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Perillyl alcohol and its synthetic derivatives: the rising of a novel class of selective and potent antitumoral compounds. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Mukhtar YM, Adu-Frimpong M, Xu X, Yu J. Biochemical significance of limonene and its metabolites: future prospects for designing and developing highly potent anticancer drugs. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181253. [PMID: 30287506 PMCID: PMC6239267 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyclic monoterpenes have been recognized as useful pharmacological ingredients due to their ability to treat numerous diseases. Limonene and perillyl alcohol as well as their metabolites (especially perillic acid and its methyl ester) possess bioactivities such as antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents. These therapeutic properties have been well documented. Based on the aforementioned biological properties of limonene and its metabolites, their structural modification and development into effective drugs could be rewarding. However, utilization of these monocyclic monoterpenes as scaffolds for the design and developments of more effective chemoprotective agents has not received the needed attention by medicinal scientists. Recently, some derivatives of limonene metabolites have been synthesized. Nonetheless, there have been no thorough studies on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as well as their inhibition against isoprenylation enzymes. In this review, recent research progress in the biochemical significance of limonene and its metabolites was summarized with emphasis on their antitumor effects. Future prospects of these bioactive monoterpenes for drug design and development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusif M Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- Department of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Well-Being, P. O. Box 9, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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3
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Essid I, Soudani S, Lefebvre F, Kaminsky W, Fujita W, Ben Nasr C, Touil S. A Hirshfeld surface analysis, crystal and geometry-optimized structure, and solid state NMR studies of two novel α-hydroxyphosphonates C 17 H 21 O 4 P (I) and C 19 H 25 O 4 P(II). J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Nandurkar NS, Zhang J, Ye Q, Ponomareva LV, She QB, Thorson JS. The identification of perillyl alcohol glycosides with improved antiproliferative activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7478-84. [PMID: 25121720 PMCID: PMC4161159 DOI: 10.1021/jm500870u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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A facile
route to perillyl alcohol (POH) differential glycosylation
and the corresponding synthesis of a set of 34 POH glycosides is reported.
Subsequent in vitro studies revealed a sugar dependent antiproliferative
activity and the inhibition of S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation
as a putative mechanism of representative POH glycosides. The most
active glycoside from this cumulative study (4′-azido-d-glucoside, PG9) represents one of the most cytotoxic
POH analogues reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin S Nandurkar
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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Hui Z, Zhang M, Cong L, Xia M, Dong J. Synthesis and antiproliferative effects of amino-modified perillyl alcohol derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:6671-82. [PMID: 24858099 PMCID: PMC6272023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of amino-modified derivatives of (S)-perillyl alcohol were designed and synthesized using (S)-perillaldehyde as the starting material. These derivatives showed increased antiproliferative activity in human lung cancer A549 cells, human melanoma A375-S2 cells and human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells comparing with that of (S)-perillyl alcohol. Among these derivatives, compounds VI5 and VI7 were the most potent agents, with the IC50s below 100 μM. It was demonstrated that the antiproliferative effect of VI5 was mediated through the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Meihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lin Cong
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Mingyu Xia
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jinhua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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6
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[1-Hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phosphonates and -phosphinates: convenient synthesis through intramolecular Abramov reaction and protective activity against influenza A. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Larsson JM, Pathipati SR, Szabó KJ. Regio- and Stereoselective Allylic Trifluoromethylation and Fluorination using CuCF3 and CuF Reagents. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7330-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Larsson
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stalin R. Pathipati
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J. Szabó
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Barney RJ, Richardson RM, Wiemer DF. Direct conversion of benzylic and allylic alcohols to phosphonates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2875-9. [PMID: 21405073 DOI: 10.1021/jo200137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl phosphonate esters often serve as reagents in Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions. In most cases, they can be prepared from benzylic alcohols via formation of the corresponding halide followed by an Arbuzov reaction. To identify a more direct synthesis of phosphonate esters, we have developed a one-flask procedure for conversion of benzylic and allylic alcohols to the corresponding phosphonates through treatment with triethyl phosphite and ZnI(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky J Barney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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9
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Duez S, Coudray L, Mouray E, Grellier P, Dubois J. Towards the synthesis of bisubstrate inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase: Synthesis and biological evaluation of new farnesylpyrophosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:543-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lane KT, Beese LS. Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:681-99. [PMID: 16477080 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600002-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 proteins necessary for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation, and morphology require posttranslational modification by the covalent attachment of an isoprenoid lipid (prenylation). Prenylated proteins include members of the Ras, Rab, and Rho families, lamins, CENPE and CENPF, and the gamma subunit of many small heterotrimeric G proteins. This modification is catalyzed by the protein prenyltransferases: protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), and GGTase-II (or RabGGTase). In this review, we examine the structural biology of FTase and GGTase-I (the CaaX prenyltransferases) to establish a framework for understanding the molecular basis of substrate specificity and mechanism. These enzymes have been identified in a number of species, including mammals, fungi, plants, and protists. Prenyltransferase structures include complexes that represent the major steps along the reaction path, as well as a number of complexes with clinically relevant inhibitors. Such complexes may assist in the design of inhibitors that could lead to treatments for cancer, viral infection, and a number of deadly parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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11
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Jones T. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on chronic allograft rejection. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:95-109. [PMID: 15989499 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have pleiotropic actions that affect many systems other than lowering blood cholesterol concentrations. Hypercholesterolaemia is an adverse effect of immunosuppressive drug therapy and hence it is a common finding after organ transplantation. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lower cholesterol concentrations in transplant recipients but they also offer additional benefits. Since they impair the production of mevalonate, they reduce the concentrations of downstream products including farnesyl and geranyl phosphate. These isoprenoid moieties are required for protein prenylation and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors impair this function in some cells. This action affects the immune system, especially in patients taking cyclosporin, and has been proposed as the mechanism whereby these drugs increase the half-life of transplanted organs. Other mechanisms have also been proposed including an increase in the free fraction of cyclosporin and a reduction in the time that low density lipoprotein (LDL) spends in blood. The latter effect reduces the extent of oxidation of LDL and hence reduces the damage caused by oxidised LDL. Chronic rejection is poorly understood but appears to involve both immune and non-immune processes. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors affect both processes. At present, the evidence of benefit from statin prescription is confined to heart and kidney transplant recipients but it is likely that recipients of other organ transplants would also benefit. Drug interactions between cyclosporin and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are a limiting factor to their use. Pravastatin appears to be the best HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for organ transplant recipients because of its lesser potential to interact with cyclosporin and hence cause myositis, which may thus allow higher doses to be used. Other, non-immunosuppressive drugs (including diltiazem and ketoconazole) have been shown to reduce transplant organ damage by unknown mechanisms and are widely prescribed in some transplant centres. More specific inhibitors of protein prenylation may afford useful immunosuppression, thereby prolonging transplant organ half-lives and also reducing the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jones
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia.
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Troutman JM, Chehade KAH, Kiegiel K, Andres DA, Spielmann HP. Synthesis of acyloxymethyl ester prodrugs of the transferable protein farnesyl transferase substrate farnesyl methylenediphosphonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4979-82. [PMID: 15341963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three isoprenoid diphosphate analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the diphosphate has been replaced by methylene diphosphonate and the negative charges masked by frangible pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) esters were prepared. Farnesyl methylenediphosphonate is a sub-micromolar substrate for protein farnesyl transferase. The tripivaloyloxymethyl esters of isoprenoid methylenediphosphonate have significantly increased lipophilicity and may act as important farnesyl diphosphate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
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13
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Ducker CE, Stettler EM, French KJ, Upson JJ, Smith CD. Huntingtin interacting protein 14 is an oncogenic human protein: palmitoyl acyltransferase. Oncogene 2005; 23:9230-7. [PMID: 15489887 PMCID: PMC2908390 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein palmitoyltransferases (PATs) represent an exciting new target for anticancer drug design due to their pivotal roles in the subcellular localization of a number of oncogenes. We show that the Huntingtin interacting protein 14 (HIP14) is a PAT with a preference for the farnesyl-dependent palmitoylation motif found in H- and N-RAS. Characterization of HIP14 in mouse cells has revealed that it has the ability to induce colony formation in cell culture, anchorage-independent growth, and tumors in mice. Activity of the enzyme and its ability to transform cells is dependent on critical residues in the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Ducker
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Erin M Stettler
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kevin J French
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John J Upson
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Charles D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mo H, Elson CE. Studies of the isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis applied to cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:567-85. [PMID: 15229351 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pools of farnesyl diphosphate and other phosphorylated products of the mevalonate pathway are essential to the post-translational processing and physiological function of small G proteins, nuclear lamins, and growth factor receptors. Inhibitors of enzyme activities providing those pools, namely, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and mevalonic acid-pyrophosphate decarboxylase, and of activities requiring substrates from the pools, the prenyl protein transferases, have potential for development as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Their potentials as suggested by the clinical responses recorded in Phase I and II investigations of inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase (the statins), of mevalonic acid-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (sodium phenylacetate and sodium phenylbutyrate), and of farnesyl protein transferase (R115777, SCH66336, BMS-214662, Tipifarnib, L-778,123, and, prematurely, perillyl alcohol) are dimmed by dose-limiting toxicities. These nondiscriminant growth-suppressive agents induce G1 arrest and initiate apoptosis and differentiation, effects attributed to modulation of cell signaling pathways either by modulating gene expression, suppressing the post-translational processing of signaling proteins and growth factor receptors, or altering diacylglycerol signaling. Diverse isoprenoids and the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, modulate cell growth, induce cell cycle arrest, initiate apoptosis, and suppress cellular signaling activities. Perillyl alcohol, the isoprenoid of greatest clinical interest, initially was considered to inhibit farnesyl protein transferase; follow-up studies revealed that perillyl alcohol suppresses the synthesis of small G proteins and HMG CoA reductase. In sterologenic tissues, sterol feedback control, mediated by sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) 1a and 2, exerts the primary regulation on HMG CoA reductase activity at the transcriptional level. Secondary regulation, a nonsterol isoprenoid-mediated fine-tuning of reductase activity, occurs at the levels of reductase translation and degradation. HMG CoA reductase activity in tumors is elevated and resistant to sterol feedback regulation, possibly as a consequence of aberrant SREBP activities. Nonetheless, tumor reductase remains sensitive to isoprenoid-mediated post-transcriptional downregulation. Farnesol, an acyclic sesquiterpene, and farnesyl homologs, gamma-tocotrienol and various farnesyl derivatives, inhibit reductase synthesis and accelerate reductase degradation. Cyclic monoterpenes, d-limonene, menthol and perillyl alcohol and beta-ionone, a carotenoid fragment, lower reductase mass; perillyl alcohol and d-limonene lower reductase mass by modulating translational efficiency. The elevated reductase expression and greater demand for nonsterol products to maintain growth amplify the susceptibility of tumor reductase to isoprenoids, therein rendering tumor cells more responsive than normal cells to isoprenoid-mediated growth suppression. Blends of lovastatin, a potent nondiscriminant inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, and gamma-tocotrienol, a potent isoprenoid shown to post-transcription-ally attenuate reductase activity with specificity for tumors, synergistically affect the growth of human DU145 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells and pending extensive preclinical evaluation, potentially offer a novel chemotherapeutic strategy free of the dose-limiting toxicity associated with high-dose lovastatin and other nondiscriminant mevalonate pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbiao Mo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
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15
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Zgani I, Menut C, Montéro JL. Synthesis of vinyl pyrophosphonate analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate: New potential inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou C, Shao Y, Gibbs RA. Aromatic farnesyl diphosphate analogues: vinyl triflate-mediated synthesis and preliminary enzymatic evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1417-20. [PMID: 11992789 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled vinyl triflate-based synthetic route has been used to prepare four analogues of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) where the terminal isoprene units have been replaced with aromatic moieties. Two of these analogues exhibit no productive interaction with protein farnesyltransferase, but the 2-naphthyl derivative 2 is a modest inhibitor of the enzyme, and the para-biphenyl derivative 4 is a surprisingly effective alternative substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Zhang N, Casida JE. Novel irreversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: 2-chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1281-90. [PMID: 11886791 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) as the dianion phosphorylates butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at its active site. In contrast, the classical organophosphorus esterase inhibitors include substituted-phenyl dialkylphosphates (e.g., paraoxon) with electron-withdrawing aryl substituents. The chloroethyl and substituted-phenyl moieties are combined in this study as 2-chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic acids (1) to define the structure--activity relationships and mechanism of BChE inhibition by ethephon and its analogues. Phenyl substituents considered are 3- and 4-nitro, 3- and 4-dimethylamino, and 3- and 4-trimethylammonium. Phosphonic acids were synthesized via the corresponding O,O-diethyl phosphonate precursors followed by deprotection with trimethylsilyl bromide. They decompose under basic conditions about 100-fold faster than ethephon to yield the corresponding styrene derivatives. Electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring decrease the hydrolysis rate while electron-donating substituents increase the rate. The 4-trimethylammonium analogue has the highest affinity (K(i)=180 microM) and potency (IC(50)=19 microM) in first binding reversibly at the substrate site (possibly with stabilization in a dianion--monoanion environment) and then progressively and irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme activity. These observations suggest dissociation of chloride as the first and rate-limiting step both in the hydrolysis and by analogy in phosphorylation of BChE by bound at the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Zhang
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
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Rak A, Reents R, Pylypenko O, Niculae A, Sidorovitch V, Thomä NH, Waldmann H, Schlichting I, Goody RS, Alexandrov K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Rab escort protein-1 in complex with Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. J Struct Biol 2001; 136:158-61. [PMID: 11886217 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2001.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational prenylation of proteins is a widespread phenomenon and the majority of prenylated proteins are geranylgeranylated members of the Rab GTPase family. Geranylgeranylation is catalyzed by Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGTase) and is critical for the ability of Rab protein to mediate vesicular docking and fusion of various intracellular vesicles. RabGGTase consists of a catalytic alpha/beta heterodimer and an accessory protein termed Rab escort protein (REP-1) that delivers the newly prenylated Rab proteins to their target membrane. Mutations in the REP-1 gene in humans lead to an X-chromosome-linked defect known as choroideremia--a debilitating disease that inevitably culminates in complete blindness. Here we report in vitro assembly and purification of the stoichiometric ternary complex of RabGGTase with REP-1 stabilized by a hydrolysis-resistant phosphoisoprenoid analog--farnesyl phosphonyl(methyl)phoshonate. The complex formed crystals of extended plate morphology under low ionic-strength conditions. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.8 A resolution at the ESRF. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 68.7, b = 197.7, c = 86.1 A, beta = 113.4 degrees. Preliminary structural analysis revealed the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rak
- Max-Plank-Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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