1
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Lee SB, Garofano L, Ko A, D'Angelo F, Frangaj B, Sommer D, Gan Q, Kim K, Cardozo T, Iavarone A, Lasorella A. Regulated interaction of ID2 with the anaphase-promoting complex links progression through mitosis with reactivation of cell-type-specific transcription. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2089. [PMID: 35440621 PMCID: PMC9018835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific transcriptional activity is silenced in mitotic cells but it remains unclear whether the mitotic regulatory machinery interacts with tissue-specific transcriptional programs. We show that such cross-talk involves the controlled interaction between core subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and the ID2 substrate. The N-terminus of ID2 is independently and structurally compatible with a pocket composed of core APC/C subunits that may optimally orient ID2 onto the APCCDH1 complex. Phosphorylation of serine-5 by CDK1 prevented the association of ID2 with core APC, impaired ubiquitylation and stabilized ID2 protein at the mitosis-G1 transition leading to inhibition of basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)-mediated transcription. The serine-5 phospho-mimetic mutant of ID2 that inefficiently bound core APC remained stable during mitosis, delayed exit from mitosis and reloading of bHLH transcription factors on chromatin. It also locked cells into a "mitotic stem cell" transcriptional state resembling the pluripotent program of embryonic stem cells. The substrates of APCCDH1 SKP2 and Cyclin B1 share with ID2 the phosphorylation-dependent, D-box-independent interaction with core APC. These results reveal a new layer of control of the mechanism by which substrates are recognized by APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bae Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Aram Ko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Fulvio D'Angelo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Brulinda Frangaj
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Danika Sommer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Qiwen Gan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA.
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2
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Habib EB, Mathavarajah S, Dellaire G. Tinker, Tailor, Tumour Suppressor: The Many Functions of PRP4K. Front Genet 2022; 13:839963. [PMID: 35281802 PMCID: PMC8912934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.839963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA processing factor 4 kinase (PRP4K, also known as PRPF4B) is an essential kinase first identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is evolutionarily conserved from amoebae to animals. During spliceosomal assembly, PRP4K interacts with and phosphorylates PRPF6 and PRPF31 to facilitate the formation of the spliceosome B complex. However, over the past decade additional evidence has emerged that PRP4K has many diverse cellular roles beyond splicing that contribute to tumour suppression and chemotherapeutic responses in mammals. For example, PRP4K appears to play roles in regulating transcription and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a key pathway in maintaining chromosomes stability and the response of cancer cells to taxane-based chemotherapy. In addition, PRP4K has been revealed to be a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor that promotes aggressive cancer phenotypes when partially depleted. PRP4K is regulated by both the HER2 and estrogen receptor, and its partial loss increases resistance to the taxanes in multiple malignancies including cervical, breast and ovarian cancer. Moreover, ovarian and triple negative breast cancer patients harboring tumours with low PRP4K expression exhibit worse overall survival. The depletion of PRP4K also enhances both Yap and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, the latter promoting anoikis resistance in breast and ovarian cancer. Finally, PRP4K is negatively regulated during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that promotes increased cell motility, drug resistance and cancer metastasis. Thus, as we discuss in this review, PRP4K likely plays evolutionarily conserved roles not only in splicing but in a number of cellular pathways that together contribute to tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias B. Habib
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Graham Dellaire
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Graham Dellaire,
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3
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Tokunaga Y, Otsuyama KI, Hayashida N. Cell Cycle Regulation by Heat Shock Transcription Factors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020203. [PMID: 35053319 PMCID: PMC8773920 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division and cell cycle mechanism has been studied for 70 years. This research has revealed that the cell cycle is regulated by many factors, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) have been noted as critical proteins for cell survival against various stresses; however, recent studies suggest that HSFs also have important roles in cell cycle regulation-independent cell-protective functions. During cell cycle progression, HSF1, and HSF2 bind to condensed chromatin to provide immediate precise gene expression after cell division. This review focuses on the function of these HSFs in cell cycle progression, cell cycle arrest, gene bookmarking, mitosis and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tokunaga
- Division of Molecular Gerontology and Anti-Ageing Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
| | - Ken-Ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Division of Molecular Gerontology and Anti-Ageing Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2359
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4
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Tsunematsu T, Arakaki R, Kawai H, Ruppert J, Tsuneyama K, Ishimaru N, Earnshaw WC, Pagano M, Kudo Y. APC/C Cdh1 is required for the termination of chromosomal passenger complex activity upon mitotic exit. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs251314. [PMID: 32934012 PMCID: PMC7520452 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) ensures the faithful transmission of the genome. The CPC is composed of the enzymatic component Aurora B (AURKB) and the three regulatory and targeting components borealin, INCENP, and survivin (also known as BIRC5). Although the CPC is known to be involved in diverse mitotic events, it is still unclear how CPC function terminates after mitosis. Here we show that borealin is ubiquitylated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its cofactor Cdh1 (also known as FZR1) and is subsequently degraded in G1 phase. Cdh1 binds to regions within the N terminus of borealin that act as a non-canonical degron. Aurora B has also been shown previously to be degraded by the APC/CCdh1 from late mitosis to G1. Indeed, Cdh1 depletion sustains an Aurora B activity with stable levels of borealin and Aurora B throughout the cell cycle, and causes reduced efficiency of DNA replication after release from serum starvation. Notably, inhibition of Aurora B kinase activity improves the efficiency of DNA replication in Cdh1-depleted cells. We thus propose that APC/CCdh1 terminates CPC activity upon mitotic exit and thereby contributes to proper control of DNA replication. Summary: APC/CCdh1 ubiquitylates both borealin, via a non-canonical degron motif, and Aurora B to terminate activity of the CPC in G1 phase. Disruption of this ubiquitylation reduces the efficiency of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kawai
- Department of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jan Ruppert
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan .,Department of Oral Bioscience, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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5
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Holder J, Mohammed S, Barr FA. Ordered dephosphorylation initiated by the selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives mitotic exit. eLife 2020; 9:e59885. [PMID: 32869743 PMCID: PMC7529458 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
APC/C-mediated proteolysis of cyclin B and securin promotes anaphase entry, inactivating CDK1 and permitting chromosome segregation, respectively. Reduction of CDK1 activity relieves inhibition of the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, allowing wide-spread dephosphorylation of substrates. Meanwhile, continued APC/C activity promotes proteolysis of other mitotic regulators. Together, these activities orchestrate a complex series of events during mitotic exit. However, the relative importance of regulated proteolysis and dephosphorylation in dictating the order and timing of these events remains unclear. Using high temporal-resolution proteomics, we compare the relative extent of proteolysis and protein dephosphorylation. This reveals highly-selective rapid proteolysis of cyclin B, securin and geminin at the metaphase-anaphase transition, followed by slow proteolysis of other substrates. Dephosphorylation requires APC/C-dependent destruction of cyclin B and was resolved into PP1-dependent categories with unique sequence motifs. We conclude that dephosphorylation initiated by selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives the bulk of changes observed during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Francis A Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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6
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Bouhaddou M, Memon D, Meyer B, White KM, Rezelj VV, Correa Marrero M, Polacco BJ, Melnyk JE, Ulferts S, Kaake RM, Batra J, Richards AL, Stevenson E, Gordon DE, Rojc A, Obernier K, Fabius JM, Soucheray M, Miorin L, Moreno E, Koh C, Tran QD, Hardy A, Robinot R, Vallet T, Nilsson-Payant BE, Hernandez-Armenta C, Dunham A, Weigang S, Knerr J, Modak M, Quintero D, Zhou Y, Dugourd A, Valdeolivas A, Patil T, Li Q, Hüttenhain R, Cakir M, Muralidharan M, Kim M, Jang G, Tutuncuoglu B, Hiatt J, Guo JZ, Xu J, Bouhaddou S, Mathy CJP, Gaulton A, Manners EJ, Félix E, Shi Y, Goff M, Lim JK, McBride T, O'Neal MC, Cai Y, Chang JCJ, Broadhurst DJ, Klippsten S, De Wit E, Leach AR, Kortemme T, Shoichet B, Ott M, Saez-Rodriguez J, tenOever BR, Mullins RD, Fischer ER, Kochs G, Grosse R, García-Sastre A, Vignuzzi M, Johnson JR, Shokat KM, Swaney DL, Beltrao P, Krogan NJ. The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell 2020; 182:685-712.e19. [PMID: 32645325 PMCID: PMC7321036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, highlighting an urgent need to develop antiviral therapies. Here we present a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics survey of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells, revealing dramatic rewiring of phosphorylation on host and viral proteins. SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted casein kinase II (CK2) and p38 MAPK activation, production of diverse cytokines, and shutdown of mitotic kinases, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Infection also stimulated a marked induction of CK2-containing filopodial protrusions possessing budding viral particles. Eighty-seven drugs and compounds were identified by mapping global phosphorylation profiles to dysregulated kinases and pathways. We found pharmacologic inhibition of the p38, CK2, CDK, AXL, and PIKFYVE kinases to possess antiviral efficacy, representing potential COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Miguel Correa Marrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James E Melnyk
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David E Gordon
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajda Rojc
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Fabius
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Quang Dinh Tran
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Claudia Hernandez-Armenta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Maya Modak
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Diego Quintero
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Trupti Patil
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beril Tutuncuoglu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Z Guo
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sophia Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher J P Mathy
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Gaulton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma J Manners
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eloy Félix
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ying Shi
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marisa Goff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmie De Wit
- NIH/NIAID/Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew R Leach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Shoichet
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany; Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
| | - Jeffery R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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7
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Emanuele MJ, Enrico TP, Mouery RD, Wasserman D, Nachum S, Tzur A. Complex Cartography: Regulation of E2F Transcription Factors by Cyclin F and Ubiquitin. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:640-652. [PMID: 32513610 PMCID: PMC7859860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The E2F family of transcriptional regulators sits at the center of cell cycle gene expression and plays vital roles in normal and cancer cell cycles. Whereas control of E2Fs by the retinoblastoma family of proteins is well established, much less is known about their regulation by ubiquitin pathways. Recent studies placed the Skp1-Cul1-F-box-protein (SCF) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases with the F-box protein Cyclin F at the center of E2F regulation, demonstrating temporal proteolysis of both activator and atypical repressor E2Fs. Importantly, these E2F members, in particular activator E2F1 and repressors E2F7 and E2F8, form a feedback circuit at the crossroads of cell cycle and cell death. Moreover, Cyclin F functions in a reciprocal circuit with the cell cycle E3 ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which also controls E2F7 and E2F8. This review focuses on the complex contours of feedback within this circuit, highlighting the deep crosstalk between E2F, SCF-Cyclin F, and APC/C in regulating the oscillator underlying human cell cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Taylor P Enrico
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan D Mouery
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danit Wasserman
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sapir Nachum
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Tzur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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8
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He Y, Li R, Gu L, Deng H, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Yu S, Wang G. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdc-20 promotes Zwint-1 degradation. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:451-459. [PMID: 31945194 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ZW10 interactor (Zwint-1) is an important component of the centromere and can recruit the dynamic protein kinase and dynein to promote chromosome movement and regulate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Zwint-1 activity is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. However, how the stability of Zwint-1 is regulated has not been clarified. Here, we show that the relative levels of Zwint-1 expression gradually decreased with the progression of cell cycling and decline sharply during mitotic exit. Treatment with cycloheximide reduced the levels of Zwint-1 while treatment with MG132 to inhibit endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome elevated the levels of Zwint-1 in HEK293T cells or Hela cells. Such data suggest that Zwint-1 may be degraded by endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome. Furthermore, induction of cell-division cycle protein 20 (Cdc20) overexpression decreased the levels of Zwint-1, which was abrogated by MG132 treatment. In contrast, Cdc20 silencing promoted the accumulation of Zwint-1. in vivo ubiquitination assay revealed that Cdc20 promoted the formation of Zwint-1 and ubiquitin-proteasome conjugates. Cotransfection with Cdc20 and wild-type Zwint-1, but not Zwint-1ΔD-box , reduced the levels of Zwint-1. Immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses showed that Cdc20 interacted with wild-type Zwint-1, but not Zwint-1ΔD-box although both Zwint-1 and Zwint-1ΔD-box overexpression did not induce mitotic arrest. Collectively, our data indicated that Zwint-1 was ubiquitinated by anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdc20 in a D-box-dependent manner. Therefore, the APC/C-Cdc20 controls the stability of Zwint-1, ensuring accurate regulation of the spindle assembly during the cell cycling in HEK293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liming Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzhu Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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9
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Mizrak A, Morgan DO. Polyanions provide selective control of APC/C interactions with the activator subunit. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5807. [PMID: 31862931 PMCID: PMC6925294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient interactions between the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its activator subunit Cdc20 or Cdh1 generate oscillations in ubiquitylation activity necessary to maintain the order of cell cycle events. Activator binds the APC/C with high affinity and exhibits negligible dissociation kinetics in vitro, and it is not clear how the rapid turnover of APC/C-activator complexes is achieved in vivo. Here, we describe a mechanism that controls APC/C-activator interactions based on the availability of substrates. We find that APC/C-activator dissociation is stimulated by abundant cellular polyanions such as nucleic acids and polyphosphate. Polyanions also interfere with substrate ubiquitylation. However, engagement with high-affinity substrate blocks the inhibitory effects of polyanions on activator binding and APC/C activity. We propose that this mechanism amplifies the effects of substrate affinity on APC/C function, stimulating processive ubiquitylation of high-affinity substrates and suppressing ubiquitylation of low-affinity substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Mizrak
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David O Morgan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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10
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Melloy PG. The anaphase-promoting complex: A key mitotic regulator associated with somatic mutations occurring in cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:189-202. [PMID: 31652364 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that helps control chromosome separation and exit from mitosis in many different kinds of organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, and humans. This review represents a new perspective on the connection between APC/C subunit mutations and cancer. The complex nature of APC/C and limited mutation analysis of its subunits has made it difficult to determine the relationship of each subunit to cancer. In this work, cancer genomic data were examined to identify APC/C subunits with a greater than 5% alteration frequency in 11 representative cancers using the cBioPortal database. Using the Genetic Determinants of Cancer Patient Survival database, APC/C subunits were also studied and found to be significantly associated with poor patient prognosis in several cases. In comparing these two kinds of cancer genomics data to published large-scale genomic analyses looking for cancer driver genes, ANAPC1 and ANAPC3/CDC27 stood out as being represented in all three types of analyses. Seven other subunits were found to be associated both with >5% alteration frequency in certain cancers and being associated with an effect on cancer patient prognosis. The aim of this review is to provide new approaches for investigators conducting in vivo studies of APC/C subunits and cancer progression. In turn, a better understanding of these APC/C subunits and their role in different cancers will help scientists design drugs that are more precisely targeted to certain cancers, using APC/C mutation status as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Melloy
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey
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11
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Henriques AC, Ribeiro D, Pedrosa J, Sarmento B, Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. Mitosis inhibitors in anticancer therapy: When blocking the exit becomes a solution. Cancer Lett 2018; 440-441:64-81. [PMID: 30312726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) remain amongst the most important antimitotic drugs used against a broad range of malignancies. By perturbing spindle assembly, MTAs activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which induces mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis. However, besides toxic side effects and resistance, mitotic slippage and failure in triggering apoptosis in various cancer cells are limiting factors of MTAs efficacy. Alternative strategies to target mitosis without affecting microtubules have, thus, led to the identification of small molecules, such as those that target spindle Kinesins, Aurora and Polo-like kinases. Unfortunately, these so-called second-generation of antimitotics, encompassing mitotic blockers and mitotic drivers, have failed in clinical trials. Our recent understanding regarding the mechanisms of cell death during a mitotic arrest pointed out apoptosis as the main variable, providing an opportunity to control the cell fates and influence the effectiveness of antimitotics. Here, we provide an overview on the second-generation of antimitotics, and discuss possible strategies that exploit SAC activity, mitotic slippage/exit and apoptosis induction, in order to improve the efficacy of anticancer strategies that target mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joel Pedrosa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M A Silva
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Yang W, Wightman R, Meyerowitz EM. Cell Cycle Control by Nuclear Sequestration of CDC20 and CDH1 mRNA in Plant Stem Cells. Mol Cell 2017; 68:1108-1119.e3. [PMID: 29225038 PMCID: PMC6013263 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, most RNA molecules are exported into the cytoplasm after transcription. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) reside and function primarily inside the nucleus, but nuclear localization of mRNAs has been considered rare in both animals and plants. Here we show that Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) coactivator genes CDC20 and CCS52B (CDH1 ortholog) are co-expressed with their target cyclin B genes (CYCBs) during mitosis. CYCB transcripts can be exported and translated; however, CDC20 and CCS52B mRNAs are confined to the nucleus at prophase, and the cognate proteins are not translated until the redistribution of the mRNAs to the cytoplasm after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) at prometaphase. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) plays dual roles in CDC20 mRNA nuclear localization and translation. Mitotic accumulation of CDC20 and CCS52B transcripts enables the timely and rapid activation of APC/C, while the nuclear sequestration of these transcripts at prophase appears to protect cyclins from precocious degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Yang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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13
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Alfieri C, Zhang S, Barford D. Visualizing the complex functions and mechanisms of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Open Biol 2017; 7:170204. [PMID: 29167309 PMCID: PMC5717348 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that orchestrates cell cycle progression by mediating the degradation of important cell cycle regulators. During the two decades since its discovery, much has been learnt concerning its role in recognizing and ubiquitinating specific proteins in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, the mechanisms governing substrate specificity, the catalytic process of assembling polyubiquitin chains on its target proteins, and its regulation by phosphorylation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The past few years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the quantitative mechanisms underlying these varied APC/C functions. This review integrates the overall functions and properties of the APC/C with mechanistic insights gained from recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of reconstituted human APC/C complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alfieri
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Suyang Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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14
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Yuan YF, Ren YX, Yuan P, Yan LY, Qiao J. TRAIP is involved in chromosome alignment and SAC regulation in mouse oocyte meiosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29735. [PMID: 27405720 PMCID: PMC4942609 DOI: 10.1038/srep29735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies demonstrated that TRAIP is associated with primordial dwarfism. Although TRAIP was partially studied in mitosis, its function in oocyte meiosis remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of TRAIP during mouse oocyte meiosis. TRAIP was stably expressed during oocytes meiosis and co-localized with CREST at the centromere region. Knockdown of TRAIP led to DNA damage, as revealed by the appearance of γH2AX. Although oocytes meiotic maturation was not affected, the proportions of misaligned chromosomes and aneuploidy were elevated after TRAIP knockdown, suggesting TRAIP is required for stable kinetochore–microtubule (K-MT) attachment. TRAIP knockdown decreased the accumulation of Mad2 on centromeres, potentially explaining why oocyte maturation was not affected following formation of DNA lesions. Securin, a protein which was prevent from precocious degradation by Mad2, was down-regulated after TRAIP knockdown. Inhibition of TRAIP by microinjection of antibody into pro-metaphase I (pro-MI) stage oocytes resulted in precocious first polar body (PB1) extrusion, and live-cell imaging clearly revealed misaligned chromosomes after TRAIP knockdown. Taken together, these data indicate that TRAIP plays important roles in oocyte meiosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Yuan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North HuaYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Ying Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North HuaYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North HuaYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Hu R, Li L, Li D, Tan W, Wan L, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yao W. Downregulation of Cdh1 signalling in spinal dorsal horn contributes to the maintenance of mechanical allodynia after nerve injury in rats. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916647376. [PMID: 27184142 PMCID: PMC4956001 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916647376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its co-activator Cdh1 are important ubiquitin-ligases in proliferating cells and terminally differentiated neurons. In recent years, APC/C-Cdh1 has been reported as an important complex contributing to synaptic development and transmission. Interestingly, cortical APC/C-Cdh1 is found to play a critical role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, but it is not clear whether APC/C-Cdh1 in spinal dorsal cord is involved in molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain conditions. Results Immunostaining showed that Cdh1 was mainly distributed in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord in rats. Its expression was downregulated in the ipsilateral dorsal horn at 14 days after spared nerve injury. Rescued expression of Cdh1 in spinal cord by intrathecal administration of recombinant lentivirus encoding Cdh1 (Lenti-Cdh1-GFP) significantly attenuated spared nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, rescued expression of spinal Cdh1 significantly reduced surface membrane expression of GluR1, but increased the expression of GluR1-related erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor A4 and its ligand EphrinA1 in dorsal horn of spared nerve injury-treated animals. Conclusions This study indicates that a downregulation of Cdh1 expression in spinal dorsal horn is involved in molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Upregulation of spinal Cdh1 may be a promising approach to treat neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Dajia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Abstract
Chromosome segregation and mitotic exit are initiated by the 1.2-MDa ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) and its coactivator CDC20 (cell division cycle 20). To avoid chromosome missegregation, APC/C(CDC20) activation is tightly controlled. CDC20 only associates with APC/C in mitosis when APC/C has become phosphorylated and is further inhibited by a mitotic checkpoint complex until all chromosomes are bioriented on the spindle. APC/C contains 14 different types of subunits, most of which are phosphorylated in mitosis on multiple sites. However, it is unknown which of these phospho-sites enable APC/C(CDC20) activation and by which mechanism. Here we have identified 68 evolutionarily conserved mitotic phospho-sites on human APC/C bound to CDC20 and have used the biGBac technique to generate 47 APC/C mutants in which either all 68 sites or subsets of them were replaced by nonphosphorylatable or phospho-mimicking residues. The characterization of these complexes in substrate ubiquitination and degradation assays indicates that phosphorylation of an N-terminal loop region in APC1 is sufficient for binding and activation of APC/C by CDC20. Deletion of the N-terminal APC1 loop enables APC/C(CDC20) activation in the absence of mitotic phosphorylation or phospho-mimicking mutations. These results indicate that binding of CDC20 to APC/C is normally prevented by an autoinhibitory loop in APC1 and that its mitotic phosphorylation relieves this inhibition. The predicted location of the N-terminal APC1 loop implies that this loop controls interactions between the N-terminal domain of CDC20 and APC1 and APC8. These results reveal how APC/C phosphorylation enables CDC20 to bind and activate the APC/C in mitosis.
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Interphase APC/C-Cdc20 inhibition by cyclin A2-Cdk2 ensures efficient mitotic entry. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10975. [PMID: 26960431 PMCID: PMC4792957 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cell-cycle progression requires tight temporal control of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a large ubiquitin ligase that is activated by one of two co-activators, Cdh1 or Cdc20. APC/C and Cdc20 are already present during interphase but APC/C-Cdc20 regulation during this window of the cell cycle, if any, is unknown. Here we show that cyclin A2-Cdk2 binds and phosphorylates Cdc20 in interphase and this inhibits APC/C-Cdc20 activity. Preventing Cdc20 phosphorylation results in pre-mature activation of the APC/C-Cdc20 and several substrates, including cyclin B1 and A2, are destabilized which lengthens G2 and slows mitotic entry. Expressing non-degradable cyclin A2 but not cyclin B1 restores mitotic entry in these cells. We have thus uncovered a novel positive feedback loop centred on cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibition of interphase APC/C-Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation and mitotic entry.
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Upadhyay A, Amanullah A, Chhangani D, Mishra R, Mishra A. Selective multifaceted E3 ubiquitin ligases barricade extreme defense: Potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:138-59. [PMID: 26247845 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and regular performance of Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Autophagy continuously eliminate deleterious accumulation of nonnative protiens. In cellular quality control system, E3 ubiquitin ligases are significant employees for defense mechanism against abnormal toxic proteins. Few findings indicate that lack of functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases can be a causative factor of neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer and ageing. However, the detailed molecular pathomechanism implying E3 ubiquitin ligases in cellular functions in multifactorial disease conditions are not well understood. This article systematically represents the unique characteristics, molecular nature, and recent developments in the knowledge of neurobiological functions of few crucial E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here, we review recent literature on the roles of E6-AP, HRD1 and ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligases in the neuro-pathobiological mechanisms, with precise focus on the processes of neurodegeneration, and thereby propose new lines of potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Minakawa Y, Kasamatsu A, Koike H, Higo M, Nakashima D, Kouzu Y, Sakamoto Y, Ogawara K, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Kinesin family member 4A: a potential predictor for progression of human oral cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85951. [PMID: 24386490 PMCID: PMC3875575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A), a microtubule-based motor protein, was implicated in regulation of chromosomal structure and kinetochore microtubule dynamics. Considering the functions of KIF4A, we assumed that KIF4A is involved in progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) via activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). However, little is known about the relevance of KIF4A in the behavior of OSCC. We investigated the KIF4A expression status and its functional mechanisms in OSCC. METHODS The KIF4A expression levels in seven OSCC-derived cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting analyses. Using a KIF4A knockdown model, we assessed the expression of (SAC)-related molecules (BUB1, MAD2, CDC20, and cyclin B1), cell-cycle, and cellular proliferation. In addition to in vitro data, the clinical correlation between the KIF4A expression levels in primary OSCCs (n = 106 patients) and the clinicopathologic status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) also were evaluated. RESULTS KIF4A mRNA and protein were up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05) in seven OSCC-derived cells compared with human normal oral keratinocytes. In the KIF4A knockdown cells, SAC activation was observed via increased BUB1 expression on the kinetochores, appropriate kinetochore localization of MAD2, down-regulation of CDC20, up-regulation of cyclin B1, and cell-cycle arrested at G2/M phase. The results showed that cellular proliferation of KIF4A knockdown cells decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with control cells. IHC showed that KIF4A expression in primary OSCCs was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in the normal oral counterparts and that KIF4A-positive OSCCs were correlated closely (P < 0.05) with tumoral size. CONCLUSIONS Our results proposed for the first time that KIF4A controls cellular proliferation via SAC activation. Therefore, KIF4A might be a key regulator for tumoral progression in OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Minakawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Koike
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Morihiro Higo
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dai Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukinao Kouzu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Cell cycle: mechanisms of control and dysregulation in cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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21
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Yuan X, Srividhya J, De Luca T, Lee JHE, Pomerening JR. Uncovering the role of APC-Cdh1 in generating the dynamics of S-phase onset. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:441-56. [PMID: 24356446 PMCID: PMC3923637 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature S-phase entry due to Cdh1 ablation results from premature loss of the CDK inhibitor p27 and a reduced requirement for cyclin E1. This prolonged S phase coincides with slowed replication fork elongation and fewer replication terminations, both of which could contribute to genome instability. Cdh1, a coactivator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), is a potential tumor suppressor. Cdh1 ablation promotes precocious S-phase entry, but it was unclear how this affects DNA replication dynamics while contributing to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. We find that Cdh1 depletion causes early S-phase onset in conjunction with increase in Rb/E2F1-mediated cyclin E1 expression, but reduced levels of cyclin E1 protein promote this transition. We hypothesize that this is due to a weakened cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI)–cyclin-dependent kinase 2 positive-feedback loop, normally generated by APC-Cdh1–mediated proteolysis of Skp2. Indeed, Cdh1 depletion increases Skp2 abundance while diminishing levels of the CKI p27. This lowers the level of cyclin E1 needed for S-phase entry and delays cyclin E1 proteolysis during S-phase progression while corresponding to slowed replication fork movement and reduced frequency of termination events. In summary, using both experimental and computational approaches, we show that APC-Cdh1 establishes a stimulus–response relationship that promotes S phase by ensuring that proper levels of p27 accumulate during G1 phase, and defects in its activation accelerate the timing of S-phase onset while prolonging its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003 Biocomplexity Institute, Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408-2671 Department of Statistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408-3825
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22
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Lanes CFC, Bizuayehu TT, de Oliveira Fernandes JM, Kiron V, Babiak I. Transcriptome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) early embryos from farmed and wild broodstocks. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:677-694. [PMID: 23887676 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to elucidate factors affecting egg quality in fish. Recently, we have shown that eggs originating from wild broodstock (WB) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) are of superior quality to those derived from farmed broodstock (FB), and this is associated with differences in the chemical composition of egg yolk. However, maternal transcripts, accumulated during oogenesis, have not been studied extensively in fish. The aim of the present study was to characterize putative maternal mRNA transcriptome in fertilized eggs of Atlantic cod and to compare transcript pools between WB and FB in order to investigate the relation between egg developmental potential and putative maternal mRNA deposits. We performed high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing. For each WB and FB group, five cDNA libraries were individually tagged and sequenced, resulting in 98,687 (WB) and 119,333 (FB) average reads per library. Sequencing reads were de novo assembled, annotated, and mapped. Out of 13,726 identified isotigs, 238 were differentially expressed between WB and FB, with 155 isotigs significantly upregulated in WB. The sequence reads were mapped to 11,340 different Atlantic cod transcripts and 158 sequences were differentially expressed between the 2 groups. Important transcripts involved in fructose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were differentially represented between the two broodstock groups, showing potential as biomarkers of egg quality in teleosts. Our findings contribute to the hypothesis that maternal mRNAs affect egg quality and, consequently, the early development of fish.
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23
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Lu L, Hu S, Wei R, Qiu X, Lu K, Fu Y, Li H, Xing G, Li D, Peng R, He F, Zhang L. The HECT type ubiquitin ligase NEDL2 is degraded by anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1, and its tight regulation maintains the metaphase to anaphase transition. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35637-50. [PMID: 24163370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NEDD4-like ubiquitin ligase 2 (NEDL2) is a HECT type ubiquitin ligase. NEDL2 enhances p73 transcriptional activity and degrades ATR kinase in lamin misexpressed cells. Compared with the important functions of other HECT type ubiquitin ligase, there is less study concerning the function and regulation of NEDL2. Using primary antibody immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identify a list of potential proteins that are putative NEDL2-interacting proteins. The candidate list contains many of mitotic proteins, especially including several subunits of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and Cdh1, an activator of APC/C. Cdh1 can interact with NEDL2 in vivo and in vitro. Cdh1 recognizes one of the NEDL2 destruction boxes (R(740)GSL(743)) and targets it for degradation in an APC/C-dependent manner during mitotic exit. Overexpression of Cdh1 reduces the protein level of NEDL2, whereas knockdown of Cdh1 increases the protein level of NEDL2 but has no effect on the NEDL2 mRNA level. NEDL2 associates with mitotic spindles, and its protein level reaches a maximum in mitosis. The function of NEDL2 during mitosis is essential because NEDL2 depletion prolongs metaphase, and overexpression of NEDL2 induces chromosomal lagging. Elevated expression of NEDL2 protein and mRNA are both found in colon cancer and cervix cancer. We conclude that NEDL2 is a novel substrate of APC/C-Cdh1 as cells exit mitosis and functions as a regulator of the metaphase to anaphase transition. Its overexpression may contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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24
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Horikoshi Y, Habu T, Matsumoto T. An E2 enzyme Ubc11 is required for ubiquitination of Slp1/Cdc20 and spindle checkpoint silencing in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:961-71. [PMID: 23442800 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For ordered mitotic progression, various proteins have to be regulated by an ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) with appropriate timing. Recent studies have implied that the activity of APC/C also contributes to release of mitotic checkpoint complexes (MCCs) from its target Cdc20 in the process of silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here we describe a temperature-sensitive mutant (ubc11-P93L) in which cell cycle progression is arrested at mitosis. The mutant grows normally at the restrictive temperature when SAC is inactivated, suggesting that the arrest is not due to abnormal spindle assembly, but rather due to prolonged activation of SAC. Supporting this notion, MCCs remain bound to APC/C even when SAC is satisfied. The ubc11 (+) gene encodes one of the two E2 enzymes required for progression through mitosis in fission yeast. Remarkably, Slp1 (a fission yeast homolog of Cdc20), which is degraded in an APC/C-dependent manner, stays stable throughout the cell cycle in the ubc11-P93L mutant lacking the functional SAC. Other APC/C substrates, in contrast, were degraded on schedule. We have also found that a loss of Ubc4, the other E2 required for progression through mitosis, does not affect the stability of Slp1. We propose that each of the two E2 enzymes is responsible for collaborating with APC/C for a specific set of substrates, and that Ubc11 is responsible for regulating Slp1 with APC/C for silencing the SAC.
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25
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Microtubule attachment and spindle assembly checkpoint signalling at the kinetochore. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:25-37. [PMID: 23258294 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation during cell division is facilitated by the kinetochore, a multiprotein structure that is assembled on centromeric DNA. The kinetochore attaches chromosomes to spindle microtubules, modulates the stability of these attachments and relays the microtubule-binding status to the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a cell cycle surveillance pathway that delays chromosome segregation in response to unattached kinetochores. Recent studies are shaping current thinking on how each of these kinetochore-centred processes is achieved, and how their integration ensures faithful chromosome segregation, focusing on the essential roles of kinase-phosphatase signalling and the microtubule-binding KMN protein network.
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26
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Uzunova K, Dye BT, Schutz H, Ladurner R, Petzold G, Toyoda Y, Jarvis MA, Brown NG, Poser I, Novatchkova M, Mechtler K, Hyman AA, Stark H, Schulman BA, Peters JM. APC15 mediates CDC20 autoubiquitylation by APC/C(MCC) and disassembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:1116-23. [PMID: 23007861 PMCID: PMC3498062 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome bound to CDC20 (APC/CCDC20) initiates anaphase by ubiquitylating B-type cyclins and securin. During chromosome bi-orientation, CDC20 assembles with MAD2, BUBR1 and BUB3 into a mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) which inhibits substrate recruitment to the APC/C. APC/C activation depends on MCC disassembly, which has been proposed to require CDC20 auto-ubiquitylation. Here we characterized APC15, a human APC/C subunit related to yeast Mnd2. APC15 is located near APC/C’s MCC binding site, is required for APC/CMCC-dependent CDC20 auto-ubiquitylation and degradation, and for timely anaphase initiation, but is dispensable for substrate ubiquitylation by APC/CCDC20 and APC/CCDH1. Our results support the view that MCC is continuously assembled and disassembled to enable rapid activation of APC/CCDC20 and that CDC20 auto-ubiquitylation promotes MCC disassembly. We propose that APC15 and Mnd2 negatively regulate APC/C coactivators, and report the first generation of recombinant human APC/C.
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27
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Joyce EF, Williams BR, Xie T, Wu CT. Identification of genes that promote or antagonize somatic homolog pairing using a high-throughput FISH-based screen. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002667. [PMID: 22589731 PMCID: PMC3349724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pairing of homologous chromosomes is a fundamental feature of the meiotic cell. In addition, a number of species exhibit homolog pairing in nonmeiotic, somatic cells as well, with evidence for its impact on both gene regulation and double-strand break (DSB) repair. An extreme example of somatic pairing can be observed in Drosophila melanogaster, where homologous chromosomes remain aligned throughout most of development. However, our understanding of the mechanism of somatic homolog pairing remains unclear, as only a few genes have been implicated in this process. In this study, we introduce a novel high-throughput fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technology that enabled us to conduct a genome-wide RNAi screen for factors involved in the robust somatic pairing observed in Drosophila. We identified both candidate "pairing promoting genes" and candidate "anti-pairing genes," providing evidence that pairing is a dynamic process that can be both enhanced and antagonized. Many of the genes found to be important for promoting pairing are highly enriched for functions associated with mitotic cell division, suggesting a genetic framework for a long-standing link between chromosome dynamics during mitosis and nuclear organization during interphase. In contrast, several of the candidate anti-pairing genes have known interphase functions associated with S-phase progression, DNA replication, and chromatin compaction, including several components of the condensin II complex. In combination with a variety of secondary assays, these results provide insights into the mechanism and dynamics of somatic pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. Joyce
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiao Xie
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Image and Data Analysis Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - C.-ting Wu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Barford D. Structural insights into anaphase-promoting complex function and mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3605-24. [PMID: 22084387 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) controls sister chromatid segregation and the exit from mitosis by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. This unusually large E3 RING-cullin ubiquitin ligase is assembled from 13 different proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D box and KEN box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. Recent structural and biochemical studies of the APC/C are beginning to reveal an understanding of the roles of individual APC/C subunits and co-activators and how they mutually interact to mediate APC/C functions. This review focuses on the findings showing how information on the structural organization of the APC/C provides insights into the role of co-activators and core APC/C subunits in mediating substrate recognition. Mechanisms of regulating and modulating substrate recognition are discussed in the context of controlling the binding of the co-activator to the APC/C, and the accessibility and conformation of the co-activator when bound to the APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barford
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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29
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Guttery DS, Ferguson DJP, Poulin B, Xu Z, Straschil U, Klop O, Solyakov L, Sandrini SM, Brady D, Nieduszynski CA, Janse CJ, Holder AA, Tobin AB, Tewari R. A putative homologue of CDC20/CDH1 in the malaria parasite is essential for male gamete development. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002554. [PMID: 22383885 PMCID: PMC3285604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression is governed by a series of essential regulatory proteins. Two major regulators are cell-division cycle protein 20 (CDC20) and its homologue, CDC20 homologue 1 (CDH1), which activate the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in mitosis, and facilitate degradation of mitotic APC/C substrates. The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is a haploid organism which, during its life-cycle undergoes two stages of mitosis; one associated with asexual multiplication and the other with male gametogenesis. Cell-cycle regulation and DNA replication in Plasmodium was recently shown to be dependent on the activity of a number of protein kinases. However, the function of cell division cycle proteins that are also involved in this process, such as CDC20 and CDH1 is totally unknown. Here we examine the role of a putative CDC20/CDH1 in the rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei (Pb) using reverse genetics. Phylogenetic analysis identified a single putative Plasmodium CDC20/CDH1 homologue (termed CDC20 for simplicity) suggesting that Plasmodium APC/C has only one regulator. In our genetic approach to delete the endogenous cdc20 gene of P. berghei, we demonstrate that PbCDC20 plays a vital role in male gametogenesis, but is not essential for mitosis in the asexual blood stage. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis in parasite lines with deletions of two kinase genes involved in male sexual development (map2 and cdpk4), showed a significant increase in cdc20 transcription in activated gametocytes. DNA replication and ultra structural analyses of cdc20 and map2 mutants showed similar blockage of nuclear division at the nuclear spindle/kinetochore stage. CDC20 was phosphorylated in asexual and sexual stages, but the level of modification was higher in activated gametocytes and ookinetes. Changes in global protein phosphorylation patterns in the Δcdc20 mutant parasites were largely different from those observed in the Δmap2 mutant. This suggests that CDC20 and MAP2 are both likely to play independent but vital roles in male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Guttery
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J. P. Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Poulin
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengyao Xu
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Straschil
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onny Klop
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lev Solyakov
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Sandrini
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Brady
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad A. Nieduszynski
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Silva P, Barbosa J, Nascimento AV, Faria J, Reis R, Bousbaa H. Monitoring the fidelity of mitotic chromosome segregation by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:391-400. [PMID: 21951282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance mechanism that prevents premature anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle apparatus and aligned at the metaphase plate. Defects in this mechanism contribute to chromosome instability and aneuploidy, a hallmark of malignant cells. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of activation and silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint and its relationship to tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silva
- Health Sciences Research Center, Superior Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
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Li L, Zhou Y, Wang G, Liao S, Ke Y, Wu W, Li X, Zhang R, Fu Y. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome controls HEC1 stability. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:1-9. [PMID: 21199005 PMCID: PMC6496518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome segregation during mitosis requires a physically large proteinaceous structure called the kinetochore to generate attachments between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules. It is essential for kinetochore components to be carefully regulated to guarantee successful cell division. Depletion, mutation or dysregulation of kinetochore proteins results in mitotic arrest and/or cell death. HEC1 (high expression in cancer) has been reported to be a kinetochore protein, depletion of which, by RNA interference, results in catastrophic mitotic exit. MATERIALS AND METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate how HEC1 protein is controlled post-translation, we analysed the role of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1 in degradation of HEC1 protein. In this study, we show that HEC1 is an unstable protein and can be targeted by endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome system in HEK293T cells. Results of RNA interference and in vivo ubiquitination assay indicated that HEC1 could be ubiquitinated and degraded by APC/C-hCdh1 E3 ligase. The evolutionally conserved D-box at the C-terminus functioned as the degron of HEC1, destruction of which resulted in resistance to degradation mediated by APC/C-Cdh1. Overexpression of non-degradable HEC1 (D-box destroyed) induced accumulation of cyclin B protein in vivo and triggered mitotic arrest. CONCLUSION APC/C-Cdh1 controls stability of HEC1, ensuring normal cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Li
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G.‐F. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - S.‐C. Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y.‐B. Ke
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - W. Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - X.‐H. Li
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - R.‐L. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y.‐C. Fu
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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McLean JR, Chaix D, Ohi MD, Gould KL. State of the APC/C: organization, function, and structure. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:118-36. [PMID: 21261459 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.541420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation system is involved in many essential cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, and the unfolded protein response. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered 15 years ago because of its pivotal role in cyclin degradation and mitotic progression. Since then, we have learned that the APC/C is a very large, complex E3 ligase composed of 13 subunits, yielding a molecular machine of approximately 1 MDa. The intricate regulation of the APC/C is mediated by the Cdc20 family of activators, pseudosubstrate inhibitors, protein kinases and phosphatases and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The large size, complexity, and dynamic nature of the APC/C represent significant obstacles toward high-resolution structural techniques; however, over the last decade, there have been a number of lower resolution APC/C structures determined using single particle electron microscopy. These structures, when combined with data generated from numerous genetic and biochemical studies, have begun to shed light on how APC/C activity is regulated. Here, we discuss the most recent developments in the APC/C field concerning structure, substrate recognition, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel R McLean
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Preechaphol R, Klinbunga S, Khamnamtong B, Menasveta P. Isolation and characterization of genes functionally involved in ovarian development of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:676-85. [PMID: 21637577 PMCID: PMC3036150 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries between cDNA in stages I (previtellogenic) and III (cortical rod) ovaries of the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were established. In all, 452 ESTs were unidirectionally sequenced. Sequence assembly generated 28 contigs and 201 singletons, 109 of which (48.0%) corresponding to known sequences previously deposited in GenBank. Several reproduction-related transcripts were identified. The full-length cDNA of anaphase promoting complex subunit 11 (PmAPC11; 600 bp with an ORF of 255 bp corresponding to a polypeptide of 84 amino acids) and selenoprotein Mprecursor (PmSePM; 904 bp with an ORF of 396 bp corresponding to a polypeptide of 131 amino acids) were characterized and reported for the first time in penaeid shrimp. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of PmSePM and keratinocyte-associated protein 2 significantly diminished throughout ovarian development, whereas Ser/Thrcheckpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), DNA replication licensing factor mcm2 and egalitarian were down-regulated in mature ovaries of wild P. monodon (p < 0.05). Accordingly, the expression profiles of PmSePM and keratinocyte-associated protein 2 could be used as biomarkers for evaluating the degree of reproductive maturation in domesticated P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachanimuk Preechaphol
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Thailand
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Abstract
AbstractThe complex molecular events responsible for coordinating chromosome replication and segregation with cell division and growth are collectively known as the cell cycle. Progression through the cell cycle is orchestrated by the interplay between controlled protein synthesis and degradation and protein phosphorylation. Protein degradation is primarily regulated through the ubiquitin proteasome system, mediated by two related E3 protein ubiquitin ligases, the Skp1 cullin F-box (SCF) and the anaphase promoting complex (also known as the cyclosome) (APC/C). The APC/C is a multi-subunit cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and controls entry into S phase by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D-box and KEN-box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. The aim of this article is to discuss the APC/C from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Although an atomic structure of the APC/C is still lacking, a combination of genetic, biochemical, electron microscopy studies of intact APC/C and crystallographic analysis of individual subunits, together with analogies to evolutionarily related E3 ligases of the RING family, has provided deep insights into the molecular mechanisms of catalysis and substrate recognition, and structural organisation of the APC/C.
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Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome participates in the acute response to protein-damaging stress. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5608-20. [PMID: 20937767 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01506-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin E3 ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) drives degradation of cell cycle regulators in cycling cells by associating with the coactivators Cdc20 and Cdh1. Although a plethora of APC/C substrates have been identified, only a few transcriptional regulators are described as direct targets of APC/C-dependent ubiquitination. Here we show that APC/C, through substrate recognition by both Cdc20 and Cdh1, mediates ubiquitination and degradation of heat shock factor 2 (HSF2), a transcription factor that binds to the Hsp70 promoter. The interaction between HSF2 and the APC/C subunit Cdc27 and coactivator Cdc20 is enhanced by moderate heat stress, and the degradation of HSF2 is induced during the acute phase of the heat shock response, leading to clearance of HSF2 from the Hsp70 promoter. Remarkably, Cdc20 and the proteasome 20S core α2 subunit are recruited to the Hsp70 promoter in a heat shock-inducible manner. Moreover, the heat shock-induced expression of Hsp70 is increased when Cdc20 is silenced by a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Our results provide the first evidence for participation of APC/C in the acute response to protein-damaging stress.
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Kops GJPL, van der Voet M, van der Voet M, Manak MS, van Osch MHJ, Naini SM, Brear A, McLeod IX, Hentschel DM, Yates JR, van den Heuvel S, Shah JV. APC16 is a conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1623-33. [PMID: 20392738 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation depends on timely activation of the multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C. Activation of the APC/C initiates chromosome segregation and mitotic exit by targeting critical cell-cycle regulators for destruction. The APC/C is the principle target of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents segregation while chromosomes are unattached to spindle microtubules. We now report the identification and characterization of APC16, a conserved subunit of the APC/C. APC16 was found in association with tandem-affinity-purified mitotic checkpoint complex protein complexes. APC16 is a bona fide subunit of human APC/C: it is present in APC/C complexes throughout the cell cycle, the phenotype of APC16-depleted cells copies depletion of other APC/C subunits, and APC16 is important for APC/C activity towards mitotic substrates. APC16 sequence homologues can be identified in metazoans, but not fungi, by four conserved primary sequence stretches. We provide evidence that the C. elegans gene K10D2.4 and the D. rerio gene zgc:110659 are functional equivalents of human APC16. Our findings show that APC/C is composed of previously undescribed subunits, and raise the question of why metazoan APC/C is molecularly different from unicellular APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J P L Kops
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sigl R, Wandke C, Rauch V, Kirk J, Hunt T, Geley S. Loss of the mammalian APC/C activator FZR1 shortens G1 and lengthens S phase but has little effect on exit from mitosis. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4208-17. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.054197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is essential for progression through mitosis. At anaphase onset, the APC/C requires the activator protein CDC20 to target securin and cyclin B1 for proteasome-dependent degradation, but then depends on the CDC20-related protein FZR1 (also known as CDH1) to remain active until the onset of the next S phase. To investigate the role of FZR1 in mammalian cells, we used RNAi in human cell lines and conditional gene targeting in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In neither case was FZR1 required for exit from mitosis, but in cells lacking FZR1, the G1 phase was shortened and the S phase was prolonged. In several normal and transformed human cell lines, loss of FZR1 function induced DNA-damage responses and impaired proliferation independently of the p53 status. Constitutive knockdown of p53 in U2OS cells with inducible FZR1 siRNA also failed to restore their proliferative capacity. Thus, the proliferation defects are a direct consequence of the genetic damage inflicted by loss of FZR1 function and are largely independent of p53. In summary, mammalian FZR1 is not required for the completion of mitosis, but is an important regulator of G1 phase and is required for efficient DNA replication in human and mouse somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Sigl
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Wandke
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Rauch
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jane Kirk
- Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, South Mimms, England, UK
| | - Tim Hunt
- Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, South Mimms, England, UK
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Early whole-genome transcriptional response induced by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide in a normal human cell line. Genomics 2009; 93:332-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lee J, Kim JA, Barbier V, Fotedar A, Fotedar R. DNA damage triggers p21WAF1-dependent Emi1 down-regulation that maintains G2 arrest. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:1891-902. [PMID: 19211842 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several regulatory proteins control cell cycle progression. These include Emi1, an anaphase-promoting complex (APC) inhibitor whose destruction controls progression through mitosis to G1, and p21(WAF1), a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor activated by DNA damage. We have analyzed the role of p21(WAF1) in G2-M phase checkpoint control and in prevention of polyploidy after DNA damage. After DNA damage, p21(+/+) cells stably arrest in G2, whereas p21(-/-) cells ultimately progress into mitosis. We report that p21 down-regulates Emi1 in cells arrested in G2 by DNA damage. This down-regulation contributes to APC activation and results in the degradation of key mitotic proteins including cyclins A2 and B1 in p21(+/+) cells. Inactivation of APC in irradiated p21(+/+) cells can overcome the G2 arrest. siRNA-mediated Emi1 down-regulation prevents irradiated p21(-/-) cells from entering mitosis, whereas concomitant down-regulation of APC activity counteracts this effect. Our results demonstrate that Emi1 down-regulation and APC activation leads to stable p21-dependent G2 arrest after DNA damage. This is the first demonstration that Emi1 regulation plays a role in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. Further, our work identifies a new p21-dependent mechanism to maintain G2 arrest after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Lee
- Institut de Biologie Structurale J-P Ebel, F38027 Grenoble, France
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40
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The unique N terminus of the UbcH10 E2 enzyme controls the threshold for APC activation and enhances checkpoint regulation of the APC. Mol Cell 2008; 31:544-556. [PMID: 18722180 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) E3 ligase functions with E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes of the E2-C and Ubc4/5 families to ubiquitinate substrates. However, only the use of the E2-C family, notably UbcH10, is genetically well validated. Here, we biochemically demonstrate preferential use of UbcH10 by the APC, specified by the E2 core domain. Importantly, an additional E2-E3 interaction mediated by the N-terminal extension of UbcH10 regulates APC activity. Mutating the highly conserved N terminus increases substrate ubiquitination and the number of substrate lysines targeted, allows ubiquitination of APC substrates lacking their destruction boxes, increases resistance to the APC inhibitors Emi1 and BubR1 in vitro, and bypasses the spindle checkpoint in vivo. Fusion of the UbcH10 N terminus to UbcH5 restricts ubiquitination activity but does not direct specific interactions with the APC. Thus, UbcH10 combines a specific E2-E3 interface and regulation via its N-terminal extension to limit APC activity for substrate selection and checkpoint control.
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41
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Different phosphorylation states of the anaphase promoting complex in response to antimitotic drugs: a quantitative proteomic analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6069-74. [PMID: 18420821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709807104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex (APC) controls the degradation of proteins during exit from mitosis and entry into S-phase. The activity of the APC is regulated by phosphorylation during mitosis. Because the phosphorylation pattern provides insights into the complexity of regulation of the APC, we studied in detail the phosphorylation patterns at a single mitotic state of arrest generated by various antimitotic drugs. We examined the phosphorylation patterns of the APC in HeLa S3 cells after they were arrested in prometaphase with taxol, nocodazole, vincristine, or monastrol. There were 71 phosphorylation sites on nine of the APC subunits. Despite the common state of arrest, the various antimitotic drug treatments resulted in differences in the phosphorylation patterns and phosphorylation stoichiometries. The relative phosphorylation stoichiometries were determined by using a method adapted from the isotope-free quantitation of the extent of modification (iQEM). We could show that during drug arrest the phosphorylation state of the APC changes, indicating that the mitotic arrest is not a static condition. We discuss these findings in terms of the variable efficacy of antimitotic drugs in cancer chemotherapy.
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Sreenivasan R, Cai M, Bartfai R, Wang X, Christoffels A, Orban L. Transcriptomic analyses reveal novel genes with sexually dimorphic expression in the zebrafish gonad and brain. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1791. [PMID: 18335061 PMCID: PMC2262149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge on zebrafish reproduction is very limited. We generated a gonad-derived cDNA microarray from zebrafish and used it to analyze large-scale gene expression profiles in adult gonads and other organs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have identified 116638 gonad-derived zebrafish expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 21% of which were isolated in our lab. Following in silico normalization, we constructed a gonad-derived microarray comprising 6370 unique, full-length cDNAs from differentiating and adult gonads. Labeled targets from adult gonad, brain, kidney and 'rest-of-body' from both sexes were hybridized onto the microarray. Our analyses revealed 1366, 881 and 656 differentially expressed transcripts (34.7% novel) that showed highest expression in ovary, testis and both gonads respectively. Hierarchical clustering showed correlation of the two gonadal transcriptomes and their similarities to those of the brains. In addition, we have identified 276 genes showing sexually dimorphic expression both between the brains and between the gonads. By in situ hybridization, we showed that the gonadal transcripts with the strongest array signal intensities were germline-expressed. We found that five members of the GTP-binding septin gene family, from which only one member (septin 4) has previously been implicated in reproduction in mice, were all strongly expressed in the gonads. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have generated a gonad-derived zebrafish cDNA microarray and demonstrated its usefulness in identifying genes with sexually dimorphic co-expression in both the gonads and the brains. We have also provided the first evidence of large-scale differential gene expression between female and male brains of a teleost. Our microarray would be useful for studying gonad development, differentiation and function not only in zebrafish but also in related teleosts via cross-species hybridizations. Since several genes have been shown to play similar roles in gonadogenesis in zebrafish and other vertebrates, our array may even provide information on genetic disorders affecting gonadal phenotypes and fertility in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajini Sreenivasan
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Minnie Cai
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Bartfai
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xingang Wang
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Christoffels
- Computational Biology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laszlo Orban
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hall MC, Jeong DE, Henderson JT, Choi E, Bremmer SC, Iliuk AB, Charbonneau H. Cdc28 and Cdc14 control stability of the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Acm1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10396-407. [PMID: 18287090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710011200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle by targeting specific proteins for proteasomal degradation. Its activity must be strictly controlled to ensure proper cell cycle progression. The co-activator proteins Cdc20 and Cdh1 are required for APC activity and are important regulatory targets. Recently, budding yeast Acm1 was identified as a Cdh1 binding partner and APC(Cdh1) inhibitor. Acm1 disappears in late mitosis when APC(Cdh1) becomes active and contains conserved degron-like sequences common to APC substrates, suggesting it could be both an inhibitor and substrate. Surprisingly, we found that Acm1 proteolysis is independent of APC. A major determinant of Acm1 stability is phosphorylation at consensus cyclin-dependent kinase sites. Acm1 is a substrate of Cdc28 cyclin-dependent kinase and Cdc14 phosphatase both in vivo and in vitro. Mutation of Cdc28 phosphorylation sites or conditional inactivation of Cdc28 destabilizes Acm1. In contrast, inactivation of Cdc14 prevents Acm1 dephosphorylation and proteolysis. Cdc28 stabilizes Acm1 in part by promoting binding of the 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2. We conclude that the opposing actions of Cdc28 and Cdc14 are primary factors limiting Acm1 to the interval from G(1)/S to late mitosis and are capable of establishing APC-independent expression patterns similar to APC substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Hall
- Biochemistry Department, Purdue Cancer Center, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Montembault E, Dutertre S, Prigent C, Giet R. PRP4 is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein required for MPS1, MAD1, and MAD2 localization to the kinetochores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:601-9. [PMID: 17998396 PMCID: PMC2080909 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200703133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint delays anaphase onset until every chromosome kinetochore has been efficiently captured by the mitotic spindle microtubules. In this study, we report that the human pre–messenger RNA processing 4 (PRP4) protein kinase associates with kinetochores during mitosis. PRP4 depletion by RNA interference induces mitotic acceleration. Moreover, we frequently observe lagging chromatids during anaphase leading to aneuploidy. PRP4-depleted cells do not arrest in mitosis after nocodazole treatment, indicating a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) failure. Thus, we find that PRP4 is necessary for recruitment or maintenance of the checkpoint proteins MPS1, MAD1, and MAD2 at the kinetochores. Our data clearly identify PRP4 as a previously unrecognized kinetochore component that is necessary to establish a functional SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Montembault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Université de Rennes I, Institut de Génétique et Développement, 35043 Rennes, France
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Amador V, Ge S, Santamaría PG, Guardavaccaro D, Pagano M. APC/C(Cdc20) controls the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p21 in prometaphase. Mol Cell 2007; 27:462-73. [PMID: 17679094 PMCID: PMC2000825 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the G1/S transition, p21 proteolysis is mediated by Skp2; however, p21 reaccumulates in G2 and is degraded again in prometaphase. How p21 degradation is controlled in mitosis remains unexplored. We found that Cdc20 (an activator of the ubiquitin ligase APC/C) binds p21 in cultured cells and identified a D box motif in p21 necessary for APC/C(Cdc20)-mediated ubiquitylation of p21. Overexpression of Cdc20 or Skp2 destabilized wild-type p21; however, only Skp2, but not Cdc20, was able to destabilize a p21(D box) mutant. Silencing of Cdc20 induced an accumulation of p21, increased the fraction of p21 bound to Cdk1, and inhibited Cdk1 activity in p21(+/+) prometaphase cells, but not in p21(-/-) cells. Thus, in prometaphase Cdc20 positively regulates Cdk1 by mediating the degradation of p21. We propose that the APC/C(Cdc20)-mediated degradation of p21 contributes to the full activation of Cdk1 necessary for mitotic events and prevents mitotic slippage during spindle checkpoint activation.
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Díaz-Martínez LA, Yu H. Running on a treadmill: dynamic inhibition of APC/C by the spindle checkpoint. Cell Div 2007; 2:23. [PMID: 17650307 PMCID: PMC1947974 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the genome duplicated during S-phase is synchronously and accurately segregated to the two daughter cells. The spindle checkpoint prevents premature sister-chromatid separation and mitotic exit. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a key target of the spindle checkpoint. Upon checkpoint activation, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) containing Mad2, Bub3, Mad3/BubR1 and Cdc20 inhibits APC/C. Two independent studies in budding yeast have now shed light on the mechanism by which MCC inhibits APC/C. These studies indicate that Mad3 binds to the mitotic activator of APC/C Cdc20 using peptide motifs commonly found in APC/C substrates and thus competes with APC/C substrates for APC/CCdc20 binding. In addition, Mad3 binding to APC/CCdc20 induces Cdc20 ubiquitination by APC/C, leading to the dissociation of MCC. Meanwhile, two other studies have shown that a deubiquitinating enzyme is required for the spindle checkpoint whereas APC/C-dependent ubiquitination is needed for checkpoint inactivation. Collectively, these studies suggest a dynamic model for APC/CCdc20 regulation by MCC in which APC/C- and Mad3-dependent ubiquitination of Cdc20 constitutes a self-regulated switch that rapidly inactivates the spindle checkpoint upon correct chromosome attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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Wu Q, Guo Y, Yamada A, Perry JA, Wang MZ, Araki M, Freel CD, Tung JJ, Tang W, Margolis SS, Jackson PK, Yamano H, Asano M, Kornbluth S. A role for Cdc2- and PP2A-mediated regulation of Emi2 in the maintenance of CSF arrest. Curr Biol 2007; 17:213-24. [PMID: 17276914 PMCID: PMC2790409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate oocytes are arrested in metaphase II of meiosis prior to fertilization by cytostatic factor (CSF). CSF enforces a cell-cycle arrest by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets Cyclin B for degradation. Although Cyclin B synthesis is ongoing during CSF arrest, constant Cyclin B levels are maintained. To achieve this, oocytes allow continuous slow Cyclin B degradation, without eliminating the bulk of Cyclin B, which would induce release from CSF arrest. However, the mechanism that controls this continuous degradation is not understood. RESULTS We report here the molecular details of a negative feedback loop wherein Cyclin B promotes its own destruction through Cdc2/Cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of the APC inhibitor Emi2. Emi2 bound to the core APC, and this binding was disrupted by Cdc2/Cyclin B, without affecting Emi2 protein stability. Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation of Emi2 was antagonized by PP2A, which could bind to Emi2 and promote Emi2-APC interactions. CONCLUSIONS Constant Cyclin B levels are maintained during a CSF arrest through the regulation of Emi2 activity. A balance between Cdc2 and PP2A controls Emi2 phosphorylation, which in turn controls the ability of Emi2 to bind to and inhibit the APC. This balance allows proper maintenance of Cyclin B levels and Cdc2 kinase activity during CSF arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiju Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yanxiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ayumi Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Perry
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Z. Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher D. Freel
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Tung
- Tumor Biology & Angiogenesis Department, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wanli Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seth S. Margolis
- Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter K. Jackson
- Tumor Biology & Angiogenesis Department, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Yamano
- Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, RH8 0TL, UK
| | - Maki Asano
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sally Kornbluth
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: , (919) 613-8624 (phone), (919) 681-1005 (Fax)
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Sible JC, Tyson JJ. Mathematical modeling as a tool for investigating cell cycle control networks. Methods 2007; 41:238-47. [PMID: 17189866 PMCID: PMC1993813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although not a traditional experimental "method," mathematical modeling can provide a powerful approach for investigating complex cell signaling networks, such as those that regulate the eukaryotic cell division cycle. We describe here one modeling approach based on expressing the rates of biochemical reactions in terms of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We discuss the steps and challenges in assigning numerical values to model parameters and the importance of experimental testing of a mathematical model. We illustrate this approach throughout with the simple and well-characterized example of mitotic cell cycles in frog egg extracts. To facilitate new modeling efforts, we describe several publicly available modeling environments, each with a collection of integrated programs for mathematical modeling. This review is intended to justify the place of mathematical modeling as a standard method for studying molecular regulatory networks and to guide the non-expert to initiate modeling projects in order to gain a systems-level perspective for complex control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Sible
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA.
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Huang JY, Morley G, Li D, Whitaker M. Cdk1 phosphorylation sites on Cdc27 are required for correct chromosomal localisation and APC/C function in syncytial Drosophila embryos. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1990-7. [PMID: 17519285 PMCID: PMC2082081 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) controls the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and mitosis exit by triggering the degradation of key cell cycle regulators such as securin and B-type cyclins. However, little is known about the functions of individual APC/C subunits and how they might regulate APC/C activity in space and time. Here, we report that two potential Cdk1 kinase phosphorylation sites are required for the chromosomal localisation of GFP::Cdc27 during mitosis. Either or both of the highly conserved proline residues in the Cdk1 phosphorylation consensus sequence motifs were mutated to alanine (Cdc27 P304A or P456A). The singly mutated fusion proteins, GFP::Cdc27P304A and GFP::Cdc27P456A, can still localise to mitotic chromosomes in a manner identical to wild-type GFP::Cdc27 and are functional in that they can rescue the phenotype of the cdc27L7123 mutant in vivo. However, when both of the Cdk1 phosphorylation sequence motifs were mutated, the resulting GFP::Cdc27P304A,P456A construct was not localised to the chromosomes during mitosis and was no longer functional, as it failed to rescue mutant phenotypes of the cdc27L7123 gene. High levels of cyclin B and cyclin A were detected in mutant third instar larvae brain samples compared with its wild-type control. These results show for the first time that the two potential Cdk1 phosphorylation sites on Drosophila Cdc27 are required for its chromosomal localisation during mitosis and imply that these localisations specific to Cdc27 are crucial for APC/C functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yong Huang
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Seki A, Fang G. CKAP2 is a spindle-associated protein degraded by APC/C-Cdh1 during mitotic exit. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15103-13. [PMID: 17376772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701688200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported here an efficient and generally applicable genomic analysis that uses transcriptional profiling to identify candidate substrates of regulatory enzymes, such as kinases and ubiquitin ligases. We applied this strategy to the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that controls sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. We found that a microtubule-associated protein, CKAP2, is a substrate of APC/C and demonstrated that ubiquitination and degradation of CKAP2 in vitro require a KEN-box and is mediated by Cdh1, an activator of APC/C. We showed that the levels of CKAP2 fluctuated across the cell cycle in culture cells, high in mitosis and low during mitotic exit. Overexpression of Cdh1 reduced the levels of CKAP2 in a KEN-box-dependent manner, while knockdown of Cdh1 increased the half-life of CKAP2. CKAP2 associated with centrosomal microtubules in late G(2), but only after the separation of the duplicated centrosomes. During mitosis, CKAP2 associated with spindle poles and with spindle microtubules from prophase through anaphase and dis-appeared from microtubules during cytokinesis. The function of CKAP2 during mitosis does not seem essential, as efficient knockdown of CKAP2 neither altered the cell cycle distribution of the cells, nor generated observable mitotic defects. On the other hand, ectopic expression of either the wild-type or a non-degradable CKAP2 led to a mitotic arrest with monopolar spindles containing highly bundled microtubules. We concluded that CKAP2 is a physiological substrate of APC/C during mitotic exit and that a tight regulation of the CKAP2 protein level is critical for the normal mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Seki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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