Synthesis and activity of sulfonamide-substituted 4,5-diaryl thiazoles as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

Convergent synthesis, kinetics insight and allosteric computational ascriptions of thiazole-(5-aryl)oxadiazole hybrids embraced with propanamides as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors

Considering the varied pharmacological prominence of thiazole and oxadiazole heterocyclic moieties, a unique series of bi-heterocyclic hybrids, 8a-h, was synthesized in a convergent manner. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and IR spectral studies. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds was predicted by examining their inhibitory effects against alkaline phosphatase, whereby all these molecules exhibited superb inhibitory potentials relative to the standard used. The kinetics mechanism was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots which revealed that 8g inhibited the studied enzyme non-competitively by forming an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The inhibition constant K_i calculated from Dixon plots for this compound was 0.42 μM. The allosteric computational study was coherent with the experimental records and these ligands exhibited good binding energy values (kcal mol^-1). The hemolytic analysis revealed their mild cytotoxicity towards red blood cell membranes and hence, these molecules have potential to be nontoxic medicinal scaffolds for the treatment of alkaline phosphate-associated ailments.

Synthesis and discovery of potential tyrosinase inhibitor of new coumarin-based thiophenyl-pyrazolylthiazole nuclei: In vitro evaluation, cytotoxicity, kinetic, and computational studies

A well-known key enzyme in melanogenesis and hyperpigmentation is tyrosinase. The present study introduces a novel series of thiophenyl-pyrazolylthiazole-coumarin hybrids (6a-6h) as tyrosinase inhibitors. The in-vitro tyrosinase inhibition results indicated that all compounds have strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity, particularly compound 6g (IC₅₀  = 0.043 ± 0.006 μM), was identified as the most active compound compared to the positive control (kojic acid, IC₅₀  = 18.521 ± 1.162 μM). Lineweaver-Burk plots were employed to analyze the kinetic mechanism, and compound 6g formed an enzyme-inhibitor complex by inhibiting tyrosinase non-competitively. Furthermore, all compounds demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity against DPPH. MTT assay was used to screen the cytotoxicity of all compounds on B16F10 melanoma cells, and they had no toxic effect on the cells. The binding affinity of compounds with tyrosinase was also investigated using molecular docking, and the ligands displayed good binding energy values. These molecules could be a promising lead for skin pigmentation and associated diseases as nontoxic pharmacological scaffolds.

Access to Functionalized Thiazolothiadiazoles via the Chemoselective Cascade Heteroannulation of Thioamides with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents

We describe herein a chemo- and regioselective cascade annulation between β-ketothioamides and diazo-substituted hypervalent iodine reagents under transition-metal-free and base-free conditions at room temperature. Thus, a divergent construction of fused-heterocyclic scaffold thiazolothiadiazoles has been achieved with the advantages of operational simplicity, scalability, broad substrate compatibility, and mild reaction conditions. This one-pot strategy not only avoids potential toxicity but also broadens the arsenal of synthetic methods to obtain fused N,S-heterocyclic frameworks.

Synthesis of thiazole-based-thiourea analogs: as anticancer, antiglycation and antioxidant agents, structure activity relationship analysis and docking study

This work reports the convenient approach for the synthesis of thiazole based thiourea derivatives (1-21) from 2-bromo-1-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-1-one and phenyl isothiocyanates. The scope and diversity were achieved from readily available phenyl isothiocyanates. This protocol involves an oxidative C-S bond formation. Moreover, hybrid thiazole based thiourea scaffolds (1-21) according to literature known protocol were screened in vitro for anticancer Potential against breast cancer, antiglycation and antioxidant inhibitory profile. All newly developed scaffolds were showed moderate to good inhibitory potentials ranging from 0.10 ± 0.01 µM to 11.40 ± 0.20 µM, 64.20 ± 0.40 µM to 385.10 ± 1.70 µM and 8.90 ± 0.20 µM to 39.20 ± 0.50 µM against anticancer, antiglycation and antioxidant respectively. Among the series, compounds 12 (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.01 µM), 10 (IC50 = 64.20 ± 0.40 µM) and 12 (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.20 µM) with flouro substitution at phenyl ring of thiourea were identified to be the most potent among the series having excellent anticancer, antiglycation and antioxidant potential. The structure of all the newly synthetics scaffolds were confirmed by using different types of spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. To find structure-activity relationship, molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the binding mode of active inhibitors with active site of enzymes and results supported the experimental data.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The Anti-MRSA Activity of Phenylthiazoles: A Comprehensive Review

Antimicrobial resistance is an aggravating global issue therefore it has been under extensive research in an attempt to reduce the number of antibiotics that are constantly reported as obsolete jeopardizing the lives of millions worldwide. Thiazoles possess a reputation as one of the most diverse biologically active nuclei, and phenylthiazoles are no less exceptional with an assorted array of biological activities such as anthelmintic, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Recently phenyl thiazoles came under the spotlight as a scaffold having strong potential as an anti-MRSA lead compound. It is a prominent pharmacophore in designing and synthesizing new compounds with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA, which is categorized as a serious threat pathogen, that exhibited concomitant resistance to most of the first-line antibiotics. MRSA has been associated with soft tissue and skin infections resulting in high death rates, rapid dissemination, and loss of millions of dollars of additional health care costs. In this brief review, we have focused on the advances of phenylthiazole derivatives as potential anti-MRSA from 2014 to 2021. The review encompasses the effect on biological activity due to combining this molecule with various synthetic pharmacophores. The physicochemical aspects were correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of the reviewed compounds to reach a structure-activity relationship profile. Lead optimization of phenyl thiazole derivatives has additionally been outlined where the lipophilicity of the compounds was balanced with the metabolic stability and oral solubility to aid the researchers in medicinal chemistry, design, and synthesizing effective anti- MRSA phenylthiazoles in the future.

Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Bicyclic Condensed Pyrimidinones

Abstract:

Functionalized bicyclic pyrimidinones and their derivatives are significant heterocyclic scaffolds being their all-around prevalence in biologically potent compounds. In several attempts to explore the different synthetic methodologies for the construction of bicyclic condensed pyrimidinones, different researchers from all across the globe have reported numerous substantial methods. In the present review, considerable work has been critically compiled on the synthesis of substituted and functionalized bicyclic pyrimidinones from 2000 onwards.

Visible light photocatalysis in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds

Visible light and photoredox catalysis have emerged as a powerful and long-lasting tool for organic synthesis, demonstrating the importance of a variety of chemical bond formation methods.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Pyrazolo[5,1-b]thiazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

The pharmacological activities of thiazole and pyrazole moieties as antimicrobial and anticancer agents have been thoroughly described in many literature reviews. In this study, a convenient synthesis of novel pyrazolo[5,1-b]thiazole-based heterocycles was carried out. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Some selected examples were screened and evaluated for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities and showed promising results. These products could serve as leading compounds in the future design of new drug molecules.

Synthesis, Docking Study, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, and Anti-microbial Activities of Novel 2,4-Disubstituted Thiazoles Based on Phenothiazine

A series of novel 1,3-thiazole derivatives (5a-i) with a modified phenothiazine moiety were synthesized and tested against cancer cell line MCF-7 for their cytotoxicity. Most of them (5a-i) were less cytotoxic or had no activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The IC50 value of compound (4) was 33.84 μM. The compounds (5a-i) were also evaluated for antimicrobial activities, but no significant activity was observed. The antioxidant activity was conducted for target compounds (5a-i). The IC50 value of compound (5b) was 0.151mM.

RESULTS

The total amount of energy, ACE (atomic contact energy), energy of receptor (PDB: 5G5J), and ligand interaction of structure (4) were found to be 22.448 Kcal.mol-1 , -247.68, and -91.91 Kcal.mol-1, respectively. The structure (4) is well binded with the receptor because the values of binding energy, steric energy, and the number of hydrogen bondings are -91.91, 22.448 kcal.mol-1, and 2, respectively. It shows that structure (4) has good cytotoxicity with MCF-7 in vitro.

CONCLUSION

The increasing of docking ability of structures (5a-i) with the receptor is presented in increasing order as (5f)>(5e)>(5g)>(5a)>(5b)>(5d)>(5c)>(5i)>(5h). The structure bearing substitution as thiosemicarbazone (4), nitrogen heterocyclic (5f), halogen (5e), and azide (5g) showed good cytotoxicity activity in vitro.

Design, synthesis and docking studies of novel thiazole derivatives incorporating pyridine moiety and assessment as antimicrobial agents

A novel series of substituted 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-(thiazol-2-ylamino)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 6, 9, 13, 15, and 17 was synthesized in a good to excellent yield from the reaction of 1-(3-cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)thiourea with 2-oxo-N'-arylpropanehydrazonoyl chloride, chloroacetone, α-bromoketones, ethyl chloroacetate, and 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline, respectively. The potential DNA gyrase inhibitory activity was examined using in silico molecular docking simulation. The novel thiazoles exhibit dock score values between - 6.4 and - 9.2 kcal/mol and they were screened for their antimicrobial activities. Compound 13a shown good antibacterial activities with MIC ranged from 93.7-46.9 μg/mL, in addition, it shown good antifungal activities with MIC ranged from 7.8 and 5.8 μg/mL.

In silico characterisation of olive phenolic compounds as potential cyclooxygenase modulators. Part 1

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to reduce pain. These target cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes which produce inflammatory mediators. Adverse effects associated with the use of traditional NSAIDs have led to a rise in the development of alternative therapies. Derived from Olea Europaea, olive oil is a main component of the Mediterranean diet, containing phenolic compounds that contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has previously been found that oleocanthal, a phenolic compound derived from the olive, had similar effects to ibuprofen, a commonly used NSAID. There is an abundance of olive phenolic compounds that have yet to be investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, it was sought to identify potential olive-derived compounds with the ability to inhibit COX enzymes, and study the mechanisms using in silico approaches. Molecular docking was employed to determine the COX inhibitory potential of an olive phenolic compound library. From docking, it was determined that 1-oleyltyrosol (1OL) and ligstroside derivative 2 (LG2) demonstrated the greatest binding affinity to both COX-1 and COX-2. Interactions with these compounds were further examined using molecular dynamics simulations. The residue contributions to binding free energy were computed using Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) methods, revealing that residues Leu93, Val116, Leu352, and Ala527 in COX-1 and COX-2 were key determinants of potential inhibition. Along with part 2 of this study, this work aims to identify and characterise novel phenolic compounds which may possess COX inhibitory properties.

Synthesis of Thiazolyl-N-phenylmorpholine Derivatives and their Biological Activities

BACKGROUND

Morpholine and thiazole rings are two heterocycles which are wellknown with a wide spectrum of different biological activities, especially antitumor activity.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the work is to design and synthesize hybrid heterocyclic compounds of morpholine and thiazole moieties via the reaction of morpholino-thiosemicarbazone derivatives with various α-halocarbonyl compounds and screening their antitumor activity against three tumor cell lines namely, TK-10, MCF-7 and UACC-62.

METHODS

An efficient synthesis of a series of N-phenylmorpholine derivatives linked with thiazole moiety was accomplished. The reaction of N-subistituted-2-(N-phenylmorpholine)ethylidene) hydrazine- 1-carbothioamide (thiosemicarbazone derivative) with acetyl and ester-hydrazonoyl chlorides, α-chloroketones, or α-bromoesters afforded the corresponding thiazole derivatives pendent to N-phenylmorpholine moiety in good to excellent yields.

RESULTS

Mass, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of all the new derivatives. The antitumor activities of synthesized N-phenylmorpholine-thiazole derivatives were investigated against three tumor cells namely, TK-10, MCF-7 and UACC-62. The results of such investigation indicated that some derivatives showed good potential to inhibit the growth of the two cells of the tested tumor cells. One of the tested compounds, N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone derivative 7 revealed potent growth inhibition of all the three tumor cells.

CONCLUSION

We have succeeded to synthesize a series of N-phenylmorpholine derivatives pendant to thiazole moiety as antitumor agents.

Butterfly structure: a scaffold of therapeutic importance

Graphical abstract

[Formula: see text]

Multicomponent synthesis of diphenyl-1,3-thiazole-barbituric acid hybrids and their fluorescence property studies

A series of novel diphenyl-1,3-thiazole linked barbituric acid hybrids (4) were prepared by two catalyst-free methods from readily available starting materials.

Classification of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest Methods

This work reports the classification study conducted on the biggest COX-2 inhibitor data set so far. Using 2925 diverse COX-2 inhibitors collected from 168 pieces of literature, we applied machine learning methods, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), to develop 12 classification models. The best SVM and RF models resulted in MCC values of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. The 2925 COX-2 inhibitors were reduced to a data set of 1630 molecules by removing intermediately active inhibitors, and 12 new classification models were constructed, yielding MCC values above 0.72. The best MCC value of the external test set was predicted to be 0.68 by the RF model using ECFP_4 fingerprints. Moreover, the 2925 COX-2 inhibitors were clustered into eight subsets, and the structural features of each subset were investigated. We identified substructures important for activity including halogen, carboxyl, sulfonamide, and methanesulfonyl groups, as well as the aromatic nitrogen atoms. The models developed in this study could serve as useful tools for compound screening prior to lab tests.

Utility of 5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with antimicrobial activity

Background

Pyrazolines show different biological activities. In recent years, interest in the chemistry of hydrazonoyl halides has been renewed. 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles are one of the most common heterocyclic pharmacophores with a wide range of biological activities.

Results

Ethyl 2-(5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-methyl-thiazole-5-carboxylate, 2-(5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)thiazol-4(5H)-one, and 1-(2-(5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethan-1-one were synthesized from the reaction of 5-(furan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide with different halogenated compounds. Thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole and pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives were also synthesized. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated based on elemental analysis, spectral data, and alternative synthetic routes whenever possible. Additionally, the newly synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms.

Conclusions

A new series of novel functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 1,3-thiazoles, and pyrazoline-containing moieties were synthesized using hydrazonoyl halides as precursors and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, and antifungal activities. The antimicrobial results of the examined compounds revealed promising results and some derivatives have activities similar to the references used.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-019-0566-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Synthesis of novel thiazole, pyranothiazole, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and thiazolo[5',4':5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives and incorporating isoindoline-1,3-dione group

Background

Thiazole is a core structural motif presents in a wide range of natural products. Thiazole derivatives also have a wide range of medicinal and biological properties.

Results

The reaction of hydrazonoyl halides with 2-(1-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamidein ethanol and triethylamine yielded 2-(4-(1-(2-(4-(2-Arylhydrazono)-5-s-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-ethyl)phenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione and 2-(4-(1-(2-(5-(2-Arylhydrazono)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)ethyl)-phenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione.The reaction of 2-(4-(1-(2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione with arylidenemalononitrile also yielded 5-amino-2-(2-(1-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-7-substituted-7H-pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile. The structures of the newly synthesized compound were elucidated whenever possible on the basis of elemental analysis, spectral data, and alternative synthetic routes. Three of them were evaluated against a breast cancer cell line for their antitumor activity.

Conclusions

Compound (1) has been shown to be useful in the synthesis of a new series of 1,3-thiazole, pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole and 4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives using hydrazonoyl halides as precursors. The anticancer efficacy of compounds (9b), (9e), and (9f) against MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line, was also compared to the standard anticancer drug doxorubicin.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-019-0559-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis and Molecular Docking of Some Novel 2-Thiazolyl Pyridines as Potent Antimicrobial Agents

BACKGROUND

Thiazoles and pyridines are versatile synthetic scaffolds possessing wide spectrum of biological effects including potential antimicrobial activity.

OBJECTIVE

In the efforts to develop suitable antimicrobia drugs, medicinal chemists have focused on thiazole derivatives. A novel series of 2-thiazolyl pyridines was prepared in a one-pot three-component reaction using 2-bromoacetyl pyridine as a starting precursor.

METHOD

Structure of the synthesized compounds was elucidated by spectral data (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass) and elemental analyses. The prepared compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity.

RESULTS

The results revealed that compounds 4a,b,e-g and 12 showed promising activity. Molecular docking studies using MOE software were carried out for compounds 4a and 4b which exhibited potent activities indicated by the diameter zones (4a; 3.6, 4.0, 1.2 mm) (4b; 4.2, 3.5, 1.5 mm) and the binding affinities (4a; -5.7731, -5.3576, -4.6844 kcal mol-1) (4b; -5.9356, -2.8250, -5.3628 kcal mol-1) against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This paper describes a facile and efficient MCR for synthesis of 2-thiazolyl pyridines from reaction of 2-bromoacetyl pyridine with different reagents. There was an agreement between the values of binding affinities and interactions and the data obtained from the practical antimicrobial screening of the tested compounds.

Catalyst Free and Energy Economical Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives Bearing Azo Imine Linkage with Imidazole as Antimicrobial Agents

Background:

Several strategies have been reported for the synthesis of thiazole derivatives.

Methods:

However, many of these methods suffer from several drawbacks. Several modifications have been made to counter these problems. Here, we have synthesized a new series of 2-(2-((1HImidazol- 4-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl)thiazoles without using the catalyst at room temperature.

Results:

The structures of synthesized compounds have been confirmed by spectral analysis, such as Mass, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusion:

The thiazole derivatives, with a pharmacologically potent group, discussed in this article may provide valued therapeutic important in the treatment of microbial diseases, especially against bacterial and fungal infections.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and In silico Studies of Novel 2,4- disubstituted-1,3-thiazole Derivatives

Background:

2,4-disubstituted-1,3-thiazole derivatives (2a–j), (3a–f) and (4a–f) were synthesized, characterized and screened for their potential as antimicrobial agents. In the preliminary screening against a panel of bacterial strains, nine compounds showed moderate to potent antibacterial activity (IC50 = 13.7-90.8 μg/ml). </P><P> Methods: In the antifungal screening, compound (4c) displayed potent antifungal activity (IC50 = 26.5 &#181;g/ml) against Candida tropicalis comparable to the standard drug, fluconazole (IC50 = 10.5 &#181;g/ml). Based on in vitro antimicrobial results, compounds 2f, 4c and 4e were selected for further pharmacological investigations. Hemolytic activity using human red blood cells (hRBCs) and cytotoxicity by MTT assay on human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells revealed non-toxic nature of the selected compounds (2f, 4c and 4e). To ascertain their possible mode of action, docking studies with the lead inhibitors (2f, 4c and 4e) were performed using crystal structure coordinates of bacterial methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs), an enzyme involved in bacterial protein synthesis and maturation.

Results:

The results of in vitro and in silico studies provide a rationale for selected compounds (2f, 4c and 4e) to be carried forward for further structural modifications and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies against these bacterial infections.

Conclusion:

The study suggested binding with one or more key amino acid residues in the active site of Streptococcus pneumoniae MetAP (SpMetAP) and Escherichia coli MetAP (EcMetAP). In silico physicochemical properties using QikProp confirmed their drug likeliness.

SAR and QSAR models of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is one isoform of COX, and it is a main target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is important to develop efficient and selective COX-1 inhibitors. In this work, 12 classification models for 1530 cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors were built by support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) methods. The best classification model (model 1A) was built by SVM with MACCS fingerprints. The classification accuracies for the training and test sets were 99.67% and 97.39%, respectively. The Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of the test set was 0.94. We also divided the 1530 COX-1 inhibitors into nine subsets according to their different scaffolds using Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM). In addition, six quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for 181 COX-1 inhibitors whose IC₅₀ were measured by enzyme immunoassay were built by multiple linear regression (MLR) and SVM. The best QSAR model (model 5A) was built by SVM with CORINA Symphony descriptors. The correlation coefficients of the training and test sets are 0.93 and 0.84, respectively. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.

A facile synthesis, and antimicrobial and anticancer activities of some pyridines, thioamides, thiazole, urea, quinazoline, β-naphthyl carbamate, and pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives

BACKGROUND

Chalcones have a place with the flavonoid family and show a few very important pharmacological activities. They can used as initial compounds for synthesis of several heterocyclic compounds. The compounds with the backbone of chalcones have been reported to possess various biological activities.

RESULTS

Pyridine and thioamide derivatives were obtained from the reaction of 3-(furan-2-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-2-en-1-one with the appropriate amount of malononitrile, benzoylacetonitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate and thiosemicarbazide in the presence of ammonium acetate. The reaction of 3,5-di(furan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide with ethyl 2-chloro-3-oxobutanoate, 3-chloropentane-2,4-dione or ethyl chloroacetate produced thiazole derivatives. Pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives were obtained as well from thiazolone to arylidene malononitrile. The structures of the title compounds were clarified by elemental analyses, and FTIR, MS and NMR spectra. Some compounds were screened against various microorganisms (i.e., bacteria +ve, bacteria -ve and fungi). We observed that compounds (3a), (4a), (4d), (5), (7) and compound (8) exhibited high cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC₅₀ values of 23.6, 13.5, 15.1, 9.56, 14.2 and 23.5 μmol mL^-1, respectively, while compound (9) was displayed the lowest values against MCF-7 cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Efficient synthetic routes for some prepared pyridines, pyrazoline, thioamide, thiazoles and pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole were created. Moreover, selected newly-synthesized products were evaluated for their antitumor activity against two carcinoma cell lines: breast MCF-7 and colon HCT-116 human cancer cell lines.

Novel diphenylthiazole derivatives with multi-target mechanism: Synthesis, docking study, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities

Over the last few decades, a growing body of studies addressed the anticancer activity of NSAIDs, particularly selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, their exact molecular mechanism is still unclear and is not fully investigated. In this regard, a novel series of compounds bearing a COXs privilege scaffold, diphenyl thiazole, was synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against a panel of cancer cell lines. The most active compounds 10b, 14a,b, 16a, 17a,b and 18b were evaluated in vitro for COX-1/COX-2 inhibitory activity. These compounds were suggested to exert their anticancer activity through a multi-target mechanism based on their structural features. Thus, compounds 10b and 17b with the least IC₅₀ values in MTT assay were tested against three known anticancer targets; EGFR, BRAF and tubulin. Compounds 10b and 17b showed remarkable activity against EGFR with IC₅₀ values of 0.4 and 0.2μM, respectively and good activity against BRAF with IC₅₀ values of 1.3 and 1.7μM, respectively. In contrast, they showed weak activity in tubulin polymerization assay. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed and interestingly, compound 17b was the most potent compound. Together, this study offers some important insights into the correlation between COXs inhibition and cancer treatment. Additionally, the results demonstrated the promising activity of these compounds with a multi-target mechanism as good candidates for further development into potential anticancer agents.