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Raftery ED, Gharkhanian EG, Ricapito NG, McNamara J, Deming TJ. Influence of Sulfur‐Containing Diamino Acid Structure on Covalently Crosslinked Copolypeptide Hydrogels. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3547-3553. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Raftery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Eric G. Gharkhanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Deming
- Department of Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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2
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Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GEM, Govender T, Parboosing R. Development and Evaluation of Peptide-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for HIV Integrase Inhibition. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Zhang D, Debnath B, Yu S, Sanchez TW, Christ F, Liu Y, Debyser Z, Neamati N, Zhao G. Design and discovery of 5-hydroxy-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5446-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Yu S, Sanchez TW, Liu Y, Yin Y, Neamati N, Zhao G. Design and synthesis of novel pyrimidone analogues as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6134-7. [PMID: 24084160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrimidone analogues have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. This study demonstrated that introducing a substituent in the N1-position of the pyrimidone scaffold does not significantly influence IN inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies showed these compounds could occupy the IN active site and form pi-pi interactions with viral DNA nucleotides DC16 and DA17 to displace reactive viral DNA 3'OH and block intasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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5
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Serrao E, Thys W, Demeulemeester J, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Christ F, Debyser Z, Neamati N. A symmetric region of the HIV-1 integrase dimerization interface is essential for viral replication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45177. [PMID: 23028829 PMCID: PMC3445459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an important target for contemporary antiretroviral drug design research. Historically, efforts at inactivating the enzyme have focused upon blocking its active site. However, it has become apparent that new classes of allosteric inhibitors will be necessary to advance the antiretroviral field in light of the emergence of viral strains resistant to contemporary clinically used IN drugs. In this study we have characterized the importance of a close network of IN residues, distant from the active site, as important for the obligatory multimerization of the enzyme and viral replication as a whole. Specifically, we have determined that the configuration of six residues within a highly symmetrical region at the IN dimerization interface, composed of a four-tiered aromatic interaction flanked by two salt bridges, significantly contributes to proper HIV-1 replication. Additionally, we have utilized a quantitative luminescence assay to examine IN oligomerization and have determined that there is a very low tolerance for amino acid substitutions along this region. Even conservative residue substitutions negatively impacted IN multimerization, resulting in an inactive viral enzyme and a non-replicative virus. We have shown that there is a very low tolerance for amino acid variation at the symmetrical dimeric interface region characterized in this study, and therefore drugs designed to target the amino acid network detailed here could be expected to yield a significantly reduced number of drug-resistant escape mutations compared to contemporary clinically-evaluated antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Serrao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wannes Thys
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Laith Q. Al-Mawsawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Maes M, Loyter A, Friedler A. Peptides that inhibit HIV-1 integrase by blocking its protein-protein interactions. FEBS J 2012; 279:2795-809. [PMID: 22742518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is one of the key enzymes in the viral replication cycle. It mediates the integration of viral cDNA into the host cell genome. IN activity requires interactions with several viral and cellular proteins, as well as IN oligomerization. Inhibition of IN is an important target for the development of anti-HIV therapies, but there is currently only one anti-HIV drug used in the clinic that targets IN. Several other small-molecule anti-IN drug leads are either undergoing clinical trials or in earlier stages of development. These molecules specifically inhibit one of the IN-mediated reactions necessary for successful integration. However, small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions are difficult to develop. In this review, we focus on peptides that inhibit IN. Peptides have advantages over small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: they can mimic the structures of the binding domains within proteins, and are large enough to competitively inhibit protein-protein interactions. The development of peptides that bind IN and inhibit its protein-protein interactions will increase our understanding of the IN mode of action, and lead to the development of new drug leads, such as small molecules derived from these peptides, for better anti-HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Maes
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Marchand C, Maddali K, Métifiot M, Pommier Y. HIV-1 IN inhibitors: 2010 update and perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 9:1016-37. [PMID: 19747122 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) is the newest validated target against AIDS and retroviral infections. The remarkable activity of raltegravir (Isentress((R))) led to its rapid approval by the FDA in 2007 as the first IN inhibitor. Several other IN strand transfer inhibitors (STIs) are in development with the primary goal to overcome resistance due to the rapid occurrence of IN mutations in raltegravir-treated patients. Thus, many scientists and drug companies are actively pursuing clinically useful IN inhibitors. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the IN inhibitors reported in the last two years, including second generation STI, recently developed hydroxylated aromatics, natural products, peptide, antibody and oligonucleotide inhibitors. Additionally, the targeting of IN cofactors such as LEDGF and Vpr will be discussed as novel strategies for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Marchand
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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In search of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitors: targeting integration beyond strand transfer. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:1259-74. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy combines antiviral drugs targeting different steps in the HIV replication cycle in order to reduce viral loads in patients to undetectable levels. Since HIV readily develops resistance and can therefore escape the action of existing drugs, novel drugs with novel mechanisms of action must be developed. The integration of the viral genome into the human genome is an essential and critical replication step that is catalyzed by the viral integrase with the help of cellular cofactors. Although HIV-1 integrase has been studied for more than two decades, the first integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, was only recently approved for clinical use. A second compound, elvitegravir, is currently in advanced clinical trials. Both drugs interfere with the strand-transfer reaction of integrase. Due to the complexity and multistep nature of the integration reaction, several other functions of integrase can be exploited for drug discovery. In this review, we will describe these alternative strategies to inhibit integration. They have recently attracted considerable interest for the development of second-generation integrase inhibitors.
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Wang P, Liu C, Sanches T, Zhong Y, Liu B, Xiong J, Neamati N, Zhao G. Design and synthesis of novel nitrogen-containing polyhydroxylated aromatics as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors from caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4574-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Facile syntheses of l-β-haloalanine derivatives from l-cysteine or l-cystine. Amino Acids 2008; 37:603-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Dayam R, Gundla R, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005-2006 update. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:118-54. [PMID: 17979144 DOI: 10.1002/med.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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HIV‐1 Integrase Inhibitors: Update and Perspectives. HIV-1: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 2008; 56:199-228. [DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Camarasa MJ, Velázquez S, San-Félix A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Gago F. Dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase: A single mode of inhibition for the three HIV enzymes? Antiviral Res 2006; 71:260-7. [PMID: 16872687 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes 15 distinct proteins, three of which provide essential enzymatic functions: a reverse transcriptase (RT), an integrase (IN), and a protease (PR). Since these enzymes are all homodimers, pseudohomodimers or multimers, disruption of protein-protein interactions in these retroviral enzymes may constitute an alternative way to achieve HIV-1 inhibition. A growing number of dimerization inhibitors for these enzymes is being reported. This mini review summarizes some approaches that have been followed for the development of compounds that inhibit those three enzymes by interfering with the dimerization interfaces between the enzyme subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Zawahir Z, Neamati N. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase activity by synthetic peptides derived from the HIV-1 HXB2 Pol region of the viral genome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5199-202. [PMID: 16879966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptides deriving from the HIV-1 HXB2 Pol gene sequence were evaluated for inhibitory activity against wild-type (WT) and mutant HIV-1 integrase (IN). The most potent peptide corresponding to a region on the reverse transcriptase (RT) subunit of the Pol polyprotein showed IC(50) value of 5 and 2 microM for 3'-processing and strand transfer, respectively. These peptides, and their analogs, may potentially be used in the elucidation of structural and functional epitopes of IN involved in protein-protein and protein-small molecule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahrah Zawahir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
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Abstract
The integration of viral cDNA into the host genome is an essential step in the HIV-1-life cycle and is mediated by the virally encoded enzyme, integrase (IN). Inhibition of this process provides an attractive strategy for antiviral drug design. The discovery of beta-diketo acid inhibitors played a major role in validating IN as a legitimate antiretroviral drug target. Over a decade of research, a plethora of IN inhibitors have been discovered and some showed antiviral activity consistent with their effect on IN. To date, at least two compounds have been tested in human but none are close to the FDA approval. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all small-molecule IN inhibitors discovered during the years 2003 and 2004. Compilation of such data will prove beneficial in developing QSAR, virtual screening, pharmacophore hypothesis generation, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
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Krajewski K, Marchand C, Long YQ, Pommier Y, Roller PP. Synthesis and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity of dimeric and tetrameric analogs of indolicidin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5595-8. [PMID: 15482931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We found that indolicidin, a natural antimicrobial peptide, has HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity. Subsequently, we also discovered analogs of indolicidin with substantially higher inhibitory potency. The dimers and tetramers of the most active sequence (ILPWKWPWWPWPP) were prepared by connection of the monomers' C-terminal ends, using lysine as a linker. The inhibitory potency of the dimeric peptide is higher than the monomeric peptide. The tetrameric peptide, prepared by connection of two dimers at C-ends using again lysine as the linker, is the most potent integrase inhibitor with IC(50) value of 0.6 microM for both 3'-end processing and strand transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Krajewski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, USA
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