ, McNamara DJ, Repine JT, Keller PR, Quin J, Booth RJ, Elliott WL, Dobrusin EM, Fry DW, Toogood PL. Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones as Specific Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2371-87. [PMID: 15801830 DOI: 10.1021/jm049355+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the cell cycle kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (Cdk4), is expected to provide an effective method for the treatment of proliferative diseases such as cancer. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template has been identified previously as a privileged structure for the inhibition of ATP-dependent kinases, and good potency against Cdks has been reported for representative examples. Obtaining selectivity for individual Cdk enzymes, particularly Cdk4, has been challenging. Here, we report that the introduction of a methyl substituent at the C-5 position of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template is sufficient to confer excellent selectivity for Cdk4 vs other Cdks and representative tyrosine kinases. Further optimization led to the identification of highly potent and selective inhibitors of Cdk4 that exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells in vitro. The most selective Cdk4 inhibitors were evaluated for antitumor activity against MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma xenografts in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N VanderWel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Cancer Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McInnes C, Wang S, Anderson S, O'Boyle J, Jackson W, Kontopidis G, Meades C, Mezna M, Thomas M, Wood G, Lane DP, Fischer PM. Structural determinants of CDK4 inhibition and design of selective ATP competitive inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:525-34. [PMID: 15123247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of selective inhibitors of the CDK4/cyclin D1 complex have been reported recently. Due to the absence of an experimental CDK4 structure, the ligand and protein determinants contributing to CDK4 selectivity are poorly understood at present. Here, we report the use of computational methods to elucidate the characteristics of selectivity and to derive the structural basis for specific, high-affinity binding of inhibitors to the CDK4 active site. From these data, the hypothesis emerged that appropriate incorporation of an ionizable function into a CDK2 inhibitor results in more favorable binding to CDK4. This knowledge was applied to the design of compounds in the otherwise CDK2-selective 2-anilino-4-(thiazol-5-yl)pyrimidine pharmacophore that are potent and highly selective ATP antagonists of CDK4/cyclin D1. The findings of this study also have significant implications in the design of CDK4 mimic structures based on CDK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Campbell McInnes
- Cyclacel Limited, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park H, Yeom MS, Lee S. Loop Flexibility and Solvent Dynamics as Determinants for the Selective Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4: Comparative Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of CDK2 and CDK4. Chembiochem 2004; 5:1662-72. [PMID: 15505811 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design and discovery of selective cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitors have been actively pursued in order to develop therapeutic cancer treatments. By means of a consecutive computational protocol involving homology modeling, docking experiments, and molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the characteristic structural and dynamic properties that distinguish CDK4 from CDK2 in its complexation with selective inhibitors. The results for all three CDK4-selective inhibitors under investigation show that the large-amplitude motion of a disordered loop of CDK4 is damped out in the presence of the inhibitors whereas their binding in the CDK2 active site has little effect on the loop flexibility. It is also found that the binding preference of CDK4- selective inhibitors for CDK4 over CDK2 stems from the reduced solvent accessibility in the active site of the former due to the formation of a stable hydrogen-bond triad by the Asp99, Arg101, and Thr102 side chains at the top of the active-site gorge. Besides the differences in loop flexibility and solvent accessibility, the dynamic stabilities of the hydrogen bonds between the inhibitors and the side chain of the lysine residue at the bottom of the active site also correlate well with the relative binding affinities of the inhibitors for the two CDKs. These results highlight the usefulness of this computational approach in evaluating the selectivity of a CDK inhibitor, and demonstrate the necessity of considering protein flexibility and solvent effects in designing new selective CDK4-selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu G, Conner SE, Zhou X, Chan HK, Shih C, Engler TA, Al-Awar RS, Brooks HB, Watkins SA, Spencer CD, Schultz RM, Dempsey JA, Considine EL, Patel BR, Ogg CA, Vasudevan V, Lytle ML. Synthesis of 1,7-annulated indoles and their applications in the studies of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3057-61. [PMID: 15149644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel series of 1,7-annulated indolocarbazoles 2 and 16 is described. These compounds were found to be potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors with good antiproliferative activity against two human carcinoma cell lines. These inhibitors also arrested tumor cells at the G1 phase and inhibited pRb phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sanchez-Martinez C, Shih C, Faul MM, Zhu G, Paal M, Somoza C, Li T, Kumrich CA, Winneroski LL, Xun Z, Brooks HB, Patel BKR, Schultz RM, DeHahn TB, Spencer CD, Watkins SA, Considine E, Dempsey JA, Ogg CA, Campbell RM, Anderson BA, Wagner J. Aryl[ a ]pyrrolo[3,4- c ]carbazoles as selective cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3835-9. [PMID: 14552791 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new analogues of Arcyriaflavin A in which one indole ring is replaced by an aryl or heteroaryl ring is described. These new series of aryl[a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles were evaluated as inhibitors of Cyclin D1-CDK4. A potent and selective D1-CDK4 inhibitor, 7a (D1-CDK4 IC(50)=45 nM), has been identified. The potency, selectivity profile against other kinases, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) trends of this class of compounds are discussed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Anderson M, Beattie JF, Breault GA, Breed J, Byth KF, Culshaw JD, Ellston RPA, Green S, Minshull CA, Norman RA, Pauptit RA, Stanway J, Thomas AP, Jewsbury PJ. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: a potent and selective class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors identified through structure-based hybridisation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3021-6. [PMID: 12941325 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening identified the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and bisanilinopyrimidine series as inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. Comparison of their experimentally-determined binding modes and emerging structure-activity trends led to the development of potent and selective imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine inhibitors for CDK4 and in particular CDK2.
Collapse
|
29
|
Beattie JF, Breault GA, Ellston RPA, Green S, Jewsbury PJ, Midgley CJ, Naven RT, Minshull CA, Pauptit RA, Tucker JA, Pease JE. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitors as a treatment for cancer. Part 1: identification and optimisation of substituted 4,6-bis anilino pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2955-60. [PMID: 12941311 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a high-throughput screening campaign, we identified the 4,6-bis anilino pyrimidines as inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK4. Herein we describe the further chemical modification and use of X-ray crystallography to develop potent and selective in vitro inhibitors of CDK4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Beattie
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Breault GA, Ellston RPA, Green S, James SR, Jewsbury PJ, Midgley CJ, Pauptit RA, Minshull CA, Tucker JA, Pease JE. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitors as a treatment for cancer. Part 2: identification and optimisation of substituted 2,4-bis anilino pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2961-6. [PMID: 12941312 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Through chemical modification and X-ray crystallography we identified the 2,4-bis anilino pyrimidines as potent inhibitors of CDK4. Herein, we describe the optimisation of this series.
Collapse
|
31
|
Engler TA, Furness K, Malhotra S, Sanchez-Martinez C, Shih C, Xie W, Zhu G, Zhou X, Conner S, Faul MM, Sullivan KA, Kolis SP, Brooks HB, Patel B, Schultz RM, DeHahn TB, Kirmani K, Spencer CD, Watkins SA, Considine EL, Dempsey JA, Ogg CA, Stamm NB, Anderson BD, Campbell RM, Vasudevan V, Lytle ML. Novel, potent and selective cyclin D1/CDK4 inhibitors: indolo[6,7-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2261-7. [PMID: 12824014 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and CDK inhibitory properties of a series of indolo[6,7-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles is reported. In addition to their potent CDK activity, the compounds display antiproliferative activity against two human cancer cell lines. These inhibitors also effect strong G1 arrest in these cell lines and inhibit Rb phosphorylation at Ser780 consistent with inhibition of cyclin D1/CDK4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Engler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 46285, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhu G, Conner S, Zhou X, Shih C, Brooks HB, Considine E, Dempsey JA, Ogg C, Patel B, Schultz RM, Spencer CD, Teicher B, Watkins SA. Synthesis of quinolinyl/isoquinolinyl[a]pyrrolo [3,4-c] carbazoles as cyclin D1/CDK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1231-5. [PMID: 12657252 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrrolo[3,4-c] carbazoles fused with a quinolinyl/isoquinolinyl moiety were synthesized and their D1/CDK4 inhibitory and antiproliferative activity were evaluated. Compound 8H, 14H-isoquinolinyl[6,5-a]-pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-7,9-dione (1d) was found to be a highly potent D1/CDK4 inhibitor with an IC(50) of 69 nM. Compound 1d also inhibited tumor cell growth, arrested tumor cells in G1 phase and inhibited pRb phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mettey Y, Gompel M, Thomas V, Garnier M, Leost M, Ceballos-Picot I, Noble M, Endicott J, Vierfond JM, Meijer L. Aloisines, a new family of CDK/GSK-3 inhibitors. SAR study, crystal structure in complex with CDK2, enzyme selectivity, and cellular effects. J Med Chem 2003; 46:222-36. [PMID: 12519061 DOI: 10.1021/jm020319p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, neuronal functions, transcription, and exocytosis. The observation of CDK deregulations in various pathological situations suggests that CDK inhibitors may have a therapeutic value. In this article, we report on the identification of 6-phenyl[5H]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazines (aloisines) as a novel potent CDK inhibitory scaffold. A selectivity study performed on 26 kinases shows that aloisine A is highly selective for CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin A-E, CDK5/p25, and GSK-3 alpha/beta; the two latter enzymes have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Kinetic studies, as well as the resolution of a CDK2-aloisine cocrystal structure, demonstrate that aloisines act by competitive inhibition of ATP binding to the catalytic subunit of the kinase. As observed with all inhibitors reported so far, aloisine interacts with the ATP-binding pocket through two hydrogen bonds with backbone nitrogen and oxygen atoms of Leu 83. Aloisine inhibits cell proliferation by arresting cells in both G1 and G2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Mettey
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 34 rue du Jardin des Plantes, B.P. 199, 86005 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knockaert M, Lenormand P, Gray N, Schultz P, Pouysségur J, Meijer L. p42/p44 MAPKs are intracellular targets of the CDK inhibitor purvalanol. Oncogene 2002; 21:6413-24. [PMID: 12226745 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2001] [Revised: 07/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have a great therapeutic potential against various proliferative and neurodegenerative disorders. Intensive screening of a combinatorial chemistry library of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines has led to the identification of purvalanol, one of the most potent and selective CDK inhibitors to date. In preliminary studies, this compound demonstrates definite anti-mitotic properties, consistent with its nanomolar range efficiency towards purified CDK1 and CDK2. However, the actual intracellular targets of purvalanol remain to be identified, and a method for the determination of its in vivo selectivity was developed. In this technique, cell extracts were screened for purvalanol-interacting proteins by affinity chromatography on immobilized inhibitor. In addition to CDK1, p42/p44 MAPK were found to be two major purvalanol-interacting proteins in five different mammalian cell lines (CCL39, PC12, HBL100, MCF-7 and Jurkat cells), suggesting the generality of the purvalanol/p42/p44 MAPK interaction. The Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line CCL39 was used as a model to investigate the anti-proliferative properties of purvalanol. The compound inhibited cell growth with a GI(50) value of 2.5 microM and induced a G2/M block when added to exponentially growing cells. It did not appear to trigger massive activation of caspase. We next tested whether CDKs and p42/p44 MAPK were actually targeted by the compound in vivo. p42/p44 MAPK activity was visualized using an Elk-Gal4 luciferase reporter system and CDK1 activity was detected by the phosphonucleolin level. When cells were treated with purvalanol, p42/p44 MAPK and CDK1 activities were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, purvalanol inhibited the nuclear accumulation of p42/p44 MAPK, an event dependent on the catalytic activity of these kinases. We conclude that the anti-proliferative properties of purvalanol are mediated by inhibition of both p42/p44 MAPK and CDKs. These observations highlight the potency of moderate selectivity compounds and encourage the search for new therapeutics which simultaneously target distinct but relevant pathways of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Knockaert
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, B.P.74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, Bretagne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Abnormalities in the normal regulation of the cell cycle are a hallmark of neoplasia. Drugs directed against the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which govern the normal orderly progression through the cell cycle, have been proposed to address the pathogenic defect in tumors. Recently, CDK family members that do not regulate the cell cycle directly but instead influence transcription (CDK7, CDK8, and CDK9) and neuronal and secretory cell function (CDK5) have been described. Continued synthetic chemistry efforts have defined important new selective inhibitors of CDKs, and strategies directed at newly described CDK-related targets, such as transcription control, can now be envisaged. CDKs remain important and novel targets whose potential needs to be more fully explored, albeit in light of the newly emerging complexities of their cellular physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Sausville
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North Room 8018, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
With taxanes continuing to prove useful in the clinical treatment of cancer, the next generation of antimitotic agents has entered clinical trials. Other mechanisms awaiting proof-of-concept for the treatment of antiproliferative diseases include inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Flavopiridol and UCN-01 are continuing in clinical trials, and newer more selective Cdk inhibitors are now entering clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Toogood
- Pfizer Global Research and Development 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|