1
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Zhang Y, Goetzke FW, Christensen KE, Fletcher SP. Asymmetric Synthesis of Nortropanes via Rh-Catalyzed Allylic Arylation. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8995-9002. [PMID: 35966601 PMCID: PMC9361292 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
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Tropane derivatives are extensively used in medicine,
but catalytic
asymmetric methods for their synthesis are underexplored. Here, we
report Rh-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura-type cross-coupling
reactions between a racemic N-Boc-nortropane-derived
allylic chloride and (hetero)aryl boronic esters. The reaction proceeds via an unexpected kinetic resolution, and the resolved enantiopure
allyl chloride can undergo highly enantiospecific reactions with N-,
O-, and S-containing nucleophiles. The method was applied in a highly
stereoselective formal synthesis of YZJ-1139(1), a potential insomnia
treatment that recently completed Phase II clinical trials. Our report
represents an asymmetric catalytic method for the synthesis of YZJ-1139(1)
and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - F. Wieland Goetzke
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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2
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Rodriguez S, Uria U, Reyes E, Prieto L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Carrillo L, Vicario JL. Enantioselective construction of the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane scaffold: application in the synthesis of tropane alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3763-3775. [PMID: 33949549 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane scaffold is the central core of the family of tropane alkaloids, which display a wide array of interesting biological activities. As a consequence, research directed towards the preparation of this basic structure in a stereoselective manner has attracted attention from many research groups worldwide across the years. Despite this, most of the approaches rely on the enantioselective construction of an acyclic starting material that contains all the required stereochemical information to allow the stereocontrolled formation of the bicyclic scaffold. As an alternative, there are a number of important methodologies reported in which the stereochemical control is achieved directly in the same transformation that generates the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane architecture or in a desymmetrization process starting from achiral tropinone derivatives. This review compiles the most relevant achievements in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodriguez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Uxue Uria
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Liher Prieto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luisa Carrillo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jose L Vicario
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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3
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Zou MF, Cao J, Abramyan AM, Kopajtic T, Zanettini C, Guthrie DA, Rais R, Slusher BS, Shi L, Loland CJ, Newman AH. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Series of 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes and 3α-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylamino]tropanes As Novel Atypical Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorders. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10172-10187. [PMID: 29227643 PMCID: PMC5746459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of medications to treat cocaine use disorders has thus far defied success, leaving this patient population without pharmacotherapeutic options. As the dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a prominent role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine that can lead to addiction, atypical DAT inhibitors have been developed that prevent cocaine from binding to DAT, but they themselves are not cocaine-like. Herein, a series of novel DAT inhibitors were synthesized, and based on its pharmacological profile, the lead compound 10a was evaluated in phase I metabolic stability studies in mouse liver microsomes and compared to cocaine in locomotor activity and drug discrimination paradigms in mice. A molecular dynamic simulation study supported the hypothesis that atypical DAT inhibitors have similar binding poses at DAT in a conformation that differs from that of cocaine. Such differences may ultimately contribute to their unique behavioral profiles and potential for development as cocaine use disorder therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Fa Zou
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ara M. Abramyan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Theresa Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Daryl A. Guthrie
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Claus J. Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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4
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Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors that Provide Clues About Cocaine's Mechanism at the Dopamine Transporter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2008_027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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5
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Rothman RB, Baumann M, Prisinzano TE, Newman AH. Dopamine transport inhibitors based on GBR12909 and benztropine as potential medications to treat cocaine addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:2-16. [PMID: 17897630 PMCID: PMC2225585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of medications to treat addiction and notably, cocaine addiction, have been frustrated by both the complexity of the disorder and the lack of target validation in human subjects. The dopamine transporter has historically been a primary target for cocaine abuse medication development, but addictive liability and other confounds of such inhibitors of dopamine uptake have limited clinical evaluation and validation. Herein we describe efforts to develop analogues of the dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 and benztropine that show promising profiles in animal models of cocaine abuse that contrast to that of cocaine. Their unique pharmacological profiles have provided important insights into the reinforcing actions of cocaine and we propose that clinical investigation of novel dopamine uptake inhibitors will facilitate the discovery of cocaine-abuse medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Rothman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Baumann
- Clinical Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Sections, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- *Corresponding Author Amy Hauck Newman, Ph.D. Medicinal Chemistry Section, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Dr. Baltimore, MD 21224, 410-550-6568 X114,
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6
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Pollini GP, Benetti S, De Risi C, Zanirato V. Synthetic approaches to enantiomerically pure 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. Chem Rev 2007; 106:2434-54. [PMID: 16771455 DOI: 10.1021/cr050995+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian P Pollini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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7
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Kulkarni SS, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Newman AH. Comparative structure-activity relationships of benztropine analogues at the dopamine transporter and histamine H(1) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3625-34. [PMID: 16460947 PMCID: PMC1555624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benztropine (BZT) and its analogues inhibit dopamine uptake and bind with moderate to high affinity to the dopamine transporter (DAT). However, many of these compounds, in contrast to other monoamine uptake inhibitors, lack cocaine-like behavioral effects and fail to potentiate the effects of cocaine. The BZT analogues also exhibit varied binding affinities for muscarinic M(1) and histamine H(1) receptors. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted of pharmacophoric features with respect to the activities of BZT analogues at the DAT and at the histamine H(1) receptor. The BZT analogues showed a wide range of histamine H(1) receptor (K(i)=16-37,600 nM) and DAT (K(i)=8.5-6370 nM) binding affinities. A stereoselective histamine H(1)-antagonist pharmacophore, using a five-point superimposition of classical antagonists on the template, cyproheptadine, was developed. A series of superimpositions and comparisons were performed with various analogues of BZT. In general, smaller substituents were well tolerated on the aromatic rings of the diphenyl methoxy group for both the DAT and H(1) receptor, however, for the H(1) receptor, substitution at only one of the aromatic rings was preferred. The substituents at the 2- and N-positions of the tropane ring were preferred for DAT, however, these groups seem to overlap receptor essential regions in the histamine H(1) receptor. Molecular models at the DAT and the histamine H(1) receptor provide further insight into the structural requirements for binding affinity and selectivity that can be implemented in future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh S. Kulkarni
- Medicinal Chemistry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 5500, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD-21224 USA
| | - Theresa A. Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Sections, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 5500, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD-21224 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Sections, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 5500, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD-21224 USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 5500, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD-21224 USA
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8
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Walter MW. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Zheng G, Dwoskin LP, Crooks PA. The Preparation of 2‐Arylmethylidene‐8‐methyl‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐3‐ones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120037905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Zheng
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
| | - Linda P. Dwoskin
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- a College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, 40536‐0082, USA
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10
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Lyapkalo IM, Högermeier J, Reissig HU. Synthesis of new tropinone derivatives by palladium-catalyzed couplings of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enyl nonaflates. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Newman AH, Kulkarni S. Probes for the dopamine transporter: new leads toward a cocaine-abuse therapeutic--A focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:429-64. [PMID: 12210554 DOI: 10.1002/med.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a cocaine-abuse pharmacotherapeutic, extensive investigation has been directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of this psychostimulant drug. The results of these studies have been consistent with the inhibition of dopamine uptake, at the dopamine transporter (DAT), which results in a rapid and excessive accumulation of extracellular dopamine in the synapse as being the mechanism primarily responsible for the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine. Nevertheless, investigation of the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, as well as other receptor systems, with which cocaine either directly or indirectly interacts, has suggested that the DAT is not solely responsible for the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In an attempt to further elucidate the roles of these systems in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, selective molecular probes, in the form of drug molecules, have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Many of these compounds bind potently and selectively to the DAT, block dopamine reuptake, and are behaviorally cocaine-like in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. However, there have been exceptions noted in several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors that demonstrate behavioral profiles that are distinctive from cocaine. Structure-activity relationships between chemically diverse dopamine uptake inhibitors have suggested that different binding interactions, at the molecular level on the DAT, as well as divergent actions at the other monoamine transporters may be related to the differing pharmacological actions of these compounds, in vivo. These studies suggest that novel dopamine uptake inhibitors, which are structurally and pharmacologically distinct from cocaine, may be developed as potential cocaine-abuse therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse--Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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