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Long GY, Yang XB, Wang Z, Zeng QH, Yang H, Jin DC. Wing expansion functional analysis of ion transport peptide gene in Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 271:110946. [PMID: 38266956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP), a superfamily of arthropod neuropeptides, serves a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes such as diuresis, ecdysis behavior, and wing expansion. However, the molecular characteristics, expression profile, and role of ITP in Sogatella furcifera are poorly understood. To elucidate the characteristics and biological function of ITP in S. furcifera, we employed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RNA interference (RNAi) methods. The identified SfITP gene encodes 117 amino acids. The expression of SfITP gradually increased followed the formation of 3-day-old of 5th instar nymph, peaking initially at 40 min after eclosion, and reaching another peak 24 h after eclosion, with particularly high expression levels in thorax and wing tissues. Notably, SfITP RNAi in 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera significantly inhibited the transcript levels of SfITP, resulting in 55% mortality and 78% wing deformity. These findings suggests that SfITP is involved in the regulation of wing expansion in S. furcifera, providing insights into the regulation of insect wing expansion and contributing to the molecular understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Long
- School of Chinese Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Guizhou Ethnic Medicine Resource Development and Utilization in Guizhou Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xi-Bin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guiyang 550025, China; Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, China
| | - Qing-Hui Zeng
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Pandit AA, Davies SA, Smagghe G, Dow JAT. Evolutionary trends of neuropeptide signaling in beetles - A comparative analysis of Coleopteran transcriptomic and genomic data. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103227. [PMID: 31470084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects employ neuropeptides to regulate their growth & development, behaviour, metabolism and their internal milieu. At least 50 neuropeptides are known to date, with some ancestral to the insects and others more specific to particular taxa. In order to understand the evolution and essentiality of neuropeptides, we data mined publicly available high quality genomic or transcriptomic data for 31 species of the largest insect Order, the Coleoptera, chosen to represent the superfamilies' of the Adephaga and Polyphaga. The resulting neuropeptide distributions were compared against the habitats, lifestyle and other parameters. Around half of the neuropeptide families were represented across the Coleoptera, suggesting essentiality or at least continuing utility. However, the remaining families showed patterns of loss that did not correlate with any obvious life history parameter, suggesting that these neuropeptides are no longer required for the Coleopteran lifestyle. This may perhaps indicate a decreasing reliance on neuropeptide signaling in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha A Pandit
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shireen-Anne Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101607. [PMID: 30905728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in almost all aspects of daily life, as w;1;ell as in developmental processes. We provide an update on novel neuropeptides and receptors identified in the last decade, and highlight progress in analysis of neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. Especially exciting is the huge amount of work published on novel functions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Drosophila, largely due to the rapid developments of powerful genetic methods, imaging techniques and innovative assays. We critically discuss the roles of peptides in olfaction, taste, foraging, feeding, clock function/sleep, aggression, mating/reproduction, learning and other behaviors, as well as in regulation of development, growth, metabolic and water homeostasis, stress responses, fecundity, and lifespan. We furthermore provide novel information on neuropeptide distribution and organization of peptidergic systems, as well as the phylogenetic relations between Drosophila neuropeptides and those of other phyla, including mammals. As will be shown, neuropeptide signaling is phylogenetically ancient, and not only are the structures of the peptides, precursors and receptors conserved over evolution, but also many functions of neuropeptide signaling in physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Nagai C, Mabashi-Asazuma H, Nagasawa H, Nagata S. Identification and characterization of receptors for ion transport peptide (ITP) and ITP-like (ITPL) in the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32166-32177. [PMID: 25278025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced variant, ITP-like (ITPL), are insect peptides that belong to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family. These peptides modulate the homeostatic mechanisms for regulating energy metabolism, molting, and reproduction and are specifically conserved in ecdysozoans. Many of the details of the molecular mechanisms by which crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family peptides exert pleiotropy remain to be elucidated, including characterization of their receptors. Here we identified three Bombyx mori orphan neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptors (BNGRs), BNGR-A2, -A24, and -A34, as receptors for ITP and ITPL (collectively referred to as ITPs). BNGR-A2 and -A34 and BNGR-A24 respond to recombinant ITPs, respectively, with EC50 values of 1.1-2.6 × 10(-8) M, when expressed in a heterologous expression system. These three candidate BNGRs are expressed at larval B. mori tissues targeted by ITPs, with cGMP elevation observed after exposure to recombinant ITPs. ITPs also increased the cGMP level in B. mori ovary-derived BmN cells via membrane-bound and soluble guanylyl cyclases. The simultaneous knockdown of bngr-A2 and -A34 significantly decreased the response of BmN cells to ITP, whereas knockdown of bngr-A24 led to decreased responses to ITPL. Conversely, transient expression of bngr-A24 potentiated the response of BmN cells to ITPL. An in vitro binding assay showed direct interaction between ITPs and heterologously expressed BNGRs in a ligand-receptor-specific manner. Taken together, these data demonstrate that BNGR-A2 and -A34 are ITP receptors and that BNGR-A24 is an ITPL receptor in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mabashi-Asazuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Robertson L, Donini A, Lange AB. K+ absorption by locust gut and inhibition of ileal K+ and water transport by FGLamide allatostatins. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:3377-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Scanning Ion-Selective Electrode Technique (SIET) was utilized for the first time in Locusta migratoria to characterize K+ transport along the digestive tract and to determine the effect of two locust FGLamide allatostatins (FGLa/ASTs) on K+ transport: a previously sequenced FGLa/AST from Schistocerca gregaria (Scg-AST-6; ARPYSFGL-NH2) and a newly sequenced FGLa/AST from L. migratoria (Locmi-FGLa/AST-2; LPVYNFGL-NH2). Regional differences in K+ fluxes along the gut were evident, where K+ efflux in vitro (or absorption into the hemolymph in vivo) was greatest at the anterior ileum, and lowest at the colon. Ileal K+ efflux was inhibited by both Scg-AST-6 and Locmi-FGLa/AST-2, with maximal inhibition at 10-10 and 10-11 M, respectively. Both FGLa/ASTs also inhibited cAMP-stimulated K+ efflux from the ileum. Locmi-FGLa/AST-2 also inhibited efflux of water across the ileum. Locusts are terrestrial insects living in dry climates, risking desiccation and making water conservation a necessity. The results suggest that FGLa/ASTs may be acting as diuretics by increasing K+ excretion and therefore increasing water excretion. Thus, it is likely that FGLa/ASTs are involved in the control of hemolymph water and ion levels during feeding and digestion, to help the locust deal with the excess K+ load (and subsequently fluid) when the meal is processed.
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Audsley N, Jensen D, Schooley DA. Signal transduction for Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide is mediated via both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Peptides 2013; 41:74-80. [PMID: 23147644 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The second messengers involved in the signal transduction for Schistocerca gregaria, ion transport peptide (Schgr-ITP) that regulates ion and fluid transport across the ileum of the desert locust S. gregaria, were measured using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Synthetic Schgr-ITP elevates intracellular levels of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, measured over a 15 min period in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, crude corpora cardiaca (CC) extracts elevate intracellular cyclic AMP levels 2-fold greater than Schgr-ITP, suggesting that factors present in the CC, other than Schgr-ITP, also act via this second messenger. These results suggest that the interaction of Schgr-ITP with two separate receptors, most likely a G-protein coupled receptor and a membrane bound guanylate cyclase, elevates intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP to regulate ion and fluid transport across the locust ileum. Cyclic AMP stimulates Cl(-), K(+) and Na(+) reabsorption, whereas secretion of H(+) into the lumen of the ileum is most likely mediated via cyclic GMP. Cyclic GMP also stimulates Cl(-) uptake in a similar manner to cyclic AMP. The measurement of tissue (central nervous system) levels of Schgr-ITP using an indirect ELISA confirms that the peptide is only present in the locust brain and the CC. The amounts present are greatest in the CC, where the peptide is presumably stored for release into the hemolymph when locusts feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Audsley
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
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Fontana JR, Crews ST. Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila CNS midline cells reveals diverse peptidergic properties and a role for castor in neuronal differentiation. Dev Biol 2012; 372:131-42. [PMID: 23010511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the key aspects of neuronal differentiation is the array of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors that each neuron possesses. One important goal of developmental neuroscience is to understand how these differentiated properties are established during development. In this paper, we use fluorescence activated cell sorting and RNA-seq to determine the transcriptome of the Drosophila CNS midline cells, which consist of a small number of well-characterized neurons and glia. These data revealed that midline cells express 9 neuropeptide precursor genes, 13 neuropeptide receptor genes, and 31 small-molecule neurotransmitter receptor genes. In situ hybridization and high-resolution confocal analyses were carried-out to determine the midline cell identity for these neuropeptides and the neuropeptide receptors. The results revealed a surprising level of diversity. Neuropeptide genes are expressed in a variety of midline cell types, including motoneurons, GABAergic interneurons, and midline glia. These data revealed previously unknown functional differences among the highly-related iVUM neurons. There also exist segmental differences in expression for the same neuronal sub-type. Similar experiments on midline-expressed neuropeptide receptor genes reveal considerable diversity in synaptic inputs. Multiple receptor types were expressed in midline interneurons and motoneurons, and, in one case, link feeding behavior to gut peristalsis and locomotion. There were also segmental differences, variations between the 3 iVUMs, and three hormone receptor genes were broadly expressed in most midline cells. The Drosophila Castor transcription factor is present at high levels in iVUM5, which is both GABAergic and expresses the short neuropeptide F precursor gene. Genetic and misexpression experiments indicated that castor specifically controls expression of the short neuropeptide F precursor gene, but does not affect iVUM cell fate or expression of Gad1. This indicates a novel function for castor in regulating neuropeptide gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fontana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Webster SG, Keller R, Dircksen H. The CHH-superfamily of multifunctional peptide hormones controlling crustacean metabolism, osmoregulation, moulting, and reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:217-33. [PMID: 22146796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from providing an up-to-date review of the literature, considerable emphasis was placed in this article on the historical development of the field of "crustacean eyestalk hormones". A role of the neurosecretory eyestalk structures of crustaceans in endocrine regulation was recognized about 80 years ago, but it took another half a century until the first peptide hormones were identified. Following the identification of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) and moult-inhibiting hormone (MIH), a large number of homologous peptides have been identified to this date. They comprise a family of multifunctional peptides which can be divided, according to sequences and precursor structure, into two subfamilies, type-I and -II. Recent results on peptide sequences, structure of genes and precursors are described here. The best studied biological activities include metabolic control, moulting, gonad maturation, ionic and osmotic regulation and methyl farnesoate synthesis in mandibular glands. Accordingly, the names CHH, MIH, and GIH/VIH (gonad/vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone), MOIH (mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone) were coined. The identification of ITP (ion transport peptide) in insects showed, for the first time, that CHH-family peptides are not restricted to crustaceans, and data mining has recently inferred their occurrence in other ecdysozoan clades as well. The long-held tenet of exclusive association with the eyestalk X-organ-sinus gland tract has been challenged by the finding of several extra nervous system sites of expression of CHH-family peptides. Concerning mode of action and the question of target tissues, second messenger mechanisms are discussed, as well as binding sites and receptors. Future challenges are highlighted.
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Abstract
In a search for more environmentally benign alternatives to chemical pesticides, insect neuropeptides have been suggested as ideal candidates. Neuropeptides are neuromodulators and/or neurohormones that regulate most major physiological and behavioral processes in insects. The major neuropeptide structures have been identified through peptide purification in insects (peptidomics) and insect genome projects. Neuropeptide receptors have been identified and characterized in Drosophila and similar receptors are being targeted in other insects considered to be economically detrimental pests in agriculture and forestry. Defining neuropeptide action in different insect systems has been more challenging and as a consequence, identifying unique targets for potential pest control is also a challenge. In this chapter, neuropeptide biosynthesis as well as select physiological processes are examined with a view to pest control targets. The application of molecular techniques to transform insects with neuropeptide or neuropeptide receptor genes, or knockout genes to identify potential pest control targets, is a relatively new area that offers promise to insect control. Insect immune systems may also be manipulated through neuropeptides which may aid in compromising the insects ability to defend against foreign invasion.
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Montagné N, Desdevises Y, Soyez D, Toullec JY. Molecular evolution of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family in ecdysozoans. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20184761 PMCID: PMC2841656 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) family peptides are neurohormones known to regulate several important functions in decapod crustaceans such as ionic and energetic metabolism, molting and reproduction. The structural conservation of these peptides, together with the variety of functions they display, led us to investigate their evolutionary history. CHH family peptides exist in insects (Ion Transport Peptides) and may be present in all ecdysozoans as well. In order to extend the evolutionary study to the entire family, CHH family peptides were thus searched in taxa outside decapods, where they have been, to date, poorly investigated. RESULTS CHH family peptides were characterized by molecular cloning in a branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia magna, and in a collembolan, Folsomia candida. Genes encoding such peptides were also rebuilt in silico from genomic sequences of another branchiopod, a chelicerate and two nematodes. These sequences were included in updated datasets to build phylogenies of the CHH family in pancrustaceans. These phylogenies suggest that peptides found in Branchiopoda and Collembola are more closely related to insect ITPs than to crustacean CHHs. Datasets were also used to support a phylogenetic hypothesis about pancrustacean relationships, which, in addition to gene structures, allowed us to propose two evolutionary scenarios of this multigenic family in ecdysozoans. CONCLUSIONS Evolutionary scenarios suggest that CHH family genes of ecdysozoans originate from an ancestral two-exon gene, and genes of arthropods from a three-exon one. In malacostracans, the evolution of the CHH family has involved several duplication, insertion or deletion events, leading to neuropeptides with a wide variety of functions, as observed in decapods. This family could thus constitute a promising model to investigate the links between gene duplications and functional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montagné
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR A 1272 INRA - Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Yves Desdevises
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, FRE 3247 CNRS - Modèles en Biologie Cellulaire et Évolutive, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66651, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Daniel Soyez
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, ER3 - Biogenèse des Signaux Peptidiques, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Toullec
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144 CNRS - Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29682, Roscoff, France
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Johard HA, Yoishii T, Dircksen H, Cusumano P, Rouyer F, Helfrich-Förster C, Nässel DR. Peptidergic clock neurons inDrosophila: Ion transport peptide and short neuropeptide F in subsets of dorsal and ventral lateral neurons. J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:59-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Dircksen H. Insect ion transport peptides are derived from alternatively spliced genes and differentially expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:401-12. [PMID: 19151215 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect ionic and fluid homeostasis relies upon the Malpighian tubules (MT) and different hindgut compartments. Primary urine formed in MTs is finally modified by ion, solute and water reabsorptive processes primarily in the hindgut under the control of several large peptide hormones. One of these, the ion transport peptide (ITP), is a chloride transport-stimulating and acid secretion-inhibiting hormone similar to crustacean hyperglycaemic hormones (CHHs). In locusts, moths and fruit flies, ITP together with the slightly longer ITPL isoforms, inactive in hindgut bioassays, arise by alternative splicing from very similar itp genes. ITP and ITPL are differentially distributed in (1) pars lateralis/retrocerebral complex neurosecretory cells (NSCs) containing both splice forms, (2) interneurons with either one of the splice forms, (3) hindgut-innervating abdominal ITP neurons (in Drosophila only), and (4) intrinsic, putative sensory NSCs in peripheral neurohaemal perisympathetic/perivisceral organs or transverse nerves (usually containing ITPL). Both splice forms occur as hormones released into the haemolymph in response to feeding or stress stimuli. ITPL mainly released from the peripheral NSCs is discussed as a competitive inhibitor (as established in vitro) of ITP action on yet to be identified hindgut ITP receptors. Furthermore, some evidence has been provided for possible ecdysis-related functions of ITP and/or ITPL in moths. The comparative data on the highly similar gene, precursor and primary structures and similar differential distributions in insect and crustacean NSCs suggest that CHH/ITP and ITPL neuropeptide-producing cells and their gene products share common phylogenetic ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 14, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Structure, Function and Mode of Action of Select Arthropod Neuropeptides. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhao Y, Meredith J, Brock HW, Phillips JE. Mutational analysis of the N-terminus in Schistocerca gregaria ion-transport peptide expressed in Drosophila Kc1 cells. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 58:27-38. [PMID: 15599935 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the 6-7 amino acid N-terminal domain conserved in insect and crustacean members of the hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family were assayed by site-directed mutagenesis of Schistocerca gregaria ion-transport peptide (SchgrITP). Mutant peptides were expressed in Drosophila Kc1 cells and tested in a biological assay measuring stimulation of active Cl(-) transport across the locust ileum. We exchanged the N-terminal domain of SchgrITP with that of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus hyperglycemic hormone leaving the remainder of SchgrITP intact. The chimeric peptide was completely inactive in the ileal bioassay, showing that the N-terminus of SchgrITP is essential and that the 2 amino acids (phenylalanine-3 and aspartate-4) conserved in the shrimp and locust peptides are not sufficient for function. We made all possible alanine substitutions in the SchgrITP N-terminal domain. Only phenylalanines 2 and 3 were essential for function in the locust ileal bioassay. All N-terminal mutations were cleaved correctly from the prepropeptide, and expressed in similar concentrations as wild-type ITP suggesting the specific amino acids are not essential for these functions. Post-translational modification may explain a minor ITP isomorph observed in Drosophila Kc1 cell expression. Alanine substitution at position 2 produced a weak ITP antagonist. These structure-function studies, the first for any member of the CHH family, show that both conserved and unconserved amino acids contribute to SchgrITP ion-transport function and that the conserved aspartate in position 4 is required for a yet uncharacterized function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T1Z4, Canada
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Mettulio R, Giulianini PG, Ferrero EA, Lorenzon S, Edomi P. Functional analysis of crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone by in vivo assay with wild-type and mutant recombinant proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 119:189-97. [PMID: 15120480 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-endocrine X-organ sinus-gland complex regulates important crustacean physiological processes, such as growth, reproduction and molting. Its major products are the neuropeptides of the cHH/MIH/GIH family. Until now the structure-function relationships of these neuropeptides were established by sequence comparison. To study the functional relevance of conserved amino acid residues or peptide motifs, we generated point and deletion mutants of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus cHH. The wild type mature neuropeptide cHH and its mutant forms were expressed in bacteria as fusion proteins and assayed in vivo to assess their hyperglycemic activity. The wild type cHH had a hyperglycemic activity similar to that of cHH present in an eyestalk extract, and it was blocked by an anti-recombinant cHH antibody. Bioassays of cHHs, obtained by a progressive deletion of five highly conserved motifs, showed that the only deleted cHH, which conserves a hyperglycemic activity, is the one lacking the C-terminal motif, but still retaining all the motifs reported to be important for functional specificity and three-dimensional structure. All the cHH point mutants lacked a hyperglycemic activity. These results identify amino acid residues that are required for the hyperglycemic activity of cHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mettulio
- BRAIN Center, Department of Biology, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 7, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Gäde G. Regulation of intermediary metabolism and water balance of insects by neuropeptides. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 49:93-113. [PMID: 14651458 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate all important physiological, developmental, and behavioral processes in insects. Here, I review two major physiological events that are hormonally controlled, namely intermediary metabolism and ion and water transport. Peptides belonging to the family of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) increase hemolymph carbohydrates, lipids, and proline by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase or lipase in the fat body. Moreover, these pleiotropic and multifunctional peptides inhibit protein-, lipid-, and RNA synthesis, and stimulate the frequency of contraction of certain muscles. Diuretic hormones that are related to the vertebrate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-related DHs) or belong to the family of kinins (which also have a myotropic action) or the cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs), which increase the frequency of the heartbeat, all stimulate the secretion of fluid in Malpighian tubules (MTs) in vitro. Only a few true antidiuretic hormones are known: those from mealworms that inhibit the fluid transport in MTs in vitro, probably neuroparsins that stimulate water absorption by everted rectal sacs in vitro, and the desert locust's ion-transport peptide (ITP). Biosynthesis, release, receptors, mode of action, inactivation, structure-activity studies, and biological functions are discussed for the various peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Gäde
- Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
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Eigenheer RA, Nicolson SW, Schegg KM, Hull JJ, Schooley DA. Identification of a potent antidiuretic factor acting on beetle Malpighian tubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:84-9. [PMID: 11756661 PMCID: PMC117518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012436199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetles, like other insects, depend on diuretic and antidiuretic hormones to control water balance. We have isolated, using head extracts from the beetle Tenebrio molitor, a peptide that strongly inhibits fluid secretion by the Malpighian tubules of this insect. This antidiuretic factor (ADF) appears to elicit its effect via cGMP as a second messenger but does not stimulate NO production. It has primary structure: Val-Val-Asn-Thr-Pro-Gly-His-Ala-Val-Ser-Tyr-His-Val-Tyr-OH. The ADF inhibits tubule secretion with high potency: the EC(50) is around 10 fM. It bears no significant resemblance to other biologically active neuropeptides. To our knowledge this is the only endogenous insect ADF acting on Malpighian tubules to be sequenced, and the first coleopteran (beetle) antidiuretic factor fully characterized to date.
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Wang YJ, Zhao Y, Meredith J, Phillips JE, Theilmann DA, Brock HW. Mutational analysis of the C-terminus in ion transport peptide (ITP) expressed in Drosophila Kc1 cells. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 45:129-138. [PMID: 11169752 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6327(200011)45:3<129::aid-arch4>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport peptide (ITP) stimulates Cl(-) transport (measured as short-circuit current, I(sc)) and fluid reabsorption in Schistocerca gregaria ilea. We report that Drosophila Kc1 cells transfected with preproITP cDNA secrete a peptide (KcITP(75)) that, while cleaved correctly at the N-terminus, had reduced (10-fold) stimulatory activity on ileal I(sc) compared to both native ITP (ScgITP) and synthetic ITP (synITP). We provide evidence that the reduced activity of KcITP(75) is due to incomplete processing of the C-terminal sequence LGKK (KcITP(75)) to L-amide. In support of this, in vitro amidation of glycine extended ITP (i.e., KcITP(73) ending in LG) but not KcITP(75) (ending in LGKK) significantly increased specific activity in the bioassay. Further evidence for C-terminus involvement includes complete loss of stimulation by truncated mutants (e.g., KcITP(71) which lacks LGKK) and a mutant in which alanine is substituted for the terminal glycine in KcITP(73). Moreover a natural homologue (KcITP-L, which differs only in the C-terminal sequence) expressed by Kc1 cells does not stimulate ileal I(sc). Rather KcITP-L acts as a weak ITP antagonist, as does the truncated mutant KcITP(71). KcITP(70) has no antagonistic effect. A short synthetic peptide fragment of the C-terminus (VEIL-amide) does not stimulate ileal I(sc), indicating that other regions of ITP are also essential to biological activity. Arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liao S, Audsley N, Schooley DA. Antidiuretic effects of a factor in brain/corpora cardiaca/corpora allata extract on fluid reabsorption across the cryptonephric complex of Manduca sexta. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:605-15. [PMID: 10637189 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.3.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of the brain/corpora cardiaca/corpora allata (Br/CC/CA) complex of Manduca sexta larvae elicit an antidiuretic effect, measured by an increase in fluid reabsorption across the cryptonephric complex of larval M. sexta. Separation of the extract by reversed-phase liquid chromatography gave two fractions with antidiuretic effects. The more potent of these two factors was further characterized for its effects on the cryptonephric complex. Its antidiuretic effect is not inhibited by bumetanide, a drug that inhibits M. sexta diuretic hormone (Mas-DH)-stimulated fluid reabsorption. These data indicate that the mechanism of the antidiuretic effect of the factor is different from that of Mas-DH on the cryptonephric complex. The basal reabsorption of the cryptonephric complex is blocked when treated on the lumen side with bafilomycin A(1), an inhibitor of the H(+)-ATPase, or with amiloride, an inhibitor of the H(+)/K(+) antiporter. However, the antidiuretic-factor-stimulated fluid reabsorption is not affected by either bafilomycin A(1) or amiloride. The increase in reabsorption triggered by the semi-purified factor can be inhibited by Cl(−) channel blockers or by removing Cl(−) from the lumen side of the cryptonephric complex. It appears that this factor activates a Cl(−) pump associated with the cryptonephric complex. Forskolin mimics the effect of this factor on fluid reabsorption, and the effect of forskolin is not inhibited by bumetanide. A selective and potent inhibitor of protein kinase A, H-89, also inhibits antidiuretic-factor-stimulated fluid reabsorption. Addition of the factor to cryptonephric complexes maintained in vitro caused a significant increase in cyclic AMP levels extracted from these tissues compared with values for controls. These data suggest that the antidiuretic effect of the factor in Br/CC/CA extract is mediated by cyclic AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Pfeifer TA, Hegedus D, Wang YJ, Zhao Y, Meredith J, Brock HW, Phillips JE, Grigliatti TA, Theilmann DA. Analysis of an insect neuropeptide, Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide (ITP), expressed in insect cell systems. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 42:245-252. [PMID: 10578114 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(199912)42:4<245::aid-arch3>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have produced an active form of Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide (ITP) in an insect cell expression system. Transformed Drosophila Kc1 cells secreted a form of ITP into the cell culture medium that was proteolytically cleaved correctly at the amino (N)-terminus. Concentrated culture supernatant from transformed Kc1 and Hi5 cells had high biological activity when tested on isolated locust ilea. Conversely, ITP expressed by baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells was larger in size and had decreased specific activity compared to ITP produced by Kc1 cells due to incorrect cleavage of the peptide at the N-terminus in the baculovirus system. This demonstrates how processing of the secreted foreign protein (ITP) expressed under the late polyhedrin promoter is compromised in a baculovirus-infected cell. Transient transformation of Kc1 cells results in supernatants containing two forms of ITP; one form (A) co-elutes with synthetic ITP and the other form (B) has reduced electrophoretic mobility. In contrast, in stably transformed Kc1 cell supernatant, ITP is expressed in a single form, which has the same electrophoretic mobility and specific biological activity as form A produced by transiently transformed Kc1 cells. Arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Pfeifer
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4 Canada
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Coast GM, Meredith J, Phillips JE. Target organ specificity of major neuropeptide stimulants in locust excretory systems. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 Pt 22:3195-203. [PMID: 10539968 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.22.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The major stimulant of ileal fluid reabsorption in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria corpora cardiaca, ion-transport peptide (ITP), had no stimulatory action on fluid secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of S. gregaria, nor did it have a synergistic or antagonistic effect in combination with locustakinin (Lom-K) or Locusta-diuretic hormone (Locusta-DH). Stimulants of locust Malpighian tubules (Lom-K and Locusta-DH) had no action on either active transport of Cl(−) (measured as short-circuit current, I(sc)) or the rate of fluid reabsorption across S. gregaria ilea and recta in vitro. Thus, hormonal control of these major organs of the excretory system appears to be clearly separated. Lom-K and Locusta-DH acted synergistically to stimulate secretion by S. gregaria Malpighian tubules, and the diuretic response was more rapid than the response of the ileum and rectum to hindgut stimulants. Taken together, these data suggest that, in the initial phase of post-prandial diuresis, urine flow will exceed fluid uptake in the hindgut, thereby allowing excess water to be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- GM Coast
- Department of Biology, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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