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Su C, Xie Y, Pan H, Liu M, Tian H, Shi Y. Organocatalytic synthesis of optically active β-branched α-amino esters via asymmetric biomimetic transamination. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5856-60. [PMID: 24969075 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00684d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an efficient asymmetric biomimetic transamination of α-keto esters with a quinine-derived chiral base as the catalyst, giving a variety of β-branched α-amino esters in 50-96% yield and 87-95% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxiang Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3J7, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Maryanoff
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA.
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Abstract
Evolution of P(1)-argininal inhibitor prototypes led to a series of non-covalent P(3)-7-membered lactam inhibitors 1a-w, featuring novel peptidomimetic units that probe each of the S(1), S(2), and S(3) specificity pockets of thrombin. Rigid P(1)-arginine surrogates possessing a wide range of basicity (calcd pK(a)'s approximately neutral-14) were surveyed. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of these targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Ho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the Western world, which has stimulated enormous research efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to introduce new antithrombotic therapies. One strategy is the development of direct inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, which holds a central position in the final steps of the blood coagulation cascade and in platelet activation. At present there is only limited clinical use of some parenteral preparations of thrombin inhibitors in acute situations, especially when the common antithrombotic drugs heparin, warfarin and aspirin are ineffective or associated with side effects. However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels. Details of several new and potent thrombin inhibitors have been published during the last years. For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays. However, most of them showed only limited efficacy in animal studies with respect to the doses administered. For that reason, effort is concentrated on the evaluation and optimisation of the overall physicochemical characteristics of the inhibitors in order to improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the development of promising drug candidates. Nevertheless, only careful clinical studies can give clear answers about the true therapeutical benefit of new developments in this field. This review summarises the current status of direct thrombin inhibitors which are already in clinical use and clinical development and gives an overview on recently published and promising new compounds.
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Bachand B, Tarazi M, St-Denis Y, Edmunds JJ, Winocour PD, Leblond L, Siddiqui MA. Potent and selective bicyclic lactam inhibitors of thrombin. Part 4: transition state inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:287-90. [PMID: 11212093 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic piperazinone based thrombin inhibitors of general structure 2 were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These inhibitors, having in common an electrophilic basic trans-cyclohexylamine P1 residue, displayed high thrombin affinity, high selectivity against trypsin and good in vivo efficacy in the rat arterial thrombosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bachand
- BioChem Pharma Inc., Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Leblond L, Grouix B, Boudreau C, Yang Q, Siddiqui MA, Winocour PD. In vitro and in vivo properties of bicyclic lactam inhibitors: a novel class of low molecular weight peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors. Thromb Res 2000; 100:195-209. [PMID: 11108907 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed potent and selective thrombin inhibitors with a novel non-peptidic structure. A bicyclic lactam was used as the scaffold on which various P1 and P3 motifs were substituted. Herein, we report the in vitro and in vivo properties of four representatives of this novel class of inhibitors. Their Ki values were less than 10 nM, they inhibited equally both free and clot-bound thrombin, and they displayed high level of specificity for thrombin over other serine proteases (trypsin, factor Xa, activated Protein C, and plasmin). They prolonged the clotting time of human plasma to twice the control value in coagulation assays (TT, APTT, and PT) at a concentration below 3 microM. Their anticoagulant activities using rat plasma were similar to, although slightly weaker, than with human plasma. Furthermore, they inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (human and rat) at concentrations close to their Ki values for thrombin. These molecules demonstrated similar dose response antithrombotic efficacy in rat arterial and venous thrombosis models when given as i.v. bolus followed by infusion. Antithrombotic efficacy of 85% and greater was observed at a dose of 5-7 microM/kg/hour in each model. Bicyclic lactam inhibitor 3, at a dose which caused a complete inhibition of visible thrombus formation in the venous and arterial models of thrombosis, showed a 1.9-2.1 and a 4.0-4.8-fold shift in APTT and TT, respectively. Unfortunately, the bicyclic lactam inhibitors exhibited low oral bioavailability in rats. Therefore, this novel class of bicyclic lactam thrombin inhibitor has the potential to be promising intravenous antithrombotic agents for the treatment of arterial as well as venous thrombosis and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leblond
- BioChem Pharma Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier Blvd, H7V 4A7., Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Narasimhan LS, Rubin JR, Holland DR, Plummer JS, Rapundalo ST, Edmunds JE, St-Denis Y, Siddiqui MA, Humblet C. Structural basis of the thrombin selectivity of a ligand that contains the constrained arginine mimic (2S)-2-amino-(3S)-3-(1-carbamimidoyl- piperidin-3-yl)-propanoic acid at P1. J Med Chem 2000; 43:361-8. [PMID: 10669563 DOI: 10.1021/jm990216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the thrombin and trypsin complexed structures of a pair of peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors, containing different P1 fragments. The first has arginine as its P1 fragment, and the second contains the constrained arginine mimic (2S)-2-amino-(3S)-3-(1-carbamimidoyl-piperidin-3-yl)-propano ic acid (SAPA), a fragment known to enhance thrombin/trypsin selectivity of inhibitors. On the basis of an analysis of the nonbonded interactions present in the structures of the trypsin and thrombin complexes of the two inhibitors, the calculated accessible surfaces of the enzymes and inhibitors in the four complexes, data on known structures of trypsin complexes of inhibitors, and factor Xa inhibitory potency of these compounds, we conclude that the ability of this arginine mimic to increase thrombin selectivity of an inhibitor is mediated by its differential interaction with the residue at position 192 (chymotrypsinogen numbering). Thrombin has a glutamic acid at residue 192, and trypsin has a glutamine. The analysis also suggests that this constrained arginine mimic, when present in an inhibitor, might enhance selectivity against other trypsin-like enzymes that have a glutamine at residue position 192.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Narasimhan
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Hanessian S, Balaux E, Musil D, Olsson LL, Nilsson I. Exploring the chiral space within the active site of alpha-thrombin with a constrained mimic of D-Phe-Pro-Arg--design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and X-ray structure of an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:243-7. [PMID: 10698445 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An indolizidinone motif with strategically placed substitutents was designed and synthesized as a constrained mimic of D-Phe-Pro-Arg. Low nanomolar inhibition of alpha-thrombin validates the design elements in this inhibitor which also exhibits a 20-fold selectivity for thrombin versus trypsin. An X-ray crystal structure of the inhibitor with alpha-thrombin shows the expected interactions with key amino acids within the active site and some notable changes in positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Cody WL, Cai C, Doherty AM, Edmunds JJ, He JX, Narasimhan LS, Plummer JS, Rapundalo ST, Rubin JR, Van Huis CA, St-Denis Y, Winocour PD, Siddiqui MA. The design of potent and selective inhibitors of thrombin utilizing a piperazinedione template: part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2497-502. [PMID: 10498196 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling, highly potent and selective peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors have been designed containing a rigid piperazinedione template. The synthesis and biological activity of these compounds will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Cody
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Cody WL, Augelli-Szafran CE, Berryman KA, Cai C, Doherty AM, Edmunds JJ, He JX, Narasimhan LS, Penvose-Yi J, Plummer JS, Rapundalo ST, Rubin JR, Van Huis CA, Leblond L, Winocour PD, Siddiqui MA. The design of potent and selective inhibitors of thrombin utilizing a piperazinedione template: part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2503-8. [PMID: 10498197 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Potent and selective thrombin inhibitors have been prepared with a piperazinedione template and L-amino acids. Likewise, incorporation of D-amino acids led to potent inhibitors with a novel mode of binding. Herein, the structure activity relationships and structural aspects of these compounds will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Cody
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Sengupta S, Mondal S, Das D. Amino acid derived morpholine amides for nucleophilic α-amino acylation reactions: A new synthetic route to enantiopure α-amino ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 1999; 40:4107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Plummer JS, Berryman KA, Cai C, Cody WL, DiMaio J, Doherty AM, Eaton S, Edmunds JJ, Holland DR, Lafleur D, Levesque S, Narasimhan LS, Rubin JR, Rapundalo ST, Siddiqui MA, Susser A, St-Denis Y, Winocour P. Potent and selective bicyclic lactam inhibitors of thrombin: Part 3: P1' modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:835-40. [PMID: 10206546 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antithrombotic activity of a series of nonpeptide bicyclic thrombin inhibitors are described. We have explored the SAR around the P1' site. Modification of the P1' site has been found to affect potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Plummer
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Fevig JM, Wexler RR. Chapter 9. Anticoagulants: Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors. Elsevier; 1999. pp. 81-100. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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