1
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Wang K, Li Y, Wang X, Zhu B. Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of 2,3‐Benzodiazepines via Tetrahydrodiazirino[3,1‐a]isoquinoline Reacts with Sulfonyl Chlorides. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000 China
| | - Yanli Li
- Medical CollegeXinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000 China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000 China
| | - Baoku Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationZhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
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2
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Gonzalez‐de‐Castro A, Robertson CM, Xiao J. Boosting Molecular Complexity with O2: Iron‐Catalysed Oxygenation of 1‐Arylisochromans through Dehydrogenation, Csp3−O Bond Cleavage and Hydrogenolysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:4345-4357. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gonzalez‐de‐Castro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Innosyn B.V. P.O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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3
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Földesi T, Dancsó A, Slégel P, Volk B, Milen M. Synthesis of new tricyclic imidazotriazepine derivatives condensed with various heterocycles. Mol Divers 2017; 21:903-914. [PMID: 28726025 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously synthesized 9-aryl-5H-imidazo[2,1-d][1,2,5]triazepin-6(7H)-ones have been used as starting materials for the synthesis of three new tricyclic ring systems, where an imidazotriazepine is condensed with an imidazole, triazole or tetrazole ring. These novel compounds could be potential drug candidates for central nervous system diseases because of their closely related structure to known tricyclic derivatives with anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Földesi
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Directorate of Drug Substance Development, P.O. Box 100, Budapest, 1475, Hungary.
| | - András Dancsó
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Directorate of Drug Substance Development, P.O. Box 100, Budapest, 1475, Hungary
| | - Péter Slégel
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Directorate of Drug Substance Development, P.O. Box 100, Budapest, 1475, Hungary
| | - Balázs Volk
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Directorate of Drug Substance Development, P.O. Box 100, Budapest, 1475, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Milen
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Directorate of Drug Substance Development, P.O. Box 100, Budapest, 1475, Hungary
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4
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Tolkunov AS, Mazepa AV, Palamarchuk GV, Shishkin OV, Sujkov SY, Bogza SL. Pictet–Spengler reaction in the synthesis of condensed benzodiazepines: synthesis of 11-hetaryl derivatives of 11,12-dihydroquinazolino[3,2-c][2,3]benzodiazepin-14(6H)-ones. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Bernini R, Crisante F, D’Acunzo F, Gentili P, Ussia E. Oxidative cleavage of 1-aryl-isochroman derivatives using the Trametes villosa laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl carbonate was firstly used as a co-solvent in a green oxidative cleavage of 1-aryl-isochroman derivatives yielding useful synthetic intermediates of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Fernanda Crisante
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Gentili
- Department of Chemistry
- IMC-CNR Section Mechanisms of Reaction
- University of Rome La Sapienza
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Emanuele Ussia
- Department of Chemistry
- IMC-CNR Section Mechanisms of Reaction
- University of Rome La Sapienza
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
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6
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Jiang X, Zhou J, Ai J, Song Z, Peng X, Xing L, Xi Y, Guo J, Yao Q, Ding J, Geng M, Zhang A. Novel tetracyclic benzo[b]carbazolones as highly potent and orally bioavailable ALK inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and structure—activity relationship study. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:39-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Ling I, Mihalik B, Etherington LA, Kapus G, Pálvölgyi A, Gigler G, Kertész S, Gaál A, Pallagi K, Kiricsi P, Szabó É, Szénási G, Papp L, Hársing LG, Lévay G, Spedding M, Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Barkóczy J, Volk B, Simig G, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA. A novel GABA(A) alpha 5 receptor inhibitor with therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:497-507. [PMID: 26169564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2,3-benzodiazepine and related isoquinoline derivatives, substituted at position 1 with a 2-benzothiophenyl moiety, were synthesized to produce compounds that potently inhibited the action of GABA on heterologously expressed GABAA receptors containing the alpha 5 subunit (GABAA α5), with no apparent affinity for the benzodiazepine site. Substitutions of the benzothiophene moiety at position 4 led to compounds with drug-like properties that were putative inhibitors of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors and had substantial blood-brain barrier permeability. Initial characterization in vivo showed that 8-methyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]-1,9-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepin-2-one was devoid of sedative, pro-convulsive or motor side-effects, and enhanced the performance of rats in the object recognition test. In summary, we have discovered a first-in-class GABA-site inhibitor of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors that has promising drug-like properties and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ling
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lori-An Etherington
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gábor Kapus
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Pálvölgyi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gigler
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kertész
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaál
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pallagi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kiricsi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Papp
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László G Hársing
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - József Barkóczy
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Volk
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Simig
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gacsályi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary.
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8
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Wang C, Han Y, Wu A, Sólyom S, Niu L. Mechanism and site of inhibition of AMPA receptors: pairing a thiadiazole with a 2,3-benzodiazepine scaffold. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:138-47. [PMID: 24313227 DOI: 10.1021/cn400193u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Benzodiazepine compounds are synthesized as drug candidates for treatment of various neurological disorders involving excessive activity of AMPA receptors. Here we report that pairing a thiadiazole moiety with a 2,3-benzodiazepine scaffold via the N-3 position yields an inhibitor type with >28-fold better potency and selectivity on AMPA receptors than the 2,3-benzodiazepine scaffold alone. Using whole-cell recording, we characterized two thiadiazolyl compounds, that is, one contains a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety and the other contains a 1,2,4-thiadiazole-3-one moiety. These compounds exhibit potent, equal inhibition of both the closed-channel and the open-channel conformations of all four homomeric AMPA receptor channels and two GluA2R-containing complex AMPA receptor channels. Furthermore, these compounds bind to the same receptor site as GYKI 52466 does, a site we previously termed as the "M" site. A thiadiazole moiety is thought to occupy more fully the side pocket of the receptor site or the "M" site, thereby generating a stronger, multivalent interaction between the inhibitor and the receptor binding site. We suggest that, as a heterocycle, a thiadiazole can be further modified chemically to produce a new class of even more potent, noncompetitive inhibitors of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Andrew Wu
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Sándor Sólyom
- CF Pharma Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., Ltd, H-1097 Budapest, Kén
utca 5, Hungary
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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9
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Rogawski MA. AMPA receptors as a molecular target in epilepsy therapy. Acta Neurol Scand 2013:9-18. [PMID: 23480151 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures occur as a result of episodic abnormal synchronous discharges in cerebral neuronal networks. Although a variety of non-conventional mechanisms may play a role in epileptic synchronization, cascading excitation within networks of synaptically connected excitatory glutamatergic neurons is a classical mechanism. As is the case throughout the central nervous system, fast synaptic excitation within and between brain regions relevant to epilepsy is mediated predominantly by AMPA receptors. By inhibiting glutamate-mediated excitation, AMPA receptor antagonists markedly reduce or abolish epileptiform activity in in vitro preparations and confer seizure protection in a broad range of animal seizure models. NMDA receptors may also contribute to epileptiform activity, but NMDA receptor blockade is not sufficient to eliminate epileptiform discharges. AMPA receptors move into and out of the synapse in a dynamic fashion in forms of synaptic plasticity, underlying learning and memory. Often, the trigger for these dynamic movements is the activation of NMDA receptors. While NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit these forms of synaptic plasticity, AMPA receptor antagonists do not impair synaptic plasticity and do not inhibit memory formation or retrieval. The demonstrated clinical efficacy of perampanel, a high-potency, orally active non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, supports the concept that AMPA receptors are critical to epileptic synchronization and the generation and spread of epileptic discharges in human epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Rogawski
- Department of Neurology; School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience; University of California, Davis; Sacramento; CA; USA
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10
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Ábrányi-Balogh P, Milen M, Dancsó A, Frigyes D, Pongó L, Keglevich G. Synthesis of Dihydrothienopyridine Derivatives Fused with Triazole Rings. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 1521; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | - András Dancsó
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - Dávid Frigyes
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - László Pongó
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 1521; Budapest; Hungary
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11
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Juknaitė L, Sugamata Y, Tokiwa K, Ishikawa Y, Takamizawa S, Eng A, Sakai R, Pickering DS, Frydenvang K, Swanson GT, Kastrup JS, Oikawa M. Studies on an (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist IKM-159: asymmetric synthesis, neuroactivity, and structural characterization. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2283-93. [PMID: 23432124 PMCID: PMC4485398 DOI: 10.1021/jm301590z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IKM-159 was developed and identified as a member of a new class of heterotricyclic glutamate analogues that act as AMPA receptor-selective antagonists. However, it was not known which enantiomer of IKM-159 was responsible for its pharmacological activities. Here, we report in vivo and in vitro neuronal activities of both enantiomers of IKM-159 prepared by enantioselective asymmetric synthesis. By employment of (R)-2-amino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol as a chiral auxiliary, (2R)-IKM-159 and the (2S)-counterpart were successfully synthesized in 0.70% and 1.5% yields, respectively, over a total of 18 steps. Both behavioral and electrophysiological assays showed that the biological activity observed for the racemic mixture was reproduced only with (2R)-IKM-159, whereas the (2S)-counterpart was inactive in both assays. Racemic IKM-159 was crystallized with the ligand-binding domain of GluA2, and the structure revealed a complex containing (2R)-IKM-159 at the glutamate binding site. (2R)-IKM-159 locks the GluA2 in an open form, consistent with a pharmacological action as competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Juknaitė
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Yutaro Sugamata
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tokiwa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takamizawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Andrew Eng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Darryl S. Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey T. Swanson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jette S. Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Masato Oikawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
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12
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Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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13
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Kertesz S, Szabo G, Udvari S, Levay G, Matyus P, Harsing LG. Temporal alteration of spreading depression by the glycine transporter type-1 inhibitors NFPS and Org-24461 in chicken retina. Brain Res 2012. [PMID: 23178696 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We used isolated chicken retina to induce spreading depression by the glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-d-aspartate. The N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced latency time of spreading depression was extended by the glycine(B) binding site competitive antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid. Addition of the glycine transporter type-1 inhibitors NFPS and Org-24461 reversed the inhibitory effect of 7-chlorokynurenic acid on N-methyl-d-aspartate-evoked spreading depression. The glycine uptake inhibitory activity of Org-24461, NFPS, and some newly synthesized analogs of NFPS was determined in CHO cells stably expressing human glycine transporter type-1b isoform. Compounds, which failed to inhibit glycine transporter type-1, also did not have effect on retinal spreading depression. These experiments indicate that the spreading depression model in chicken retina is a useful in vitro test to determine activity of glycine transporter type-1 inhibitors. In addition, our data serve further evidence for the role of glycine transporter type-1 in retinal neurotransmission and light processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Kertesz
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Plc, Bokenyfoldi ut 116, 1165 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Russo E, Gitto R, Citraro R, Chimirri A, De Sarro G. New AMPA antagonists in epilepsy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1371-89. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.705277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- University of Messina, Farmaco-Chimico Department,
Messina, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alba Chimirri
- University of Messina, Farmaco-Chimico Department,
Messina, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine,
Via T. Campanella, 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ;
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15
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16
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Mattes H, Carcache D, Kalkman HO, Koller M. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists: from bench to bedside. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5367-82. [PMID: 20356304 DOI: 10.1021/jm901688m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Mattes
- Novartis Pharma AG, Werk Klybeck, WKL-122-241 Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Zhao WQ, Santini F, Breese R, Ross D, Zhang XD, Stone DJ, Ferrer M, Townsend M, Wolfe AL, Seager MA, Kinney GG, Shughrue PJ, Ray WJ. Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors prevents amyloid beta oligomer-induced synaptic disruption. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7619-32. [PMID: 20032460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.057182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic degeneration, including impairment of synaptic plasticity and loss of synapses, is an important feature of Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that these degenerative synaptic changes are associated with an accumulation of soluble oligomeric assemblies of amyloid beta (Abeta) known as ADDLs. In primary hippocampal cultures ADDLs bind to a subpopulation of neurons. However the molecular basis of this cell type-selective interaction is not understood. Here, using siRNA screening technology, we identified alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits and calcineurin as candidate genes potentially involved in ADDL-neuron interactions. Immunocolocalization experiments confirmed that ADDL binding occurs in dendritic spines that express surface AMPA receptors, particularly the calcium-impermeable type II AMPA receptor subunit (GluR2). Pharmacological removal of the surface AMPA receptors or inhibition of AMPA receptors with antagonists reduces ADDL binding. Furthermore, using co-immunoprecipitation and photoreactive amino acid cross-linking, we found that ADDLs interact preferentially with GluR2-containing complexes. We demonstrate that calcineurin mediates an endocytotic process that is responsible for the rapid internalization of bound ADDLs along with surface AMPA receptor subunits, which then both colocalize with cpg2, a molecule localized specifically at the postsynaptic endocytic zone of excitatory synapses that plays an important role in activity-dependent glutamate receptor endocytosis. Both AMPA receptor and calcineurin inhibitors prevent oligomer-induced surface AMPAR and spine loss. These results support a model of disease pathogenesis in which Abeta oligomers interact selectively with neurotransmission pathways at excitatory synapses, resulting in synaptic loss via facilitated endocytosis. Validation of this model in human disease would identify therapeutic targets for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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18
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Chimirri A, De Luca L, Ferro S, De Sarro G, Ciranna L, Gitto R. Combined Strategies for the Discovery of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:917-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Russo E, Citraro R, De Fazio S, Marra R, Gitto R, Chimirri A, De Sarro G, Di Paola ED. Enhancement of anti-absence effects of ethosuximide by low doses of a noncompetitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13:295-9. [PMID: 18514580 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ-10c) is a noncompetitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated to antagonize generalized tonic-clonic seizures in different animal models of epilepsy. In the study described here, we tested the potential effect of such a compound alone or co-administered with ethosuximide in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy, the WAG/Rij rat. The intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular microinjection of THIQ-10c alone was unable to significantly modify the number and duration of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs). In contrast, intracerebroventricular administration of AMPA induced a dose-dependent increase in the number of SWDs. THIQ-10c dose-dependently antagonized this effect. Furthermore, co-administration of THIQ-1c with ethosuximide (50mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was able to significantly increase the efficacy of the anti-absence drug. In conclusion, although noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists alone might not be useful in the treatment of absence epilepsy because of their low therapeutic index, combining them with ethosuximide might be helpful in controlling absence seizures in patients not tolerating this drug or in refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Kadieva MG, Oganesyan ÉT, Zefirova OH. Antagonists of AMPA/KA and NMDA (glycine site) glutamate receptors. Pharm Chem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-008-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Szénási G, Vegh M, Szabo G, Kertesz S, Kapus G, Albert M, Greff Z, Ling I, Barkoczy J, Simig G, Spedding M, Harsing LG. 2,3-Benzodiazepine-type AMPA receptor antagonists and their neuroprotective effects. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:166-83. [PMID: 17707550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptors are fast ligand-gated members of glutamate receptors in neuronal and many types of non-neuronal cells. The heterotetramer complexes are assembled from four subunits (GluR1-4) in region-, development- and function-selective patterns. Each subunit contains three extracellular domains (a large amino terminal domain, an agonist-binding domain and a transducer domain), and three transmembrane segments with a loop (pore forming domain), as well as the intracellular carboxy terminal tail (traffic and conductance regulatory domain). The binding of the agonist (excitatory amino acids and their derivatives) initiates conformational realignments, which transmit to the transducer domain and membrane spanning segments to gate the channel permeable to Na+, K+ and more or less to Ca2+. Several 2,3-benzodiazepines act as non-competitive antagonists of the AMPA receptor (termed also negative allosteric modulators), which are thought to bind to the transducer domains and inhibit channel gating. Analysing their effects in vitro, it has been possible to recognize a structure-activity relationship, and to describe the critical parts of the molecules involved in their action at AMPA receptors. Blockade of AMPA receptors can protect the brain from apoptotic and necrotic cell death by preventing neuronal excitotoxicity during pathophysiological activation of glutamatergic neurons. Animal experiments provided evidence for the potential usefulness of non-competitive AMPA antagonists in the treatment of human ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, periventricular leukomalacia and motoneuron disease. 2,3-benzodiazepine AMPA antagonists can protect against seizures, decrease levodopa-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease demonstrating their utility for the treatment of a variety of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Szénási
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Plc, Bokenyfoldi ut 116, 1165 Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Tolkunov AS, Bogza SL. New strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzothieno-[1,2]diazepines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-007-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Gigler G, Móricz K, ágoston M, Simó A, Albert M, Benedek A, Kapus G, Kertész S, Vegh M, Barkóczy J, Markó B, Szabó G, Matucz É, Gacsályi I, Lévay G, Hársing LG, Szénási G. Neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects of EGIS-8332, a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, in a range of animal models. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:151-60. [PMID: 17603549 PMCID: PMC1978282 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Blockade of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors is a good treatment option for a variety of central nervous system disorders. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects of EGIS-8332, a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, as a potential drug candidate. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AMPA antagonist effects of EGIS-8332 were measured using patch-clamp techniques. Neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects of EGIS-8332 were evaluated in various experimental models, relative to those of GYKI 53405. KEY RESULTS EGIS-8332 inhibited AMPA currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells and inhibited the AMPA- and quisqualate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cultures of telencephalon neurons (IC(50)=5.1-9.0 microM), in vitro. Good anticonvulsant actions were obtained in maximal electroshock-, sound- and chemically-induced seizures (range of ED(50)=1.4-14.0 mg kg(-1) i.p.) in mice. Four days after transient global cerebral ischaemia, EGIS-8332 decreased neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 area in gerbils and rats. EGIS-8332 dose-dependently reduced cerebral infarct size after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice and rats (minimum effective dose=3 mg kg(-1) i.p.). Side effects of EGIS-8332 emerged much above its pharmacologically active doses. A tendency for better efficacy of GYKI 53405 than that of EGIS-8332 was observed in anticonvulsant tests that reached statistical significance in few cases, while the contrary was perceived in cerebral ischaemia tests. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EGIS-8332 seems suitable for further development for the treatment of epilepsy, ischaemia and stroke based on its efficacy in a variety of experimental disease models, and on its low side effect potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gigler
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Móricz
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - M ágoston
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Simó
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Albert
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Benedek
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Kapus
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Kertész
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Vegh
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Barkóczy
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Markó
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Szabó
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - É Matucz
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Gacsályi
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Lévay
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - L G Hársing
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Szénási
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC Budapest, Hungary
- Author for correspondence:
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Vegh MG, Kovács AD, Kovács G, Szabó G, Tihanyi K, Hársing LG, Lévay G. The new 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative EGIS-8332 inhibits AMPA/kainate ion channels and cell death. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:555-63. [PMID: 17147974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We observed in vitro neuroprotective and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist effects of the new 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative EGIS-8332 (R,S-1-(4-aminophenyl)-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-cyano-4-methyl-3-N-acetyl-5H-3,4-dihydro-2,3-benzodiazepine) using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and patch clamp recordings on primary cultures of rat embryonic telencephalon neurons exposed to AMPA/kainate receptor agonists. EGIS-8332 potently decreased alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and quisqualate induced LDH release (IC(50)=5.2+/-0.4 and 7.4+/-1.3 microM, respectively) from the cells. Whole-cell patch clamp studies carried out on the ionotropic glutamate receptors N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA), as well as AMPA (and kainate) in cultured telencephalon neurons verified that EGIS-8332 blocked steady state responses to AMPA and kainate (IC(50)=1.7+/-0.4 and 6.2+/-1.6 microM, respectively), but hardly influenced currents evoked by NMDA. EGIS-8332 also inhibited kainate-evoked response in CHO cells expressing the flop variant of GluR1 receptor and, in cerebellar Purkinje cells at similar efficiency. The stereoselectivity of the inhibitory site is established by the clearly dissimilar inhibitory potency of the enantiomer components of EGIS-8332 differing in the configuration of methyl and cyano substituents on carbon C(4): the R(-) enantiomer was found to be the efficient species. This finding suggests that the inhibitory interaction between the channel protein and drug is promoted by presence of the C(4) methyl group. The inhibition of the AMPA/kainate ion channels by EGIS-8332 is non-competitive, not use dependent, and depends neither on the closed/open state of the channel, nor the membrane potential. These findings suggest an allosteric mechanism for the inhibition. These in vitro observations suggest that the compound might be useful in the treatments of certain acute and chronic neurological syndromes initiated by derangements of ionotropic glutamate receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos G Vegh
- Department of CNS Pharmacology, Division of Preclinical Research at EGIS Pharmaceuticals Plc, H-1475 Budapest 10, POB 100, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Matucz E, Móricz K, Gigler G, Benedek A, Barkóczy J, Lévay G, Hársing LG, Szénási G. Therapeutic time window of neuroprotection by non-competitive AMPA antagonists in transient and permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1123:60-7. [PMID: 17064671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EGIS-8332 and GYKI 53405 are selective, non-competitive AMPA (2-amino-3[3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl] propionic acid) antagonists that effectively protected against tissue injury caused by global and focal cerebral ischemia in laboratory animals. This study evaluated the therapeutic time window of neuroprotection by EGIS-8332 and GYKI 53405 in permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Infarct size was measured by TTC staining 48 h after permanent MCAO (electrocoagulation), and 24 h after reperfusion following a 1-h transient MCAO carried out using the intraluminal filament technique. Treatment with EGIS-8332 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 or 120 min after permanent MCAO, decreased infarct size by 30% and 36%, respectively, and the effect of GYKI 53405 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was similar (30% and 33%, respectively; p<0.01 all). Neither compound was effective if administered 180 or 240 min after permanent MCAO. Both EGIS-8332 and GYKI 53405 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the core and total (core plus penumbra) volumes of tissue injury in the whole brain and the cerebral cortex when administered 120 or 180 min after transient MCAO. The compounds did not alter tissue damage in the striatum. No neuroprotective effect was obtained at 240 min after transient MCAO. In conclusion, the therapeutic time window of neuroprotection by EGIS-8332 and GYKI 53405 was 2 h in permanent and 3 h in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. The results suggest that treatment with non-competitive AMPA antagonists can only be expected to produce a neuroprotective action in humans if administered shortly after the appearance of stroke symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matucz
- Division of Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Laboratory I, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Plc., 1475 Budapest 10 POB 100, Hungary
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26
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Megyeri K, Marko B, Sziray N, Gacsalyi I, Juranyi Z, Levay G, Harsing LG. Effects of 2,3-benzodiazepine AMPA receptor antagonists on dopamine turnover in the striatum of rats with experimental parkinsonism. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:501-7. [PMID: 17259019 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although levodopa is the current "gold standard" for treatment of Parkinson's disease, there has been disputation on whether AMPA receptor antagonists can be used as adjuvant therapy to improve the effects of levodopa. Systemic administration of levodopa, the precursor of dopamine, increases brain dopamine turnover rate and this elevated turnover is believed to be essential for successful treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, long-term treatment of patients with levodopa often leads to development of dyskinesia. Therefore, drugs that feature potentiation of dopamine turnover rate and are able to reduce daily levodopa dosages might be used as adjuvant in the treatment of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. To investigate such combined treatment, we have examined the effects of two non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonists, GYKI-52466 and GYKI-53405, alone or in combination with levodopa on dopamine turnover rate in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum of the rat. We found here that repeated administration of levodopa, added with the peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, increased dopamine turnover rate after lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Moreover, combination of levodopa with GYKI-52466 or GYKI-53405 further increased dopamine turnover enhanced by levodopa administration while the AMPA receptor antagonists by themselves failed to influence striatal dopamine turnover. We concluded from the present data that potentiation observed between levodopa and AMPA receptor antagonists may reflect levodopa-sparing effects in clinical treatment indicating the therapeutic potential of such combination in the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Megyeri
- Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Plc, Bokenyfoldi ut 116, 1165 Budapest, Hungary
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Yamada J, Sawada M, Nakanishi H. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of kainate-induced inward currents in microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:913-9. [PMID: 16962563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are reported to have alpha-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate/kainate (KA) types. However, only small population of primary cultured rat microglia (approximately 20%) responded to KA. In the present study, we have attempted to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of responsiveness to KA in GMIR1 rat microglial cell line. When the GMIR1 cells were plated at a low density in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, the proliferation rate increased and reached the peak after 2 days in culture and then gradually decreased because of density-dependent inhibition. At cell proliferation stage, approximately 80% of the GMIR1 cells exhibited glutamate (Glu)- and KA-induced inward currents at cell proliferation stage, whereas only 22.5% of the cells showed responsiveness to Glu and KA at cell quiescent stage. Furthermore, the mean amplitudes of inward currents induced by Glu and KA at cell proliferation stage (13.8+/-3.0 and 8.4+/-0.6 pA) were significantly larger than those obtained at cell quiescent stage (4.7+/-0.8 and 6.2+/-1.2 pA). In the GMIR1 cells, KA-induced inward currents were markedly inhibited by (RS)-3-(2-carboxybenzyl) willardiine (UBP296), a selective antagonist for KA receptors. The KA-responsive cells also responded to (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (ATPA), a selective agonist for GluR5, in both GMIR1 cells and primary cultured rat microglia. Furthermore, mRNA levels of the KA receptor subunits, GluR5 and GluR6, at the cell proliferation stage were significantly higher than those at the cell quiescent stage. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity for GluR6/7 was found to increase in activated microglia in the post-ischemic hippocampus. These results strongly suggest that microglia have functional KA receptors mainly consisting of GluR5 and GluR6, and the expression levels of these subunits are closely regulated by the cell cycle mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Laboratory of Oral Aging Science, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological cause of disability in young people. The disease-modifying treatments, IFN-beta and glatiramer acetate, have been widely available over the last decade and have shown a beneficial effect on relapse rate and magnetic resonance imaging parameters of disease activity; however, their effect on disease progression and disability is modest. Therefore, the search for alternative treatment strategies continues. As understanding of the heterogeneous pathophysiology of MS has increased, emphasis has shifted to more selective therapy that targets components of the inflammatory cascade and the promotion of remyelination and neuroprotection. These agents target the blood-brain barrier, systemic immune dysfunction, local inflammation and neurodegeneration. Combination therapies are being investigated for patients who fail first-line treatments. Many new drugs are being developed and tested that address these issues with the aim of finding a more effective and convenient therapy. These include humanized monoclonal antibodies such as daclizumab (IL-2 antagonist), oral immunomodulators such as sirolimus and statins and neuroprotective agents such as NMDA antagonists and Na+-channel blockers. Many of the treatments discussed in this review are still at early stages of development, but provide exciting potential treatment options; others have proved disappointing in larger extended-phase studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Farrell
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Erdo F, Berzsenyi P, Német L, Andrási F. Talampanel improves the functional deficit after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. A 30-day follow up study. Brain Res Bull 2006; 68:269-76. [PMID: 16377432 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of talampanel, a negative allosteric modulator of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazolyl-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors has been described previously. However, in these studies the histological changes and not the functional consequences of the brain damage were evaluated. The aim of present investigation was to analyze the sensorimotor function after stroke and to test the influence of talampanel (GYKI-53773, LY-300164) by 30-day monitoring in rats. After 1h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) general 'well-being', neurological status, spontaneous motor activity, rotation, motor coordination, balancing, muscle strength and reaction time were followed for 1 month. Talampanel (6 x 10 mg/kg i.p. given on the day of stroke) improved the motor coordination in rotarod (p < 0.01) and beam walking (p < 0.01) tests, reduced the number of stroke-induced rotations (p < 0.05), shortened the reflex time on the forelimb contralateral to brain ischemia and improved the survival rate comparing with vehicle treated control. After stroke, serious sensorimotor deficits appeared in rats but they showed partial spontaneous recovery after 30 days. Talampanel treatment enhanced the rate of functional improvement without changing the morphology at the end of the experiment. Our results indicate that modulation of AMPA receptors by talampanel can be a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdo
- Department of Pharmacology, IVAX Drug Research Institute Ltd, P.O.B. 82, Budapest H-1325, Hungary.
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Rorick-Kehn LM, Hart JC, McKinzie DL. Pharmacological characterization of stress-induced hyperthermia in DBA/2 mice using metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 183:226-40. [PMID: 16175401 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence suggests that drugs acting on the glutamatergic system may represent promising novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm has been used widely to model some of the physiological symptoms associated with anxiety disorders and has produced results that are predictive of clinical efficacy. We have modified this paradigm to measure the autonomic consequences of stress induced by the fear of predation in mice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of several classes of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands, as well as known anxiolytics and psychotropic comparators, in attenuating predatory-stress-induced hyperthermia. METHODS Male DBA/2 mice were implanted with radiotelemetric transmitters in the peritoneal cavity to measure stress-related increases in core body temperature, following placement in a novel cage containing soiled rat shavings. RESULTS Clinically active compounds such as chlordiazepoxide (5-10 mg/kg), alprazolam (0.3-3 mg/kg), and buspirone (10-30 mg/kg) exhibited an anxiolytic profile. Assessment of glutamatergic agents indicated that the mGlu1 receptor antagonist LY456236 (10-30 mg/kg), mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP (10-30 mg/kg), mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 (3-10 mg/kg), mGlu2 receptor potentiator LY566332 (30 and 100 mg/kg), mGlu8 receptor agonist (S)-3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine (30-60 mg/kg), competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 mg/kg), AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI-52466 (10-20 mg/kg), and glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) inhibitor ALX-5407 (3-10 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated stress-induced hyperthermia. The AMPA receptor potentiator LY451646, iGlu5 kainate receptor antagonist LY382884, glycine(B) receptor partial agonist D: -cycloserine, and GlyT-1 inhibitor ORG-24461 were ineffective in this model. CONCLUSION Select metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands exhibited an anxiolytic profile, as measured by the attenuation of stress-induced hyperthermia, and may represent viable targets for the development of pharmacological treatments for anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Rorick-Kehn
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Csuzdi E, Migléczi K, Hazai I, Berzsenyi P, Pallagi I, Horváth G, Lengyel G, Sólyom S. Potential metabolites of a condensed 2,3-benzodiazepine derivative. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4662-5. [PMID: 16153844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Putative metabolites of an AMPA antagonist imidazo-2,3-benzodiazepine (2) were synthesized and compared to constituents formed from the parent compound by a rat liver perfusion method. As metabolic transformations, hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group and N-acetylation of the amino functionality in parent compound (2) were registered. The hydroxylated analogue 12 of 2 exhibits a weak AMPA antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Csuzdi
- IVAX Drug Research Institute Ltd., H-1045 Budapest, Berlini u. 47-49, Hungary
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Erdo F, Berzsenyi P, Andrási F. The AMPA-antagonist talampanel is neuroprotective in rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2005; 66:43-9. [PMID: 15925143 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebroprotection after administration of glutamate receptor antagonists has been well documented. The present study is intended to determine whether the non-competitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazolyl-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist talampanel, known as antiepileptic drug, has neuroprotective effects in stroke models in rodents. The infarct size was measured in three models of stroke by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Therapeutic time window was also examined in rats subjected to 1h middle cerebral artery occlusion. The degree of neuroprotection was tested in mice, using 1.5, 2 h or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusions. Effect on photochemically induced thrombosis was investigated in rats applying 30 min time window after brain irradiation. Talampanel reduced the infarct size by 47.3% (p<0.01) after a 30 min delay and 48.5% (p<0.01) after 2 h delay following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In mice, talampanel reduced the extension of the infarcted tissue at the levels of striatum and hippocampus by 44.5% (p<0.05) and 39.3% (p<0.01) after 1.5 h transient ischemia and still caused 37.0% (p<0.05) and 37.0% (p<0.05) inhibitions when 2 h occlusion was applied. In photothrombosis talampanel showed a 40.1% (p<0.05) inhibition. Protective actions of talampanel in various stroke models, in rats and mice, suggest a possible therapeutic role of the compound in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdo
- Department of Pharmacology, IVAX Drug Research Institute Ltd, P.O. Box 82, Budapest H-1325, Hungary.
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Gitto R, Barreca ML, Luca LD, Chimirri A. New trends in the development of AMPA receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.8.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Terinek M, Vasella A. Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridoimidazole-2-acetates: Effect of Carboxy and Methoxycarbonyl Groups at C(2) on the Inhibition of Some?- and?-Glycosidases. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200490273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Matucz E, Móricz K, Gigler G, Simó A, Barkóczy J, Lévay G, Hársing LG, Szénási G. Reduction of cerebral infarct size by non-competitive AMPA antagonists in rats subjected to permanent and transient focal ischemia. Brain Res 2004; 1019:210-6. [PMID: 15306255 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of 2-amino-3(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl) propionic acid (AMPA) receptors can considerably reduce brain damage after cerebral ischemia, but effectiveness of selective AMPA antagonists has been questioned recently. Therefore, we evaluated the antiischemic efficacy of [+/-]-7-acetyl-5-[4-aminophenyl]-7,8-dihydro-8-cyano-8-methyl-9H-1,3-dioxolo-[4,5-h]-2,3-benzodiazepine (EGIS-8332) and GYKI 53405, two selective, non-competitive AMPA antagonists in two rat models of focal cerebral ischemia. Permanent focal ischemia was produced by electrocoagulation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). EGIS-8332 and GYKI 53405 were administered 30 min after MCA occlusion at doses of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg i.p. In transient focal ischemia, MCA was occluded for 1 h and reperfused for 24 h using the intraluminal filament technique and the compounds were given at 3x10 mg/kg i.p. 60, 120 and 180 min following occlusion. In permanent focal ischemia, EGIS-8332 decreased the volume of cerebral infarction both at 10 mg/kg i.p. (36.4%, p<0.01) and at 3 mg/kg i.p. (26.4%, p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. GYKI 53405 produced a similar antiischemic effect at 10 mg/kg i.p. (36.4%, p<0.01), but it was ineffective at 3 mg/kg i.p. (6.5%, p=0.57). In transient focal ischemia, EGIS-8332 reduced the volume of necrotic brain tissue (38.7%, p<0.01) and GYKI 53405 was similarly effective (32.6%, p<0.05). Both compounds afforded neuroprotection in the cortical and subcortical regions of the MCA territory. Selective, non-competitive AMPA antagonists administered after the ischemic insult can produce effective neuroprotective action in experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia; therefore, these compounds may be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matucz
- Pharmacology Laboratory I, Division of Preclinical Research, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1475 Budapest 10 P.O.B. 100, Budapest, Hungary
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Kertész S, Kapus G, Lévay G. Interactions of allosteric modulators of AMPA/kainate receptors on spreading depression in the chicken retina. Brain Res 2004; 1025:123-9. [PMID: 15464752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of AMPA and kainate receptors in spreading depression (SD) was investigated in the isolated chicken retina. Competitive (NBQX) and non-competitive (GYKI 52466, GYKI 53405 and GYKI 53655) antagonists of the AMPA receptor inhibited AMPA-induced SD in a concentration-dependent manner. Concentrations of drugs caused 50% inhibition (IC(50) values) are 0.2, 16.6, 7.0 and 1.4 microM, respectively. AMPA receptor positive modulator cyclothiazide was more effective in the potentiation of SD evoked by AMPA than by kainate. Slight potentiation of either AMPA- or kainate-induced SD was observed only at high concentration (1 mg/ml) by the kainate receptor modulator concanavalin A. Compounds that positively modulate AMPA receptor function (cyclothiazide, IDRA-21, S 18986, 1-BCP and aniracetam) caused a concentration-dependent potentiation in SD. Concentrations of drugs that caused 50% potentiation (estimated EC(50) values) are 9, 135, 142, 450 and 1383 microM, respectively. Interaction between cyclothiazide, aniracetam or S 18986 administered with each other, or with GYKI 52466, respectively, was also investigated. When cyclothiazide and S 18986 were co-applied, their effects seemed to be additive. However, lack of additivity was obtained when S 18986 was added together with aniracetam. Positive modulators applied at equiactive concentrations reduced the inhibitory action of GYKI 52466 and differently shifted its concentration-response curve. In this respect, S 18986 was the most effective (IC(50) of GYKI 52466 changed from 16.6 to 51.9 microM). Our findings indicate the contribution of AMPA rather than kainate receptors in the mediation of retinal spreading depression. Our data further support the idea that multiple positive modulatory sites are present on the AMPA receptor complex in addition to a negative modulatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Kertész
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Division of Preclinical Research, CNS Pharmacology, H-1475 Budapest 10, P.O. Box 100, Hungary
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Szénási G, Hársing LG. Pharmacology and prospective therapeutic usefulness of negative allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jakus R, Graf M, Ando RD, Balogh B, Gacsalyi I, Levay G, Kantor S, Bagdy G. Effect of two noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists GYKI 52466 and GYKI 53405 on vigilance, behavior and spike–wave discharges in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Brain Res 2004; 1008:236-44. [PMID: 15145761 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two noncompetitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists, GYKI 52466 and GYKI 53405 (the racemate of talampanel) on the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWD) parallel with the vigilance and behavioral changes in the genetic absence epilepsy model of WAG/Rij rats. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of GYKI 52466 (1-[4-aminophenyl]-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine; 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.), the prototypic compound of the 2,3-benzodiazepine family, caused a fast dose-dependent increase in the number and cumulative duration of SWD. These changes were accompanied by dose-dependent increase in duration of light slow wave sleep (SWS1) and passive awake, vigilance states associated with the presence of SWD. In addition a short, transient behavioral activation occurred that was followed by strong ataxia and immobility, decrease of active wakefulness and increase in deep slow wave sleep. GYKI 53405 (7-acetyl-5-(4-aminophenyl)-8-methyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-b][2,3]benzodiazepine, the racemate of talampanel, 16 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to affect any measure of SWD and vigilance. When used as a pretreatment, GYKI 52466 (10 mg/kg) slightly attenuated SWD-promoting effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT, it decreased cumulative duration and average time of paroxysms. In conclusion, AMPA receptors play moderate role in regulation of epileptic activity, and some of these effects are connected to their effects on vigilance in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Jakus
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Department of Vascular Neurology, Semmelweis University, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, Huvosvolgyi ut 116, H-1021, Hungary
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Harsing LG, Gigler G, Albert M, Szenasi G, Simo A, Moricz K, Varga A, Ling I, Bagdy E, Kiraly I, Solyom S, Juranyi Z. Neurotransmitter Release in Experimental Stroke Models: The Role of Glutamate-Gaba Interaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8969-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hagino Y, Kariura Y, Manago Y, Amano T, Wang B, Sekiguchi M, Nishikawa K, Aoki S, Wada K, Noda M. Heterogeneity and potentiation of AMPA type of glutamate receptors in rat cultured microglia. Glia 2004; 47:68-77. [PMID: 15139014 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
alpha-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor in rat cultured microglia were analyzed precisely using flop- and flip-preferring allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors, 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluoro-phenoxyacetamide (PEPA) and cyclothiazide (CTZ), respectively. Glutamate (Glu)- or kainite (KA)-induced currents were completely inhibited by a specific blocker of AMPA receptor, LY300164, indicating that functional Glu-receptors in cultured microglia are mostly AMPA receptor but not KA receptor in many cells. Glu- and KA-induced currents were potentiated by PEPA and CTZ in a concentration-dependent manner. The ratio of the potentiation by PEPA to the potentiation by cyclothiazide varied with cells between 0.1 and 0.9, suggesting cell-to-cell heterogeneity of AMPA receptor subunits expressed in microglia. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that GluR1-3 mainly occurred in the flip forms, which agreed with the stronger potentiation of receptor currents by CTZ vs. PEPA. Finally, the potentiation of microglial AMPA receptors by PEPA and CTZ inhibited the Glu-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) unpredictably. The increase in TNF-alpha release by Glu or KA required extracellular Na+ and Ca2+ ions but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), suggesting the effects of PEPA and CTZ were not due to the inhibition of MAPK. These results suggest that potentiation of microglial AMPA receptors serves as a negative feedback mechanism for the regulation of TNF-alpha release and may contribute to the ameliorating effects of allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hagino
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Világi I, Takács J, Gulyás-Kovács A, Banczerowski-Pelyhe I, Tarnawa I. Protective effect of the antiepileptic drug candidate talampanel against AMPA-induced striatal neurotoxicity in neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull 2002; 59:35-40. [PMID: 12372546 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Benzodiazepines represent a family of specific, noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists with anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties. In this study, the antiexcitotoxic potency of the clinical antiepileptic drug candidate, talampanel (4 x 2 mg/kg), and that of two related 2,3-benzodiazepines, 5-(4-aminophenyl)-8-methyl-9H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466) (4 x 10 mg/kg) and GYKI 53784 (4 x 2 mg/kg), was investigated in 7-day-old rats. The AMPA antagonists were applied in four consecutive i.p. injections at 1-h intervals, the first dosage was given shortly after the intrastriatal injection of (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5,7-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) (2.5 nmol). All tested compounds protected animals from brain damage induced by AMPA as assessed 5 days later by using a tissue volume determination method based on computer-aided serial section reconstruction. GYKI 53784 (56.1 +/- 5.0% protection) and talampanel (42.5 +/- 5.3% protection) were more potent neuroprotective agents than GYKI 52466 (21.8 +/- 2.8% protection). Furthermore, the three compounds attenuated the unilateral AMPA injection-induced turning behavior and seizure-like events.Our present findings are in agreement with those of other investigators who found talampanel neuroprotective in various in vivo experimental models. These data indicate that besides being a promising antiepileptic drug candidate talampanel may have a value in the pharmacotherapy of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including perinatal ischemia/hypoxia-induced brain injuries, as well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Asphyxia Neonatorum/drug therapy
- Asphyxia Neonatorum/metabolism
- Asphyxia Neonatorum/physiopathology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Epilepsy/drug therapy
- Epilepsy/metabolism
- Epilepsy/physiopathology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Female
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/physiopathology
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Movement Disorders/drug therapy
- Movement Disorders/physiopathology
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Neostriatum/physiopathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neurotoxins/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, AMPA/agonists
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Világi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Migléczi K, Hazai I, Jemnitz K, Pátfalusi M. Thin-layer chromatographic characterization of metabolites formed from an AMPA antagonist drug candidate. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2001. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.14.2001.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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