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Satori NA, Pacini ESA, Godinho RO. Impact of the cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway on airway smooth muscle relaxation induced by formoterol and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110630. [PMID: 37442289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptors agonists and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are effective bronchodilators, due to their ability to increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and induce airway smooth muscle (ASM) relaxation. We have shown that increment of intracellular cAMP induced by β2-adrenoceptors agonist fenoterol is followed by efflux of cAMP, which is converted by ecto-PDE and ecto-5'-nucleotidases (ecto-5'NT) to adenosine, leading to ASM contraction. Here we evaluate whether other classical bronchodilators used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could induce cAMP efflux and, as consequence, influence the ASM contractility. Our results showed that β2-adrenoceptor agonists formoterol and PDE inhibitors IBMX, aminophylline and roflumilast induced cAMP efflux and a concentration-dependent relaxation of rat trachea precontracted with carbachol. Pretreatment of tracheas with MK-571 (MRP transporter inhibitor), AMP-CP (ecto-5'NT inhibitor) or CGS-15943 (nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) potentiated the relaxation induced by β2-adrenoceptor agonists but did not change the relaxation induced by PDE inhibitors. These data showed that all bronchodilators tested were able to induce cAMP efflux. However, only β2-adrenoceptor-induced relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle was affected by cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Ayako Satori
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enio Setsuo Arakaki Pacini
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Xanthine Analogs Suppress Trypanosoma cruzi Infection In Vitro Using PDEs as Targets. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the causative agent of Chagas disease, has infected 6 million people, putting 70 million people at risk worldwide. Presently, very limited drugs are available, and these have severe side effects. Hence, there is an urgency to delve into other pathways and targets for novel drugs. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) expresses a number of different cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). cAMP is one of the key regulators of mammalian cell proliferation and differentiation, and it also plays an important role in T. cruzi growth. Very few studies have demonstrated the important role of cyclic nucleotide-specific PDEs in T. cruzi’s survival. T. cruzi phosphodiesterase C (TcrPDEC) has been proposed as a potential new drug target for treating Chagas disease. In the current study, we screen several analogs of xanthine for potency against trypomastigote and amastigote growth in vitro using three different strains of T. cruzi (Tulahuen, Y and CA-1/CL72). One of the potent analogs, GVK14, has been shown to inhibit all three strains of amastigotes in host cells as well as axenic cultures. In conclusion, xanthine analogs that inhibit T. cruzi PDE may provide novel alternative therapeutic options for Chagas disease.
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3
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Gupta P, Chaubey A, Mahajan N, Anand N. A review on Arthrobacter sp. lipase: A versatile biocatalyst for the kinetic resolution to access enantiomerically pure/enriched compounds. Chirality 2021; 33:209-225. [PMID: 33675087 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reports related to Arthrobacter sp. lipase (ABL:MTCC No. 5125) catalyzed kinetic resolution performed in biphasic media. A strain displaying esterase/lipase activity and designated as ABL was isolated, during the course of a screening program at Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu. Considerable research has shown that reactions catalyzed by ABL are more selective than many commercial lipases. Since new applications of this lipase are emerging, there is a great need to provide all the relevant information exclusively. This review article is an attempt to cover all the relevant reports based on isolation, purification, immobilization, and application of ABL in the biopharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Govt. Degree College Kathua, Affiliated to University of Jammu, Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 184104, India
| | - Asha Chaubey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Govt. Degree College Kathua, Affiliated to University of Jammu, Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 184104, India
| | - Naveen Anand
- GGM Science College, Cluster University of Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
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4
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Mohamed AR, El Kerdawy AM, George RF, Georgey HH, Abdel Gawad NM. Design, synthesis and in silico insights of new 7,8-disubstituted-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione derivatives with potent anticancer and multi-kinase inhibitory activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104569. [PMID: 33387732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to obtain an efficient anti-proliferative activity, structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches were expanded and utilized to design and refine a small compound library. Subsequently, thirty-two 7,8-disubstituted-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione derivatives were selected for synthesis based on the characteristic pharmacophoric features required for PI3K and B-Raf oncogenes inhibition. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity. Compounds 17 and 22c displayed an acceptable potent activity according to the DTP-NCI and were further evaluated in the NCI five doses assay. To validate our design, compounds with the highest mean growth inhibition percent were screened against the target PI3Kα and B-RafV600E to confirm their multi-kinase activity. The tested compounds showed promising multi-kinase activity. Compounds 17 and 22c anticancer effectiveness and multi-kinase activity against PI3Kα and B-RafV600E were consolidated by the inhibition of B-RafWT, EGFR and VEGFR-2 with IC50 in the sub-micromolar range. Further investigations on the most potent compounds 17 and 22c were carried out by studying their safety on normal cell line, in silico profiling and predicted ADME characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla R Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, New Giza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Riham F George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Hanan H Georgey
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo 11777, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Abdel Gawad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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5
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Zhang JD, Chang YW, Dong R, Yang XX, Gao LL, Li J, Huang SP, Guo XM, Zhang CF, Chang HH. Enantioselective Cascade Biocatalysis for Deracemization of Racemic β-Amino Alcohols to Enantiopure (S)-β-Amino Alcohols by Employing Cyclohexylamine Oxidase and ω-Transaminase. Chembiochem 2020; 22:124-128. [PMID: 32789939 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Optically active β-amino alcohols are very useful chiral intermediates frequently used in the preparation of pharmaceutically active substances. Here, a novel cyclohexylamine oxidase (ArCHAO) was identified from the genome sequence of Arthrobacter sp. TYUT010-15 with the R-stereoselective deamination activity of β-amino alcohol. ArCHAO was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli BL21, purified and characterized. Substrate-specific analysis revealed that ArCHAO has high activity (4.15 to 6.34 U mg-1 protein) and excellent enantioselectivity toward the tested β-amino alcohols. By using purified ArCHAO, a wide range of racemic β-amino alcohols were resolved, (S)-β-amino alcohols were obtained in >99 % ee. Deracemization of racemic β-amino alcohols was conducted by ArCHAO-catalyzed enantioselective deamination and transaminase-catalyzed enantioselective amination to afford (S)-β-amino alcohols in excellent conversion (78-94 %) and enantiomeric excess (>99 %). Preparative-scale deracemization was carried out with 50 mM (6.859 g L-1 ) racemic 2-amino-2-phenylethanol, (S)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol was obtained in 75 % isolated yield and >99 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Ping Huang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Mei Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hong Chang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
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6
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Gupta P, Mahajan N. Biocatalytic approaches towards the stereoselective synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global need for clean manufacturing technologies and the management of hazardous chemicals and waste present new research challenges to both chemistry and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology
- Govt. Degree College Kathua
- University of Jammu
- Higher Education Department
- India
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7
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Kayık G, Tüzün NŞ, Durdagi S. Investigation of PDE5/PDE6 and PDE5/PDE11 selective potent tadalafil-like PDE5 inhibitors using combination of molecular modeling approaches, molecular fingerprint-based virtual screening protocols and structure-based pharmacophore development. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:311-330. [PMID: 28150511 PMCID: PMC6009860 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1250756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential biological function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type enzymes is to regulate the cytoplasmic levels of intracellular second messengers, 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and/or 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). PDE targets have 11 isoenzymes. Of these enzymes, PDE5 has attracted a special attention over the years after its recognition as being the target enzyme in treating erectile dysfunction. Due to the amino acid sequence and the secondary structural similarity of PDE6 and PDE11 with the catalytic domain of PDE5, first-generation PDE5 inhibitors (i.e. sildenafil and vardenafil) are also competitive inhibitors of PDE6 and PDE11. Since the major challenge of designing novel PDE5 inhibitors is to decrease their cross-reactivity with PDE6 and PDE11, in this study, we attempt to identify potent tadalafil-like PDE5 inhibitors that have PDE5/PDE6 and PDE5/PDE11 selectivity. For this aim, the similarity-based virtual screening protocol is applied for the “clean drug-like subset of ZINC database” that contains more than 20 million small compounds. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of selected hits complexed with PDE5 and off-targets were performed in order to get insights for structural and dynamical behaviors of the selected molecules as selective PDE5 inhibitors. Since tadalafil blocks hERG1 K channels in concentration dependent manner, the cardiotoxicity prediction of the hit molecules was also tested. Results of this study can be useful for designing of novel, safe and selective PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülru Kayık
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Nurcan Ş Tüzün
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- c Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
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8
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Pissarnitski DA, Zhao Z, Cole D, Wu WL, Domalski M, Clader JW, Scapin G, Voigt J, Soriano A, Kelly T, Powles MA, Yao Z, Burnett DA. Scaffold-hopping from xanthines to tricyclic guanines: A case study of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5534-5545. [PMID: 27670099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling of unbound tricyclic guanine scaffolds indicated that they can serve as effective bioisosteric replacements of xanthines. This notion was further confirmed by a combination of X-ray crystallography and SAR studies, indicating that tricyclic guanine DPP4 inhibitors mimic the binding mode of xanthine inhibitors, exemplified by linagliptin. Realization of the bioisosteric relationship between these scaffolds potentially will lead to a wider application of cyclic guanines as xanthine replacements in drug discovery programs for a variety of biological targets. Newly designed DPP4 inhibitors achieved sub-nanomolar potency range and demonstrated oral activity in vivo in mouse glucose tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Pissarnitski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Wen-Lian Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Martin Domalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - John W Clader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Theresa Kelly
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Mary Ann Powles
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zuliang Yao
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Duane A Burnett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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9
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Li J, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Lin L, Feng X. Chiral magnesium(ii)-catalyzed asymmetric ring-opening of meso-aziridines with primary alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6672-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Baraldi PG, Fruttarolo F, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Novel 8-heterocyclyl xanthine derivatives in drug development - an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1161-83. [PMID: 23496127 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.9.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methyl xanthines, especially caffeine and theophylline, have been widely investigated for their pharmacological properties as cognition enhancers, bronchodilator agents and mild diuretics. The xanthine core (3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione) has been largely manipulated in the search for selective ligands for different pharmacological targets, proving to be a versatile scaffold for the development of lead compounds in multiple therapeutic areas. The introduction of a heterocycle at the 8-position of some xanthine derivatives demonstrated to be a successful strategy for the identification of potent and selective A1 or A2B adenosine receptors antagonists as potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and asthma, respectively. Interesting examples of 8-heterocyclyl-xanthines as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and liver X receptor agonists have been claimed for their possible therapeutic use in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier G Baraldi
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, 44100 Ferrara, Italy +39 0532 455921 ; +39 0532 455953 ;
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Bartoccini F, Piersanti G, Mor M, Tarzia G, Minetti P, Cabri W. Divergent synthesis of novel 9-deazaxanthine derivatives via late-stage cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8860-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Rouf A, Gupta P, Aga MA, Kumar B, Parshad R, Taneja SC. Cyclic trans-β-amino alcohols: preparation and enzymatic kinetic resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Francis SH, Sekhar KR, Ke H, Corbin JD. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by methylxanthines and related compounds. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:93-133. [PMID: 20859794 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methylxanthines were the first inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to be discovered. To improve potency and specificity for inhibition of various PDEs in research and for treatment of diseases, thousands of compounds with related structures have now been synthesized. All known PDE inhibitors contain one or more rings that mimic the purine in the cN substrate and directly compete with cN for access to the catalytic site; this review focuses on inhibitors that contain a nucleus that is closely related to the xanthine ring of theophylline and caffeine and the purine ring of cNs. The specificity and potency of these compounds for blocking PDE action have been improved by appending groups at positions on the rings as well as by modification of the number and distribution of nitrogens and carbons in those rings. Several of these inhibitors are highly selective for particular PDEs; potent and largely selective PDE5 inhibitors are used clinically for treatment of erectile dysfunction [sildenafil (Viagra™), tadalafil (Cialis™) and vardenafil (Levitra™)] and pulmonary hypertension [sildenafil (Revatio™) and tadalafil (Adenocirca)]. Related compounds target other PDEs and show therapeutic promise for a number of maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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15
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Zhao D, Wang W, Yang F, Lan J, Yang L, Gao G, You J. Copper-catalyzed direct C arylation of heterocycles with aryl bromides: discovery of fluorescent core frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3296-300. [PMID: 19338010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A window of opportunity: A general copper-catalyzed C-H bond-activation path allows arylation of heterocycles with a wide range of aryl bromides (see scheme). The reaction shows excellent regioselectivity and exhibits good functional group tolerance. The 8-aryl xanthines exhibit fluorescence in a variety of solvents and show promise as reagents for biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
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2-Phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, a class of potent PDE5 inhibitors with high selectivity versus PDE6. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2777-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhao D, Wang W, Yang F, Lan J, Yang L, Gao G, You J. Copper-Catalyzed Direct C Arylation of Heterocycles with Aryl Bromides: Discovery of Fluorescent Core Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Zhao D, Wang W, Lian S, Yang F, Lan J, You J. Phosphine-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Heterocycles through CH Bond Activation with Pivalic Acid as a Cocatalyst. Chemistry 2009; 15:1337-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Topological polar surface area (TPSA), which makes use of functional group contributions based on a large database of structures, is a convenient measure of the polar surface area that avoids the need to calculate ligand 3D structure or to decide which is the relevant biological conformation or conformations. We demonstrate the utility of TPSA in 2D-QSAR for 14 sets of diverse pharmacological activity data. Even though a large pool of reports showing the importance of the classic 2D descriptors such as calculated logP (ClogP) and calculated molar refractivity (CMR) exists in the 2D-QSAR literature, this is the first report to demonstrate the value of TPSA as a relevant descriptor applicable to a large, structurally and pharmacologically diverse set of classes of compounds. We also address the limitations of applicability of this descriptor for 2D-QSAR analysis. We observed a negative correlation of TPSA with activity data for anticancer alkaloids, MT1 and MT2 agonists, MAO-B and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors and a positive correlation with inhibitory activity data for telomerase, PDE-5, GSK-3, DNA-PK, aromatase, malaria, trypanosomatids and CB2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prasanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, MS 38677-1848, USA
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Pissarnitski D. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors for the treatment of male erectile disorder: Attaining selectivity versus PDE6. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:369-95. [PMID: 16388517 DOI: 10.1002/med.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the mechanism of male erection has been well understood, and several drugs inhibiting this enzyme are being used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Discovery of inhibitors with improved selectivity versus other PDE isozymes could lead to drugs with improved safety profile. Achievement of selectivity versus PDE6, co-inhibition of which results in disturbances of color perception, remains the most challenging aspect of current drug discovery programs. The present review describes several case studies, where significant (>100 fold) selectivity versus PDE6 has been attained via investigation of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Special attention is given to the chemical routes leading to novel chemotypes and allowing efficient exploration of their SAR's. Strategies for attaining inhibitor selectivity discussed below may be applicable for other drug discovery programs.
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Boyle CD, Xu R, Asberom T, Chackalamannil S, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Guzik H, Hu Y, Hu Z, Lankin CM, Pissarnitski DA, Stamford AW, Wang Y, Skell J, Kurowski S, Vemulapalli S, Palamanda J, Chintala M, Wu P, Myers J, Wang P. Optimization of purine based PDE1/PDE5 inhibitors to a potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor for the treatment of male ED. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2365-9. [PMID: 15837326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In search of a PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction, an SAR was developed from a PDE1/PDE5 purine series of leads, which had modest PDE5 potency and poor isozyme selectivity. A compound (41) with PDE5 inhibition and in vivo activity similar to sildenafil was discovered from this effort. In addition, purine 41 demonstrated superior overall PDE isozyme selectivity when compared to the approved PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, which may result in a more favorable side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Boyle
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Montorsi F, Corbin J, Phillips S. REVIEW: Review of Phosphodiesterases in the Urogenital System: New Directions for Therapeutic Intervention. J Sex Med 2004; 1:322-36. [PMID: 16422964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the success of Phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 5 inhibitors (i.e., sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), PDEs are considered attractive targets for drug intervention in the urogenital tract. AIM To review the role of PDEs, which exist as a superfamily of enzymes comprising 11 distinct families, in the urogenital system, focusing on anatomical locations, functions and dysfunctions, potential disorders that could be treated, and any promising new selective PDE inhibitors under development. METHODS Included are (i) abstracts from 2001, 2002, and 2003; (ii) a MEDLINE search from 1996 through December 2003; and (iii) a pipeline search for therapeutics in development. Data from animal experiments are presented when there is a paucity of human data, but with the caveat that the distribution of PDE isozymes in a specific tissue can vary between species. RESULTS PDE mRNA and protein have been localized throughout the normal human urogenital tract. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies suggest possible new clinical roles for sildenafil, including prophylaxis to preserve penile smooth muscle and erectile function after radical prostatectomy, and treatment of ejaculatory delay secondary to serotonergic reuptake inhibitor antidepressant therapy. Open-label studies suggest a potential clinical role for: vinpocetine (a PDE1 inhibitor) in the treatment of incontinence and low-compliance bladder; and sildenafil in the treatment of premature ejaculation, prostate-related lower urinary tract symptoms, and in women who have had unsuccessful in vitro fertilization. Several new orally administered PDE5 inhibitors are in early clinical development for the treatment of ED. Potential indications for PDE inhibitors that are suggested by preclinical data include Peyronie's disease, ureteral colic, male and female birth control, and prevention of preterm labor. CONCLUSIONS Drug selectivity and differential PDE tissue distribution allow for potential targeted intervention for numerous disorders related to the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Montorsi
- Department of Urology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang J, Kuvelkar R, Wu P, Egan RW, Billah MM, Wang P. Differential inhibitor sensitivity between human recombinant and native photoreceptor cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDE6s). Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:867-73. [PMID: 15294449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human photoreceptor cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDE6s) are important reagents in PDE inhibitor discovery. However, recombinant human PDE6s have not been expressed, and isolation of native human PDE6s is highly difficult. In this study, the catalytic subunit(s) of human rod and cone PDE6s (PDE6alphabeta and PDE6alpha', respectively) were co-expressed or expressed separately as catalytically active enzymes. Sildenafil inhibited both the recombinant PDE6s in a dose-dependent manner with Ki values of 94 and 98 nM, respectively. These Ki values were four-fold higher than that (25 nM) of a human native PDE6 preparation. Similarly, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)'s Ki values for the recombinant PDE6s were five- to eight-fold higher than that of the native enzyme. However, E4021 and zaprinast exhibited much (30-80-fold) lower potencies for the recombinant PDE6s than for the native enzyme. Additional PDE5 inhibitors representing other structural classes and possessing different selectivity against native PDE6 also showed different potencies against the recombinant and native PDE6s. In particular, one class of xanthine analogues exhibited significantly (5-15-fold) higher potencies for the recombinant PDE6s than for the native enzyme. Our data demonstrates that the recombinant and native PDE6s exhibit differential sensitivity to inhibitors, and cautions the use of recombinant catalytic subunits of PDE6 in drug discovery or in structural/functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Zavialov IA, Dahanukar VH, Nguyen H, Orr C, Zhang F, Andrews DR. New and Practical Method for Synthesis of 1- and 1,3-Substituted Xanthines. Org Lett 2004; 6:2237-40. [PMID: 15200329 DOI: 10.1021/ol049272n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new and practical method for the synthesis of 1- and 1,3-substituted xanthines is reported. Direct base-promoted condensation of the imidazole precursor 1 with carbamates 2 gives 1-substituted 7-PMB xanthines 7 in good yields. Alkylation of these derivatives or their potassium salts proceeds under mild conditions to give functionalized 1,3-substituted 7-PMB xanthines 9 in good to excellent yields. The obtained 7-PMB-protected derivatives can be readily deprotected to give the parent 1- and 1,3-substituted xanthines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Zavialov
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 1011 Morris Avenue, Union, New Jersey 07083, USA
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Chapter 6.3 Triazines, tetrazines and fused ring polyaza systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(03)80017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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