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Dahl R, Bravo Y, Sharma V, Ichikawa M, Dhanya RP, Hedrick M, Brown B, Rascon J, Vicchiarelli M, Mangravita-Novo A, Yang L, Stonich D, Su Y, Smith LH, Sergienko E, Freeze HH, Cosford NDP. Potent, selective, and orally available benzoisothiazolone phosphomannose isomerase inhibitors as probes for congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3661-8. [PMID: 21539312 DOI: 10.1021/jm101401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery and validation of a series of benzoisothiazolones as potent inhibitors of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), an enzyme that converts mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P) into fructose-6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) and, more importantly, competes with phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2) for Man-6-P, diverting this substrate from critical protein glycosylation events. In congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia, PMM2 activity is compromised; thus, PMI inhibition is a potential strategy for the development of therapeutics. High-throughput screening (HTS) and subsequent chemical optimization led to the identification of a novel class of benzoisothiazolones as potent PMI inhibitors having little or no PMM2 inhibition. Two complementary synthetic routes were developed, enabling the critical structural requirements for activity to be determined, and the compounds were subsequently profiled in biochemical and cellular assays to assess efficacy. The most promising compounds were also profiled for bioavailability parameters, including metabolic stability, plasma stability, and permeability. The pharmacokinetic profile of a representative of this series (compound 19; ML089) was also assessed, demonstrating the potential of this series for in vivo efficacy when dosed orally in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Dahl
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Fang W, Yu X, Wang B, Zhou H, Ouyang H, Ming J, Jin C. Characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus phosphomannose isomerase Pmi1 and its impact on cell wall synthesis and morphogenesis. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:3281-3293. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) is an enzyme catalysing the interconversion of mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) and fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P). The reaction catalysed by PMI is the first committed step in the synthesis of mannose-containing sugar chains and provides a link between glucose metabolism and mannosylation. In this study, the pmi1 gene was identified to encode PMI in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Characterization of A. fumigatus Pmi1 expressed in Escherichia coli revealed that this PMI mainly catalysed the conversion of Fru-6-P to Man-6-P and that its binding affinity for Man-6-P was similar to that of yeast PMIs, but different to those of PMIs from bacteria or animals. Loss of pmi1 was lethal unless Man was provided in the growth medium. However, a Δpmi1 mutant cell showed a significantly reduced growth rate at a high concentration of Man. Biochemical analysis revealed that both inadequate and replete Man led to an accumulation of intracellular Man-6-P and a reduction in the amount of α-glucan in the cell wall. Uncoupling of the link between energy production and glycosylation by deletion of the pmi1 gene led to phenotypes such as defects in cell wall integrity, abnormal morphology and reduced conidiation. Our results reveal that PMI activity is essential for viability and plays a central regulatory role in both cell wall synthesis and energy production in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Haomiao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jia Ming
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Freeze HH. Towards a therapy for phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency, the defect in CDG-Ia patients. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1792:835-40. [PMID: 19339218 PMCID: PMC2783247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase (PMM2, Mannose-6-P--> Mannose-1-P) deficiency is the most frequent glycosylation disorder affecting the N-glycosylation pathway. There is no therapy for the hundreds of patients who suffer from this disorder. This review describes previous attempts at therapeutic interventions and introduces perspectives emerging from the drawing boards. Two approaches aim to increase Mannose-1-P: small membrane permeable molecules that increase the availability or/and metabolic flux of precursors into the impaired glycosylation pathway; and, phosphomannomutase enhancement and/or replacement therapy. Glycosylation-deficient cell and animal models are needed to determine which individual or combined approaches improve glycosylation and may be suitable for preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson H Freeze
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Functional analysis of the Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 BceAJ protein with phosphomannose isomerase and GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:1015-22. [PMID: 18668237 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The bceA(J) gene from the cystic fibrosis isolate Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 encodes a 56-kDa bifunctional protein, with phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) activities, a new member of the poorly characterised type II PMI class of proteins. Due to the lack of homology between the type II PMIs and the human PMI, this class of proteins are being regarded as interesting potential targets to develop new antimicrobials. The BceA(J) protein conserves the four typical motifs of type II PMIs: the pyrophosphorylase signature, the GMP active site, the PMI active site and the zinc-binding motif. After overproduction of BceA(J) by Escherichia coli as a histidine tag derivative, the protein was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The GMP activity is dependent on the presence of Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) as cofactors, while the PMI activity uses a broader range of divalent ions, in the order of activation Mg(2+) > Ca(2+) > Mn(2+) > Co(2+) > Ni(2+). The kinetic parameters K(m), V(max) and K(cat)/K(m) for the PMI and GMP activities were determined. Results suggest that the enzyme favours the formation of GDP-mannose instead of mannose catabolism, thus channelling precursors to the formation of glycoconjugates.
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Gao H, Yu Y, Leary JA. Mechanism and kinetics of metalloenzyme phosphomannose isomerase: measurement of dissociation constants and effect of zinc binding using ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 77:5596-603. [PMID: 16131071 DOI: 10.1021/ac050549m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry was used to study the noncovalent complexation of a metalloenzyme, phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), which catalyzes the interconversion of mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. The zinc cofactor binding effect and the noncovalent interactions of the holoenzyme with its two natural substrates and two inhibitors, erythrose 4-phosphate and mannitol 1-phosphate, were investigated. Under nondenaturing conditions, the intact zinc-containing monomeric protein ions were reproducibly observed with no dissociation. Molecular ions corresponding to apo-PMI monomer were obtained by dialyzing the holoenzyme against EDTA. The binding/release of the metal ion did not alter the charge-state distributions of the protein to any significant extent, but changed the binding affinity of the substrates by at least 5-fold. Using ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry, the binding stoichiometry and specificity of the enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes were directly determined. The first time report of the apparent dissociation constant for the isomeric substrates of PMI was measured to be 88.8 microM. The relative dissociation constant of the two inhibitors derived from gas-phase noncovalent complexation was very similar to the relative inhibition constant derived from solution phase kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Wills EA, Redinbo MR, Perfect JR, Poeta MD. New potential targets for antifungal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bianchi I, La Porta E, Barlocco D, Raveglia LF. Solid-Phase Convergent Synthesis of a Benzimidazolone Library via the Combination of Two Smaller Arrays of Carboxylic Acids and Secondary Amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:835-45. [PMID: 15360221 DOI: 10.1021/cc049901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of convergent synthesis can be extended to combinatorial chemistry in order to obtain collections of products characterized by considerable chemical diversity and a certain molecular complexity. In this work, a library consisting of three carboxylic acids containing a benzimidazolonic functionality with variations at two positions was synthesized on solid phase. After cleavage, this library was combined with a second library consisting of 16 solid-supported amines containing two points of variation. IRORI technology was used for the split-and-mix synthesis of the final 48 members library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bianchi
- NiKem Research, via Zambeletti 25, 20021 Baranzate di Bollate, Milan, Italy
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O'Donnell MJ, Alsina J, Scott WL. Solid-phase synthesis and utilization of side-chain reactive unnatural amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wu B, Zhang Y, Zheng R, Guo C, Wang PG. Bifunctional phosphomannose isomerase/GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase is the point of control for GDP-D-mannose biosynthesis in Helicobacter pylori. FEBS Lett 2002; 519:87-92. [PMID: 12023023 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report a recombinant bifunctional phosphomannose isomerase/GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase from Helicobacter pylori has been studied. The enzyme catalyzes the first and third steps of GDP-D-mannose biosynthesis from D-fructose-6-phosphate. The first step, isomerization from D-fructose-6-phosphate to D-mannose-6-phosphate, is found to be rate-limiting in GDP-D-mannose biosynthesis due to feedback inhibition. The inhibition is of non-competitive (mixed) type. As the enzyme is found only in bacteria probably participating in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis, it could be a specific therapeutic target against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Orain D, Ellard J, Bradley M. Protecting groups in solid-phase organic synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:1-16. [PMID: 11790135 DOI: 10.1021/cc0001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Orain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kotha S, Sreenivasachary N, Brahmachary E. Synthesis of benzocycloheptene-based amino acid derivatives via a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction as a key step. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1999. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:383-433. [PMID: 11029163 DOI: 10.1021/cc000055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., P.O. Box 5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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Kotha S, Brahmachary E. Synthesis of indan-based unusual alpha-amino acid derivatives under phase-transfer catalysis conditions. J Org Chem 2000; 65:1359-65. [PMID: 10814097 DOI: 10.1021/jo991387v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally constrained cyclic alpha-amino acid derivatives were synthesized under solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis conditions. This methodology involves the bis-alkylation of ethyl isocyanoacetate with various alpha,alpha'-dibromo-o-xylene derivatives [alpha,alpha'-dibromo-o-xylene 5, 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)-1, 4-dimethoxybenzene 6, 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)-4,5-dibromobenzene 7, 2, 3-bis(bromomethyl)naphthalene 8, 1,8-bis(bromomethyl)-naphthalene 9, 6,7-bis(bromomethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1H-phenalene-1,3(2H)-dione 10, 2, 3-bis(bromomethyl)-1,4-anthraquinone 11, 6, 7-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline 12, 3,4-bis(bromomethyl)furan 13, 1,2, 4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene 28, and hexakis(bromomethyl)benzene 30] using potassium carbonate as a base and tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate as a phase-transfer catalyst to give corresponding isonitrile derivatives, which upon hydrolysis with HCl in ethanol gave amino esters. Using this method electron-deficient as well as electron-rich and halogen-substituted indan-based alpha-amino acids were prepared. The preparation of bis-indan as well as tris-indan alpha-amino esters is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Dunwell JM, Khuri S, Gane PJ. Microbial relatives of the seed storage proteins of higher plants: conservation of structure and diversification of function during evolution of the cupin superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64:153-79. [PMID: 10704478 PMCID: PMC98990 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.64.1.153-179.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent discovery of the cupin superfamily (from the Latin term "cupa," a small barrel) of functionally diverse proteins that initially were limited to several higher plant proteins such as seed storage proteins, germin (an oxalate oxidase), germin-like proteins, and auxin-binding protein. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of two vicilins, seed proteins with a characteristic beta-barrel core, led to the identification of a small number of conserved residues and thence to the discovery of several microbial proteins which share these key amino acids. In particular, there is a highly conserved pattern of two histidine-containing motifs with a varied intermotif spacing. This cupin signature is found as a central component of many microbial proteins including certain types of phosphomannose isomerase, polyketide synthase, epimerase, and dioxygenase. In addition, the signature has been identified within the N-terminal effector domain in a subgroup of bacterial AraC transcription factors. As well as these single-domain cupins, this survey has identified other classes of two-domain bicupins including bacterial gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenases and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenases, fungal oxalate decarboxylases, and legume sucrose-binding proteins. Cupin evolution is discussed from the perspective of the structure-function relationships, using data from the genomes of several prokaryotes, especially Bacillus subtilis. Many of these functions involve aspects of sugar metabolism and cell wall synthesis and are concerned with responses to abiotic stress such as heat, desiccation, or starvation. Particular emphasis is also given to the oxalate-degrading enzymes from microbes, their biological significance, and their value in a range of medical and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dunwell
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
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Houghten RA, Pinilla C, Appel JR, Blondelle SE, Dooley CT, Eichler J, Nefzi A, Ostresh JM. Mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3743-78. [PMID: 10508425 DOI: 10.1021/jm990174v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Dolle RE, Nelson KH. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1998. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 1999; 1:235-82. [PMID: 10748736 DOI: 10.1021/cc9900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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Kundu B, Khare SK, Rastogi SK. Combinatorial chemistry: Polymer supported synthesis of peptide and non-peptide libraries. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH 1999; 53:89-156. [PMID: 10616297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8735-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating drug discovery. While industry is rapidly embracing the technology, researchers continue to develop novel library methods including resins, linkers, tagging and deconvolution techniques. Newer strategies involving computer-customized combinatorial libraries offer enormous potential for the design of more "focused" and "smart" chemical libraries with maximal diversity. In addition, miniaturized systems for synthesizing chemical libraries are also being developed, which has made it possible to carry out reactions at submicroliter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Combinatorial synthesis of peptidomimetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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